三氯异氰尿酸和环丙沙星对水生生物的急性毒性

研究了三氯异氰尿酸(TCCA)和盐酸环丙沙星(CPFX)对小球藻、大型溞和稀有鮈鲫的急性毒性。毒性试验结果表明,TCCA和CPFX对小球藻的96hEC50分别为0.31mg·L-1和20.61mg·L-1、对大型溞48hLC50分别为0.19mg·L-1和135.15mg·L-1,TCCA对稀有鮈鲫96hLC50为1.76为mg·L-1,CPFX对稀有鮈鲫不产生急性毒性。对于TCCA,大型溞最敏感,小球藻次之,稀有鮈鲫最不敏感;对于CPFX,小球藻最敏感,大型溞次之,稀有鮈鲫最不敏感。     

苯酚对不同营养层次水生生物的急性毒性

利用静水致毒试验,获处苯酚对四种水生物的毒效应。由回归分析法计算出苯酚对月芽藻48hEbC_(50)为63.22mg/L;对F_2代短钝蚤72h的LC_(50)为2.09±0.24mg/L,对鲤鱼的LC_(50)48b、72h分别为18.52±0.10mg/L和18.87±0.12mg/L;对孔雀鱼的LC_(50)48h、72h分别为64.52±0.04mg/L和64.30±0.04mg/L。即苯酚对蚤的毒性最强、鲤鱼次之,再次为藻类,孔雀鱼最弱。苯酚对蚤的LC_(50)值随时间延长而下降,而对藻类E_0C_(50)则相反随时间延长而增大,但对鱼类的LC_(50)则随时间延长没有明显的变化。     

伊维菌素在环境中的降解及其对七种水生生物的急性毒性研究

伊维菌素作为一种高效的抗寄生虫兽药,在畜禽业有着广泛的应用。但药物随着畜禽动物的代谢产物的排放而进入自然生态系统也成为逐渐显现的环境问题。由于药物具有在自然环境中难以快速降解和对水生枝角类高毒性的特点,因此流入天然水体的伊维菌素存在着影响水生态平衡的风险。为了比较全面评估药物对水生动物潜在的毒害作用,研究模拟天然河道环境,对药物在底质中的降解速率进行了测定,并选取7种占据不同生态位的水生生物作为试验对象,通过关于急性毒性的国家标准试验方法来初步评价药物对水生态系统的风险。结果显示伊维菌素在自然水体中降解缓慢,在泥水混合25℃恒温条件下,70d的降解率仅为28.3%。急性毒性试验结果显示伊维菌素对发光细菌(Photobacterium)并不表现出毒性,对淡水小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的96h EC50=19.80 mg/L,属中毒;而对其他实验生物则表现出了较高的毒性,伊维菌素对斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)、食蚊鱼(Gambusia affinis)和鲫鱼鱼苗(Carassius carassius)的96h LC50分别为40.48、34.81和13.79μg/L,对罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)的96h LC50=7.87μg/L,对大型溞(Daphniamagna)的24h LC50=4.81 ng/L,均属极高毒。因此残留在天然水体的伊维菌素对水生态中的生物有较大影响,对含伊维菌素的废弃物排放进行监控和科学管理非常必要。     

5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂对6种环境生物的急性毒性

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐是一种新型的抗生素类杀虫剂、杀螨剂,其大量使用可能会导致一系列的生态风险,因此有必要开展其对相关环境生物毒性的研究。测定了甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对意大利蜜蜂、日本鹌鹑、斑马鱼、家蚕、大型溞和赤子爱胜蚓6种非靶标生物的急性毒性。5％甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂对蜜蜂的急性经口LC50（48 h）为0．555 a．i．mg· L-1,对鹌鹑的经口LD50（7 d）为148．369 a．i．mg· kg-1,对斑马鱼的LC50（96 h）为0．368 a．i．mg· L-1,对家蚕的急性摄入毒性LC50（96 h）为0．005 a．i．mg· L-1,对大型溞的运动抑制毒性EC50（48 h）为0．020 a．i． mg· L-1,对蚯蚓的急性毒性LC50（14 d）为18．397 a．i．mg· kg-1。该农药对家蚕和大型溞均为剧毒,对蜜蜂和斑马鱼均为高毒,对鹌鹑中毒,对蚯蚓低毒。总体而言,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂对环境生物危害大,在使用过程中要注意。     

鱼类急性毒性实验

1　原理与目的鱼类对水环境的变化反应十分灵敏 ,当水体中的污染物达到一定程度时 ,就会引起一系列中毒反应 ,例如行为异常、生理功能紊乱、组织细胞病变 ,直至死亡。在规定的条件下 ,使鱼接触含不同浓度受试物的水溶液 ,实验至少进行 2 4 h,最好以 96 h为一实验周期 ,在 2 4 h、4 8h、72 h和 96 h时记录实验鱼的死亡率 ,确定鱼类死亡 5 0 %时的受试物浓度 ,半数致死浓度用 2 4 h LC50 、4 8h LC50 、72 hLC50 和 96 h LC50 表示。鱼类急性毒性实验不仅用于测定化学物质毒性强度、测试水体污染程度、检查废水处理的有效程度 ,也为制定水…     

眼镜蛇神经毒素的急性毒性实验研究

目的　研究眼镜蛇神经毒素 （ Ｃｏｂｒａ ｎｅｕｒｏｔｏｘｉｎ, Ｎ Ｔ） 的急性毒性和蓄积毒性。方法　测 Ｎ Ｔ 对小鼠的 Ｌ Ｄ５０ ; 对大鼠、狗的１ 次性最小中毒剂量和最大安全剂量; 计算 Ｎ Ｔ 在小鼠、狗体内的２４ｈ 蓄积率。结果　 Ｎ Ｔ 经静注、肌注、腹腔、皮下 ４ 种途径给药对小鼠的 Ｌ Ｄ５０ 分别是 （１９５±９５） μｇ／ｋｇ、（１５６±８５） μｇ／ｋｇ、（１５１±１９） μｇ／ｋｇ、（１８４±８５） μｇ／ｋｇ, 对小鼠的最小致死剂量为９７５μｇ／ｋｇ。 Ｎ Ｔ 对大鼠、狗的１ 次性中毒剂量分别为５４μｇ／ｋｇ 和３４μｇ／ｋｇ。对小鼠、大鼠和狗的安全剂量分别为８１５μｇ／ｋｇ、４２μｇ／ｋｇ和３０μｇ／ｋｇ, 分别约为人临床用剂量 （７０μｇ／５０ｋｇ·ｄ－ １ ） 的５８２、３０ 和２１ 倍。 Ｎ Ｔ 在小鼠、狗体内的２４ｈ蓄积率分别为 ５７％ 和３０％ 以上。结论　 Ｎ Ｔ 在使动物中毒的剂量下有广泛的安全范围; Ｎ Ｔ 在动物体内存在弱蓄积毒性。     

归辛胶囊急性毒性实验研究

目的：进行归辛胶囊急性毒性实验,对小鼠和大鼠可能产生的毒性反应及严重程度,确定无毒反应剂量,为拟定人用安全剂量提供参考。方法：依据《中药、天然药物急性毒性研究技术指导原则》进行急性毒性实验。取小鼠、大鼠各40只,随机分为空白、归辛胶囊低、中、高剂量4个组,每组10只,分别对小鼠、大鼠灌胃给药,给药后连续地观察14天,于给药第1、7、14天称量动物体重,并观察动物饮食、外观、行为、分泌物、排泄物、死亡情况及中毒情况,测定半数致死量（LD50）;在药物毒性较低无法测出LD50时测定小鼠、大鼠的最大耐受量（MTD）。取小鼠、大鼠各40只,随机分为空白组和归辛胶囊高剂量组,每组20只,给药后连续观察14天测定最大耐受量（MTD）,观察指标同测定LD50结果：实验动物未出现死亡无法测出LD50,继而测定MTD,小鼠为24．0g／kg,大鼠为16．0g／kg,各组动物主要脏器均未发现明显病理学改变。结论：归辛胶囊推荐临床日用剂量为0．09g／kg,按此剂量用药具有安全性。     

三种药物对岩原鲤幼鱼的急性毒性试验

以岩原鲤幼鱼为材料,研究了青霉素、硫酸铜和高锰酸钾3种药物对岩原鲤的急性毒性.结果表明,青霉素、硫酸铜和高锰酸钾对岩原鲤幼鱼的96 h-LC50值(95%可信区间)分别为28.67 mg/L (18.74～43.87mg/L)、0.69 mg/L (0.49～0.96 mg/L)、1.29 mg/L (0.99～1.67 mg/L),3种药物的安全浓度分别为2.87 mg/L、0.07 mg/L和0.13 mg/L.     

三聚氰胺对花鲈的急性毒性实验研究

本文以花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)为实验对象,采用接触、腹腔注射及口服三种致毒方式,进行了非蛋白氮物质-三聚氰胺对花鲈的急性毒性实验研究。口服急性毒性实验中,通过在饲料中添加不同浓度的三聚氰胺（0、500、2000、5000及10000 mg/kg）,进行了21d的花鲈养殖实验。实验结果表明：三聚氰胺溶解度较低,其水溶液没有表现出急性毒性,LC50 > 3500 mg/L;而在腹腔注射致毒方式下,三聚氰胺对花鲈的半致死剂量LD50 = 890.07 mg/kg•w;LD5095%可信限为：778.63－1017.45 mg/kg•w;在口服急性毒性实验中,10000 mg/kg组三聚氰胺降低了花鲈的摄食与生长(p<0.05),饲料系数显著升高 (p<0.05);三聚氰胺对花鲈的存活率、肥满度、肝体比及脏体比均无显著影响 (p>0.05)。饲料中添加三聚氰胺没有显著影响花鲈血清的丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、总蛋白、葡萄糖、胆固醇、甘油三酯及尿素氮 (p>0.05),但显著影响了花鲈血清的碱性磷酸酶活性,10000 mg/kg组的碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于其他各处理组 (p<0.05),其他各组间无显著差异(p>0.05)。三聚氰胺对花鲈21d的最大未观察到有害作用剂量（NOAEL, no-observed-adverse-effect-level）为131.99 mg/kg•w•d。     

三种环境激素对四种海洋微藻的急性毒性效应研究

近年来,海洋环境激素污染日益严重,为了考察环境激素对海洋微藻的生物毒性效应,进而评估其对海洋生态系统的影响,该实验研究了三氯卡班、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、三丁基氯化锡三种环境激素对海洋小球藻(Chlorella sp.)、眼点拟微绿球藻(Nannochloropsis ocutala)、球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)和东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense )4种海洋微藻的急性毒性效应。结果表明,三种环境激素均可显著抑制该4种微藻的生长。三氯卡班对4种微藻的96 h-EC₅₀分别为108.19 μg·L^-1、63.21 μg·L^-1、60.73 μg·L^-1和57.58 μg·L^-1;邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对4种微藻的96 h-EC₅₀分别为1.42 mg·L^-1、1.02 mg·L^-1、1.47 mg·L^-1 和1.21 mg·L^-1;三丁基氯化锡对4种微藻的96 h-EC₅₀分别为3.5 μg·L^-1、4.36 μg·L^-1、0.6 μg·L^-1和0.6 μg·L^-1。三种环境激素对四种海洋微藻的毒性强弱顺序为三丁基氯化锡>三氯卡班>邻苯二甲酸二丁酯。     

The effects of temperature upon the toxicity of chemicals to aquatic organisms

Although rather extensive bibliographies give the impression that there is a vast amount of literature on the effects of temperature on aquatic organisms, when one tries to apply this information to specific interactions, such as the effects of temperature changes on chemical toxicity to aquatic organisms, often very little of the evidence is applicable. Although the most useful information on this relationship has been acquired in laboratory situations even this body of literature (which forms the bulk of this paper) is not adequate to make any scientifically justifiable generalizations. Field data on this relationship is almost non-existent and it is unlikely that much will become available unless specific studies are initiated which are directed toward this end. This is equally true of the laboratory information although it seems more likely that this will be generated as a spinoff from other research activities. In order to develop water quality management programs for steam-electric power plants one should understand the relationship between temperature and the response of aquatic organisms to toxic chemicals. Not only do some power plants discharge chlorine and other similar materials as well as heated waste water but those that discharge the latter only may be located near discharges of toxic chemicals. Since temperature and chemical stress to aquatic organisms are most commonly discussed independently we felt a paper covering this relationship would be useful.     

The biological activities of prothioconazole enantiomers and their toxicity assessment on aquatic organisms

Chiral fungicide prothioconazole has a wide range of antifungal spectrum; however, little research has been conducted to evaluate prothioconazole on an enantiomeric level. Five target pathogens and three common aquatic organisms were tested for the enantioselective bioactivity and toxicity of prothioconazole in this work. The antifungal activity of the enantiomers against wheat phytoalexin, rice blast fungus, exserohilum turcicum, Alternaria triticina, and Fusarium avenaceum was determined, and it was found that (?)‐prothioconazole were 85 to 2768 times more active than (+)‐prothioconazole toward these target organisms. In order to reflect the risk to aquatic ecosystem, the acute toxicity of the enantiomers to Daphnia magna, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, and Lemna minor L. was assessed. It was observed that the toxicity of (?)‐prothioconazole to D. magna was 2.2 times higher than (+)‐prothioconazole, but it was lower to C. pyrenoidosa and L. minor L. The toxicities of (+)‐enantiomer and (?)‐enantiomer to D. magna and C. pyrenoidosa were synergy, indicating that the racemate had higher threat to the organisms. It could be concluded that the effects of prothioconazole on target organisms and the acute toxicity to nontarget species were enantioselective with (?)‐enantiomer possessing higher efficiency and lower toxicity. Such enantiomeric differences should be taken into consideration when assessing the performance of prothioconazole.     

Effect of nanoparticles on aquatic organisms

This paper summarizes the data on the effect of engineered nanoparticles on aquatic organisms. The issues of penetration and accumulation of nanoparticles in the body of aquatic organisms and their toxic effect, biotransformation, and migration along food webs are considered. It is demonstrated that the behavior of nanomaterials in the environment and their effect on living organisms have been studied insufficiently and require close attention, because their release into the environment will increase in the very near future.     

Comparison of methods to measure acute metal and organometal toxicity to natural aquatic microbial communities

Microbial communities in water from Baltimore Harbor and from the mainstem of Chesapeake Bay were examined for sensitivity to mercuric chloride, monomethyl mercury, stannic chloride, and tributyltin chloride. Acute toxicity was determined by measuring the effects of [3H]thymidine incorporation, [14C]glutamate incorporation and respiration, and viability as compared with those of controls. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were low for all metals (monomethyl mercury, less than 0.05 microgram liter-1; mercuric chloride, less than 1 microgram liter-1; tributyltin chloride, less than 5 micrograms liter-1) except stannic chloride (5 mg liter-1). In some cases, mercuric chloride and monomethyl mercury were equally toxic at comparable concentrations. The Chesapeake Bay community appeared to be slightly more sensitive to metal stress than the Baltimore Harbor community, but this was not true for all treatments or assays. For culturable bacteria the opposite result was found. Thymidine incorporation and glutamate metabolism were much more sensitive indicators of metal toxicity than was viability. To our knowledge, this is the first use of the thymidine incorporation method for ecotoxicology studies. We found it the easiest and fastest of the three methods; it is at least equal in sensitivity to metabolic measurements, and it likely measures the effects on greater portion of the natural community.     

An upper limit to the abundance of aquatic organisms

Summary The maximum density achievable by aquatic organisms is an inverse linear function of their body size. As a consequence, the maximum achievable biomass is independent of body size, and is 2 orders of magnitude higher than the biomass in natural populations. The minimum interorganismic terorganismic distance, calculated from the maximum density to allow comparison between aquatic and terrestrial organisms, scales as the 1/3 power of body size in both habitats. The similarities in the interorganismic distance of terrestrial and aquatic plant and animal communities suggest a fundamental regularity in the way organisms use the space.     

Some remarks on ecological groups of aquatic organisms

An analysis of several publications discussing versions of the conception of ecological groups of aquatic organisms in mountain streams and overgrowths of higher aquatic plants has been performed.