金沙江干热河谷新银合欢(Leucaena leucocephala)的光合与荧光特征干湿季对比研究

为了研究引进树种对干热河谷环境的适应性,以生长于干热河谷野外环境中的新银合欢(Leucaena leucocephala)为研究对象,研究分析了其在湿季(7月)和干季(11月)的光合生理特征和叶绿素荧光特征。结果表明:(1)在P_n-C_i响应曲线中,当C_i150μmol/mol,干季的净光合速率(Net photosynthetic rate,P_n)高于湿季,而当C_i150μmol/mol,干季的P_n低于湿季;(2)相较于湿季,干季的初始羧化效率(Initial carboxylation efficiency,CE)、光合能力(Photosynthetic capacity,A_(max))、CO_2补偿点(CO_2 compensation point,Γ)、光呼吸速率(Photorespiration rate,R_p)、最大羧化速率(Maximum carboxylation rate,V_(cmax))、最大电子传递速率(Maximum electron transport rate,J_(max))、磷酸丙糖利用率(Triose phosphates utilization rate,TPU)、J_(max)/V_(cmax)、气孔限制值(Stomatal limitation,L_s)和叶片饱和水汽压差(Vapor pressure deficit,VPD)均显著下降(P0.05),而暗呼吸速率(Dark respiration rate,R_d)、胞间CO_2浓度(Intercellular CO_2 concentration,C_i)、气孔导度(Stomatal conductance,G_s)、蒸腾速率(Transpiration rate,T_r)、饱和光下最大净光合速率(Light-saturated net photosynthetic rate,P_(nmax))和水分利用效率(Water use efficiency,WUE)则显著上升(P0.05);(3)干季的PSII实际光化学效率(Actual photochemical efficiency of PSII,Ф_(PSII)),光化学猝灭系数(Photochemical fluorescence quenching,qP),电子传递效率(Electron transport rate,ETR)较湿季出现显著下降(P0.05),非光化学猝灭系数(Non-photochemical fluorescence quenching,NPQ)显著增加(P0.05);(4)叶绿素荧光参数的Ф_(PSII)、NPQ、ETR与各光合生理指标相关性较强。在干热河谷地区,气孔限制是影响新银合欢湿季光合速率的主要因素;而非气孔限制是影响其干季光合速率的主要因素。     

润楠属广布种和狭域种幼苗生理生态特征

润楠属植物属于基部被子植物类群,大部分物种局限分布于热带亚热带森林的潮湿生境,但也有些物种分布范围较广。本研究以润楠属11个物种的幼苗为材料,测定了一系列植物叶片水力学性状和解剖结构,包括:比叶重、叶片密度、气孔密度、叶脉密度、膨压丧失点水势、栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度等。结果表明:与其它分布在热带亚热带地区的被子植物相比,润楠属植物的叶脉密度较低,推测叶脉密度受强烈的进化限制;该属植物叶脉密度与气孔密度、栅栏和海绵组织的比值呈显著的正相关,表明该属植物能够维持叶片水平的水分供需平衡;广布种比狭域种具有更低的叶片膨压丧失点和更高的叶片密度,耐旱能力更强,但是比叶重差异不显著;叶片的膨压丧失点与物种的最大树高呈反比,即更高的物种叶片耐失水能力更强,说明植物叶片耐旱性与植物本身的遗传特性有关。本研究结果显示,叶片水力学性状可以较好地用于解释润楠属植物的地理分布。     

UV-B辐射对南亚热带森林木本植物幼苗生长的影响

研究了UV -B辐射对广东省南亚热带森林木本植物九节、鸭脚木、猴耳环、半枫荷、山乌桕和绿化树种大叶合欢幼苗生长的影响。实验结果表明 ,UV -B辐射降低叶片光合色素的含量 ;显著降低幼苗的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度 ;降低干物质的增长 ;抑制大叶合欢幼苗根瘤的形成     

热带落叶树降香黄檀次生韧皮部薄壁组织细胞超微结构的季节变化

研究了ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射对广东省南亚热带森林木本植物九节、鸭脚木、猴耳环、半枫荷、山乌桕入绿化树种大叶合欢幼苗生长的影响。实验结果表明,ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射降低叶片光合色素的含量;显著降低幼苗的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度;降低干物质的增长;抑制大叶合欢幼苗要根瘤的形成。     

黄顶菊对入侵地群落动态及植物生长生理特征的影响

为明确黄顶菊对入侵地植物群落和土著植物生理生长的影响机制,采用同质园试验对入侵和非入侵土壤的植物群落开展了整个生育期动态监测,并分析了黄顶菊入侵对狗尾草、羽叶鬼针草、灰绿藜、地肤4种土著植物生长和生理特征的影响规律。结果表明:黄顶菊入侵土壤植物群落多样性指数低于非入侵地,且有季节性差异,随生育期的推进差异逐渐减小;黄顶菊对本地植物的生长指标有显著影响(P0.05),随时间变化显著,但存在物种差异;4种植物的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Cd)、蒸腾速率(Tr)在非入侵土壤生长显著高于入侵地土壤(P0.05);而4种植物在入侵土壤生长的比叶面积(SLA)、比根长(SRL)、比根面积(SRA)显著高于本地土壤(P0.05)。综上,黄顶菊入侵抑制了本地植物的光合效率,减少了生物量的积累,导致本地植物群落的生物多样性水平降低,但表现出季节差异;不同物种对黄顶菊入侵胁迫的响应表现种间特异性,为理解入侵种对群落结构影响和实现入侵生境恢复提供了理论依据。     

山合欢树干液流的季节变化

于2011-2012年干湿季典型月份,应用热扩散式探针法(TDP)对元谋干热河谷乡土树种山合欢进行了树干液流连续监测,并对周围气象要素、土壤水分等进行同步测定,结果表明:(1)山合欢树干液流存在明显“昼高夜低”的变化规律;(2)在湿季不同天气条件下,山合欢树干液流速率存在明显差异,晴天液流均值、峰值约为阴天2.8和2.4倍,雨天的7.5和7.8倍,3种天气中液流启动时间晴天比阴天早约3h,比雨天早约4h;(3)在晴天,山合欢南边液流速率均明显高于北边;而雨天或者无阳光时,南北方位液流速率基本相同;(4)比较山合欢干、湿季典型晴天树干液流峰值、均值、启动时间以及液流通量可知,湿季液流启动时间均早于干季1.5h左右,液流高峰时间段长于干季,峰值和均值约为干季的1.9和2.3倍;湿季液流通量明显高于干季,约为干季的2.3倍.(5)山合欢液流速率与光合辐射强度、大气温度、水汽压亏缺和风速呈极显著正相关,与相对湿度则呈极显著负相关(P＜0.001),气象因子与山合欢树干液流流速的相关性大小依次为:光合有效辐射＞水汽压亏缺＞大气温度＞相对湿度＞风速.     

西双版纳片断热带雨林植物区系成分及变化趋势

本文以西双版纳地区的6个“龙山”片断热带雨林的植物物种多样性编目为基础,通过与同样类型的原始热带雨林的比较,探讨了片断热带雨林植物区系成分的变化。随着热带雨林的片断化,森林边缘效应和人为干扰加剧,阳性先锋植物和藤本植物等的侵入,导致这些先锋植物和藤本植物所属的科属在群落中的种数增多,优势度增大。而一些含喜荫湿的荫生植物、群落顶极树种及附生植物较多的科属则在群落中的种数减小了,优势度下降。在植物属的地理成分构成上,片断热带雨林中全热带分布和热带亚洲—热带非洲分布成分比例相对增高,而热带亚洲成分相对减少。在种的地理成分构成上,片断热带雨林中广域分布种比例相对增高,显示了与属的地理成分类似的变化。这也是森林片断化后,由于边缘效应和林内生境在一定程度上干暖化,喜光的先锋成分增多,而先锋成分大多为一些广域分布属种所致。     

自然增温对南亚热带森林土壤微生物群落与有机碳代谢功能基因的影响

基于海拔高度下降气温上升的关系,将模拟的生态系统(含植物和土壤)从高海拔整体移位至低海拔地区,实现自然增温的效果。通过对自然增温条件下土壤环境因子及其相关理化性质的动态监测,结合磷脂脂肪酸分析与宏基因组学方法,测定土壤微生物群落结构以及与土壤有机碳分解相关基因丰度,探究自然增温对鼎湖山南亚热带山地常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳代谢的影响及其微生物学机制。结果表明:(1)增温处理显著改变了0—10 cm土壤温度与湿度:2016—2018年间土壤温度显著上升2.48℃,湿度显著下降23.93%。(2)增温处理下,干季土壤有机碳含量与湿季土壤硝态氮含量显著降低,其他土壤理化因子无显著变化。(3)增温处理下,干季和湿季土壤微生物群落结构发生改变,且湿季变化显著。土壤湿度是影响干季和湿季土壤微生物群落结构变化的主要因子,解释了干季50.2%的变异度与湿季79.2%的变异度。(4)宏基因组结果表示:增温抑制了干季山地常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳代谢基因丰度,增强了湿季山地常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳代谢基因丰度。以上结果表明,增温通过改变土壤微生物生物量和群落结构以及有机碳代谢相关功能基因的丰度,最终影响南亚热带山地常绿阔...     

广东季雨林的几个问题

 季雨林是分布在具有明显干湿季节变化热带地区,在干季或多或少,甚至全部落叶的森林植被;是介于热带雨林向热带稀疏林过渡的居间类型,而不是由热带雨林向亚热带常绿阔叶林过渡的植被类型。应归属于经向地带性植被,而非纬度地带性植被。并且,在广东南部沿海地区的气候条件下,也不会有季雨林发育。广东南部沿海地区的榕树+香蒲桃+野苹婆(Ficus microcarpa+Syzygium odoratum+Sterculia lanceolata)群落等类型不是季雨林,而是热带季节雨林,属广义的热带雨林范畴。     

不同氮水平和氢离子浓度对银合欢幼苗结瘤固氮的影响

银合欢(Leucaena leucocephala)是一种具有多种用途的速生树种,在热带、亚热带地区被广泛引种栽培^[1,7]。我省引种银合欢历史已久,近年来更引起有关部门的重视,但在大面积栽培上尚存在一些问题,特别是在水土流失严重、土壤酸性强的山地生长不良。     

Key characteristics for facilitating Leucaena leucocephala to successfully invade pioneer communities of tropical rain forests

Aims Due to fast-growing and high drought stress tolerance, Leucaena leucocephala has been widely used for afforestation in degraded tropical forests worldwide, but it is also a global invasive exotic species. Studies have shown that fast-growing can help L. leucocephala successfully invade subtropical forests. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether fast-growing and high drought stress tolerance can help L. leucocephala invade tropical rain forests.Methods The pioneer community of tropical rain forest which had been invaded by L. leucocephala in the Baopoling Mountain, Sanya, China was the research object. Through the t-test, we compared the differences in key functional traits that were related to growth rate (photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate) and drought stress tolerance (leaf turgor loss point) in both wet and dry seasons between L. leucocephala and eight dominant native species of pioneer community of tropical rain forest. And the principal component analysis (PCA) was used to investigate whether these functional traits can best discriminate between Leucaena leucocephala and the eight dominant native species.Important findings Leucaena leucocephala could be invariably growing fast (photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate much higher than native species) from wet to dry seasons and had higher drought stress tolerance (leaf turgor loss point much lower than native species) in the dry season. The results of PCA showed that these functional traits could significantly discriminate between L. leucocephala and the eight dominant native species. Therefore, invariable fast-growing from wet to dry season and high drought stress tolerance in the dry season make L. leucocephala successfully invade pioneer communities of tropical rain forests. In the future, these functional traits can be used to select many native species to perform biological control of L. leucocephala in other tropical forests.     

基于稳定同位素的喀斯特坡地尾巨桉水分利用特征

利用稳定性氢氧及碳同位素技术,与邻近乡土植物枫香比较,对喀斯特坡地尾巨桉水分来源与水分利用效率的季节性差异进行研究,分析喀斯特地区桉树人工林建设的干旱胁迫风险.结果表明: 浅层(0～50 cm)土壤水同位素值渐变特征明显且与近期雨水同位素值相近,而深层(50～100 cm)土壤水同位素值整体较稳定且明显区别于浅层.土壤含水量整体呈现雨季(5、9月)高于旱季(10月),且上坡高于下坡的基本特征.枫香不受旱、雨季土壤含水率差异的影响,始终以浅层土壤水为主要水源,水分利用效率持续较高.尾巨桉水分来源受不同季节、坡位土壤含水率差异的影响:雨季上坡以浅层土壤水为主,雨季下坡对深层土壤水利用比例明显增加;旱季上坡主要利用较深层水分,旱季下坡依赖浅层土壤水.桉树水分利用效率始终低于枫香,但旱季时显著升高.尾巨桉水分来源灵活多变,但干旱条件下水分利用效率显著升高,表明其并未能获得充足的水分供应,预示着生长速率及经济收益遭受负面影响,干旱致死的风险较高.     

模拟干旱和磷添加对热带低地雨林氮矿化过程的影响

土壤氮矿化作为氮转化的主要过程决定土壤供氮能力。热带森林生态系统往往受磷限制, 氮矿化过程对干旱的响应是否受磷限制的调控值得探讨。该研究以海南三亚甘什岭自然保护区热带低地雨林为研究对象, 利用2019年建立的林内穿透雨减少(50%)及磷添加双因素交互实验平台, 通过野外树脂芯原位培养法研究模拟干旱及磷添加对土壤无机氮(包括铵态氮和硝态氮)含量和氮矿化过程的影响。结果表明: 1)减雨处理显著降低了5和15 cm深度土壤的水分含量, 而对土壤温度没有显著影响。2)减雨处理和减雨与磷添加共同处理无论在旱季还是湿季对0-10 cm土壤无机氮含量均没有产生显著影响, 但磷添加处理在旱季显著降低了土壤硝态氮含量, 表明磷添加处理对氮有效性的影响主要体现在旱季, 而非湿季。3)干旱处理在旱季和湿季均显著降低了土壤净氨化速率和净氮矿化速率, 而磷添加处理和减雨与磷添加共同处理无论在旱季还是湿季对净氨化速率、净硝化速率和净氮矿化速率均没有产生显著影响, 结果表明了干旱能够显著降低土壤净氮矿化速率。4)土壤水分含量与土壤净氨化速率和净氮矿化速率呈显著正相关关系, 同时减雨处理显著影响了土壤净氨化速率与铵态氮含量的关系, 并且在铵态氮含量相等的情况, 随着干旱的影响净氨化速率下降得更快。这表明土壤水分含量变化是影响该研究样地土壤氮矿化的主要因素。上述研究结果说明, 降水变化对热带低地雨林中土壤氮矿化有重要影响, 短期磷添加没有显著影响, 减雨与磷添加对土壤氮矿化过程并没有交互效应。     

Drought acclimation among tropical forest shrubs (Psychotria,Rubiaceae)

Summary Mechanisms of dry-season drought resistance were evaluated for five evergreen shrubs (Psychotria, Rubiaceae) which occur syntopically in tropical moist forest in central Panama. Rooting depths, leaf conductance, tissue osmotic potentials and elasticity, and the timing of leaf production were evaluated. From wet to dry season, tissue osmotic potentials declined and moduli of elasticity increased in four and five species, respectively. Irrigation only affected osmotic adjustment by P. furcata. The other seasonal changes in leaf tissue properties represented ontogenetic change. Nevertheless, they made an important contribution to dry-season turgor maintenance. Small between-year differences in dry season rainfall had large effects on plant water status. In 1986, 51 mm of rain fell between 1 January and 31 March, and pre-dawn turgor potentials averaged <0.1 MPa for all five Psychotria species in March (Wright 1991). In 1989, 111 mm of rain fell in the same period, pre-dawn turgor potentials averaged from 0.75 to 1.0 MPa for three of the species in April, and only P. chagrensis lost turgor. The relation between leaf production and drought differed among species. P. limonensis was buffered against drought by the lowest dry-season conductances and the deepest roots (averaging 244% deeper than its congeners) and was the only species to produce large numbers of leaves in the dry season. P. chagrensis was most susceptible to drought, and leaf production ceased as turgor loss developed. For the other species, water stress during severe dry seasons may select against dry-season leaf production.     

热带季雨林不同小生境大戟科植物幼树的叶片结构、耐旱性和光合能力之间的相关性

植物的叶片结构和功能性状受到自身、环境和系统发育的影响。该研究选取西双版纳20 hm²热带雨林动态监测大样地内18种分布格局不同的大戟科植物, 测量了幼树叶片的解剖结构、水分关系特征、最大光合能力和暗呼吸, 主要探讨了叶片结构对植物耐旱性和光合能力的影响, 耐旱性和光合能力之间的权衡关系, 以及环境水分条件对植物功能性状相关性的影响。结果表明: 1)生境内植物表现出一定的结构和功能的趋同性, 分布在山脊和山坡的种比沟谷种具有更强的耐失水能力; 2)去除了系统发育的影响后, 一些关键性状(特别是叶片密度和膨压丧失点时的水势、饱和渗透势等)之间存在跨生境尺度上的相关关系, 植物叶片结构同时影响了植物的耐失水能力和光合能力, 植物叶片自身的结构限制导致了植物的耐旱性(高的叶片密度、比叶质量)和光合能力(低的叶片密度、比叶质量)存在反向进化关系; 3)如果研究的植物类群亲缘关系较近, 传统的Pearson相关分析不能很好地揭示其性状间的相关关系, 因而必须采用系统发育独立对照差作相关分析。大戟科植物的结构和功能在水分梯度和光梯度上的生态位分化也从功能性状的角度为热带季雨林能维持高生物多样性, 保持植物物种长期共存提供了一个可能的解释。     

黄土丘陵区草地植被群落优势种叶片功能性状对氮磷添加的响应

以黄土丘陵区草地植被群落3种优势种白羊草、长芒草和达乌里胡枝子为对象,采用裂区试验设计,设置0、50和100 kg N·hm^-2·a^-13个氮处理和0、40和80 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2·a^-1 3个磷处理,于生长旺盛期测定了各植物的叶长、叶宽、比叶面积、叶片干物质含量、叶片氮、磷含量和氮磷比等指标,分析不同优势种叶片功能性状对氮磷添加的响应差异.结果表明:与未施肥相比,50和100 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1处理下白羊草叶长和叶宽分别显著增加35.3%和64.4%,而长芒草仅有叶长显著增加58.8%,达乌里胡枝子仅有叶宽显著增加33.9%,但三者叶片干物质含量分别显著降低10.7%、15.3%和11.2%,白羊草和长芒草叶片氮含量分别显著增加23.0%和99.2%,氮磷比分别显著增加45.8%和96.9%;40和80 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2·a^-1处理下达乌里胡枝子叶长、叶宽和比叶面积分别显著增加56.9%、41.4%和19.6%,叶片干物质含量显著下降14.9%,三者叶片磷含量分别显著增加96.7%、110.9%和238.4%,氮磷比分别显著降低45.8%、42.8%和53.7%.50 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1处理下,与未施磷相比,40和80 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2·a^-1处理后仅达乌里胡枝子叶长和叶宽显著增大,3种植物叶片磷含量显著增加,白羊草和长芒草叶片氮含量显著降低;100 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1处理下,施磷后白羊草和长芒草叶长、达乌里胡枝子叶宽显著增大,三者叶片磷含量显著增加,白羊草叶片氮含量显著降低.综上表明,3个优势种植物叶片功能性状对短期氮磷添加的响应存在明显差异,这些差异与物种属性和施肥水平有关,不同优势种对氮磷添加响应的差异对维持草地群落多样性和稳定性具有重要作用.     

Hydraulic variability of tropical forests is largely independent of water availability

Tropical rainforest woody plants have been thought to have uniformly low resistance to hydraulic failure and to function near the edge of their hydraulic safety margin (HSM), making these ecosystems vulnerable to drought; however, this may not be the case. Using data collected at 30 tropical forest sites for three key traits associated with drought tolerance, we show that site-level hydraulic diversity of leaf turgor loss point, resistance to embolism (P₅₀), and HSMs is high across tropical forests and largely independent of water availability. Species with high HSMs (>1 MPa) and low P₅₀ values (< −2 MPa) are common across the wet and dry tropics. This high site-level hydraulic diversity, largely decoupled from water stress, could influence which species are favoured and become dominant under a drying climate. High hydraulic diversity could also make these ecosystems more resilient to variable rainfall regimes.     

大兴安岭兴安落叶松和樟子松径向生长对气候变化的响应差异

大兴安岭是我国气候变化最为显著的地区之一,兴安落叶松和樟子松是该地区最为重要的树种,研究它们径向生长对气候变化的响应差异,可以为预测气候变化下我国北方森林动态提供科学依据。在大兴安岭地区选择6个样点共采集兴安落叶松树轮和樟子松树轮样芯451个,建立了12个标准年表。比较了1900年以来树木径向生长趋势,利用Pearson相关分析法分析各样点兴安落叶松和樟子松生长对气候因子的响应,运用线性混合模型探讨温度和降水对兴安落叶松和樟子松年径向生长的影响,通过滑动相关对比两个树种生长-气候关系的时间稳定性。结果表明: 兴安落叶松径向生长与3月平均温度呈负相关,与上一年冬季和当年7月降水呈正相关。樟子松径向生长与当年8月温度呈正相关,与当年生长季(5—9月)降水呈正相关。冬季降雪对兴安落叶松径向生长起到重要的促进作用,夏季过多降水对樟子松径向生长起到显著的限制作用。兴安落叶松和樟子松生长对气候变化的响应存在明显差异,因此,气候变化可能会影响北方森林生态系统的树木生长、物种组成以及空间分布等。     

滇西北白马雪山长苞冷杉和大果红杉年内径向生长动态及其对环境因子的响应

以滇西北白马雪山亚高山寒温性针叶林的常绿树种长苞冷杉和落叶树种大果红杉为对象,采用高精度生长仪监测了2个树种的年内径向生长动态,分析其径向生长的季节动态特征及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明: 大果红杉和长苞冷杉的径向生长主要发生在4—8月,6月是生长最快的时期。与长苞冷杉相比,大果红杉径向生长的开始时间较早,停止生长时间稍晚,其生长季持续时间明显长于长苞冷杉。大果红杉最大生长速率和年生长量均略高于长苞冷杉。长苞冷杉日生长量与降水量呈显著正相关,与饱和水汽压亏缺、空气温度呈显著负相关;而大果红杉的日径向生长量与降水量呈显著正相关,与土壤体积含水量和饱和水汽压亏缺呈显著负相关。长苞冷杉和大果红杉的径向生长均受到水分的限制,大果红杉对水分条件更敏感。在全球变暖的背景下,植物蒸腾作用和土壤蒸发散的增加,可能进一步加剧土壤水分丧失和植物可利用水分下降,进而导致长苞冷杉和大果红杉更易受到干旱胁迫。     

Effects of dew on eco-physiological traits and leaf structures of Leymus chinensis and Agropyron cristatum grown under drought stress

Aims To investigate the effects of dew on plants, we conducted the experiment to determine the physiological characteristics and leaf structures of Leymus chinensis and Agropyron cristatum in response to increasing dew under drought stress.Methods Four treatments (no dew, three times dew and five times dew per week under drought stress, and well-watering) were designed to examine leaf relative water content, water potential, net photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, biomass, and leaf structures of L. chinensis and A. cristatum. Important findings There was a significant increase in the relative water content and water potential by simulated dew increase for two plants species under drought stress (p < 0.05). For A. cristatum, simulated dew increase significantly enhanced the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate of plants under drought stress (p < 0.05). On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate for L. chinensis among treatments. Simulated dew increase improved the aboveground biomass and root biomass of two species. The ratio of yellow leaves to the total leaves was decreased by simulated dew increase for two species. Dew increase also protected leaf structures against the drought stress, suggesting that the dew increase can slow down the death process of leaves resulted from drought stress. Therefore, the study demonstrated that dew increased the available water for the leaves of L. chinensis and A. cristatum grown in the drought stress and thus had positive effects on the photosynthesis, water physiology and plant development.