U937细胞中GATA1调控c-myb基因表达

c-myb是血细胞生成过程中的一个重要转录因子,与造血干细胞的增殖、分化、凋亡有关.在白血病、结肠癌、乳腺癌和黑色素瘤等恶性肿瘤中,c-myb异常表达,但是在白血病细胞中c-myb调控的机制尚不清楚.本研究探究了U937细胞中GATA1与c-myb的调控关系,可能对白血病研究和治疗提供帮助.用12-氧-十四烷酰佛波醇-13-乙酸酯(TPA)诱导U937细胞分化,并检测分化前后GATA1与c-myb蛋白的变化.Western blot结果显示U937细胞经TPA诱导分化后c-myb与GATA1蛋白均明显下降.利用慢病毒包装GATAl shRNA质粒和GATA1过表达质粒并感染到U937细胞中实现转录因子GATA1的敲降及过表达后,检测c-myb的mRNA和蛋白的表达水平.结果 显示:敲降GATA1后,c-myb的mRNA和蛋白质水平明显下降;过表达GATA1后,c-myb的mRNA和蛋白质水平明显上调.本研究揭示了U937细胞中GATA1对c-myb的正向调控关系,为白血病研究和治疗方案提供了新的思路.     

兔BMSCs复合纤维蛋白胶在体外分化为角膜基质细胞的研究

目的：探讨体外诱导兔骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）分化为角膜基质细胞的可行性,并观察纤维蛋白胶（FG）作为细胞支架材料的效果。方法：密度梯度法获得BMSCs,体外诱导实验将细胞分为三组：对照组用普通培养皿、BMSCs培养条件并不加角膜基质细胞共培养的条件下培养;非FG共培养组使用普通培养皿并与角膜基质细胞共培养诱导BMSCs分化;FG共培养组使用铺有FG的培养皿并与角膜基质细胞共培养诱导BMSCs分化。培养1w及2w后用WestenBlot法检测三组细胞Keratocan的表达,在相差显微镜下进行形态学观察。结果：原代培养的BMSCs表现出成体干细胞潜能,CD29染色阳性,符合骨髓基质干细胞的特征。诱导培养2周后对照组BMSCs融合成单层、呈条索状生长;非FG共培养组部分细胞体积变小、多突起,局部呈梭形生长;FG共培养组细胞生长状态良好,部分细胞呈梭形或纺锤形,与FG生物相容性好。Westen检测结果：BMSCs细胞在纤维蛋白胶或普通培养皿上特定培养条件下均能诱导表达角膜基质细胞的特异性蛋白Keratocan。结论：骨髓间充质干细胞在条件培养基下可分化为角膜基质细胞,有望作为治疗角膜疾病及角膜组织工程的备选材料,纤维蛋白胶组织相容性好,可为组织工程提供移植细胞片。     

MicroRNA-10b通过调控锌指蛋白KLF4阻滞白血病细胞分化

探讨microRNA-10b(miR-10b)通过调节锌指蛋白Krüppel-like factor 4(KLF4)的表达对急性白血病细胞分化的影响。Real-time PCR及Western blot分别检测不同分化程度的白血病细胞系中miR-10b与KLF4的表达;1,25-二羟基维生素D3(1,25D3)诱导人白血病细胞系HL60向单核系分化,检测此过程中miR-10b及KLF4的表达变化;利用体外合成的寡核苷酸(miR-10b mimics)转染HL60细胞,瑞氏–吉姆萨染色观察1,25D3诱导后细胞分化形态学的改变;流式细胞术检测单核细胞表面标志CD14的表达。结果显示,miR-10b在分化早期的KG-1a细胞中表达最高,在分化晚期的U937、THP-1细胞中表达最低(P<0.01),而KLF4的表达与之相反;1,25D3诱导HL60向单核系分化过程中,miR-10b表达呈时间依赖性降低,KLF4表达则逐渐增高;HL60细胞中过表达miR-10b后可抑制1,25D3诱导的细胞分化形态特征的改变及CD14的表达(P<0.05)。提示miR-10b通过负调控KLF4的表达阻滞白血病细胞HL60单核系的分化。     

未分化和分化足细胞生物学性状及相关结构蛋白表达的变化

体外33℃许可条件下培乔由H-2Kb-tsA58转基因小鼠所建立的禾分化足细肥系,开在37℃非许可条件下诱导其分化.观察足细胞分化后形态学改变;MTT法测定细胞的生长曲线;红色荧光染料PKH-26标记足细胞,追踪其在子代细胞中的分布,检测细胞增殖能力;流式细胞仪检测细胞周期的改变;Western印迹检测足细胞相关蛋白CD2AP、α-actinin和足细胞分化相关蛋白nephrin的表达;免疫荧光结合激光共聚焦方法检测CD2AP、nephrin,α-actinin、F-肌动蛋白和微管蛋白的表达变化.结果显示:与未分化足细胞相比,分化足细胞形态发生改变,生长速度减慢,增殖能力下降:细胞周期表现为G0/G1期细胞比例的增多和S期及G2/M期的细胞比例下降;CD2AP、neDhrin和α-actinin的表达明显增高;CD2AP、nephrin、α-actinin、F-肌动蛋白和微管蛋白在表达分布上均发生明显的改变.以上结果表明,足细胞分化后生物学性状明显发生改变,细胞骨架重新分布:CD2AP、nephrin、α-actinin、F-肌动蛋白和微管蛋白均在足细胞的分化过程中发挥重要作用.     

敲低ACTL6A通过Notch1信号通路促进早幼粒细胞分化

探讨ACTL6A在人类白血病NB4细胞分化中的作用及其相关机制。我们用ATRA人为诱导NB4细胞分化,Western blotting检测ACTL6A和CD11b的表达水平变化;敲低ACTL6A,通过瑞氏染色观察NB4细胞的形态学改变,Western blotting检测ACTL6A和CD11b的表达水平变化及其相关蛋白的表达水平;敲低同时用ATRA处理NB4细胞,用流式细胞术检测分化标志物CD11b的阳性率;免疫荧光检测ACTL6A在NB4细胞中的空间定位;结果显示NB4经敲低ACTL6A后,CD11b的蛋白水平表达升高;瑞氏染色观察到分化改变;免疫荧光检测到ACTL6A主要分布于细胞核; Western blotting检测到Notch1,Hes1,Sox2蛋白表达水平明显下调。研究表明,敲低ACTL6A可以促进人类白血病NB4细胞分化;其机制涉及Notch1信号通路的抑制。     

TCTP在辐射诱导胶质瘤细胞旁效应中的作用及机制研究

目的:研究肿瘤翻译控制蛋白(TCTP)在辐射诱导胶质瘤细胞旁效应中的作用及机制。方法:给予不同剂量的X射线照射U87、SHG44两种胶质瘤细胞,观察U87以及SHG44细胞的克隆形成率,并在给予最佳照射剂量后,通过Western Blot检测TCTP蛋白表达水平。将经过最佳X射线照射剂量的U87以及SHG44两种胶质瘤细胞与未经过辐射照射的细胞放在一起共培养,通过MTT实验检测胶质瘤细胞的增殖率,Western Blot检测共培养的胶质瘤细胞与经过辐射的胶质瘤细胞中Caspase3蛋白表达水平。结果:U87以及SHG44两种胶质瘤细胞的克隆形成率随着X射线照射剂量增加而显著性降低(P0.05),给予最佳X射线照射剂量后,与未经过X射辐射照射后的细胞相比,其TCTP蛋白表达水平明显升高(P0.05)。经过辐射照射与未经过辐射照射的胶质瘤细胞经过共培养后,与经过辐射的胶质瘤细胞相比,细胞的增殖率明显升高,同时共培养的胶质瘤细胞与经过辐射的胶质瘤细胞相比,Caspase3的蛋白表达明显降低(P0.05)。结论:TCTP的表达增高能够诱导未经过辐射的U87以及SHG44两种胶质瘤细胞的抗凋亡作用增强,其作用机制可能与Caspase3的表达降低有关。     

氧化修饰LDL诱导U937细胞凋亡及其机制探讨

用氧化修饰低密度脂蛋白（ox-LDL）诱导人髓系白血病细胞株U937细胞凋亡,并研究其作用机制.用脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP切口末端标记技术(TUNEL法)、流式细胞仪和DNA断裂分析检测细胞凋亡;用免疫组化检测c-fos、c-jun和c-myc蛋白表达,RT-PCR显示c-fos、c-jun和c-myc mRNA表达水平.结果表明ox-LDL可致U937细胞凋亡,其作用具有浓度效应;ox-LDL可以上调c-fos、c-jun和c-myc基因表达,使c-fos、c-jun和c-myc蛋白合成增多,最终诱导U937细胞凋亡.     

p~(53)基因在U 937细胞生长和分化过程中的调节作用

本文报道了p~(53)基因对人白血病细胞系U 937细胞生长和分化的调节作用。重组人GM-CSF(rhGM-CSF)可诱导U 937细胞向成熟巨噬细胞分化,这反映在分化后的细胞表达有巨噬细胞许多表型特征和功能活性。在这一分化过程中同时伴随着p~(53)基因的表达增加和U 937细胞生长受抑。进一步,用反义脱氧寡聚核苷酸抑制试验特异性地抑制p~(53)基因表达,结果发现p~(53)反义脱氧寡聚核苷酸可以明显抑制rhGM-CSF诱导U 937细胞向成熟巨噬细胞分化,同时也明显解除rhGM-CSF介导细胞分化过程中的细胞生长抑制作用。这些结果说明p~(53)基因在U 937细胞的生长和分化过程中可能起偶联调控作用。     

骨髓间充质干细胞通过JAK／STAT3信号通路抑制树突状细胞成熟

骨髓间充质干细胞（bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,bMSCs）具有自我更新、支持造血、多向分化和低免疫原性等特点,在调控树突状细胞（dendritic cells,DCs）成熟的过程中发挥重要作用。为了探讨bMSCs调控DCs成熟的机制,本研究通过分离培养正常捐献者bMSCs,并分离获取外周静脉血单个核细胞,诱导未成熟的树突状细胞（immature dendritic cells,imDCs）和成熟的树突状细胞（mature dendritic cells,mDCs）生成。根据Genebank中人STAT3全长基因序列,设计针对STAT3的siRNA。根据培养条件不同设计实验分组：正常bMSCs与imDCs共培养（阴性对照组）,转染siRNA的bMSCs与imDCs共培养（siRNA组）、加入JAK/STAT通路抑制剂AG490的bMSCs与imDCs共培养（AG490组）、加入TNF-α诱导的mDCs（阳性对照组）共4组,共培养72 h,流式细胞术分析DCs表型变化,ELISA检测培养液上清中IL-12水平变化。结果显示,阴性对照组不表达CD40、CD80、CD83、CD86和HLA DR标志树突细胞成熟的分子,而表达CD11b,其表型与imDCs一致;而siRNA组和AG490组的DCs表达CD40、CD80、CD83、CD86和HLA-DR等标志分子,而不表达CD11b,其表型与TNF-α诱导成熟的mDCs表型一致;siRNA组、AG490组和阳性对照组的IL-12水平较阴性对照组的IL-12水平显著升高（P＜0.05）,但siRNA组、AG490组和阳性对照组之间无明显差异（P＞0.05）。以上结果表明,通过siRNA和抑制剂AG490阻断bMSCs中JAK/STAT3通路促进了imDCs的成熟,提示bMSCs通过JAK/STAT3通路参与调控imDCs成熟。     

脱细胞神经移植物对骨髓间充质干细胞的诱导分化

目的探讨脱细胞神经移植物诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为施旺细胞样细胞的可行性。方法将分离纯化的SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞进行体外培养扩增,行表型鉴定后,取第5代细胞,诱导组采用脱细胞神经移植物匀浆进行诱导,非诱导组加入等量无血清培养基,倒置相差显微镜观察诱导后细胞形态变化,免疫细胞化学染色检测诱导后细胞S-100,神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein GFAP)的表达情况。结果BMSCs表型鉴定为CD44+、CD54+、CD34-,免疫细胞化学染色GFAP、S-100的阳性表达率分别为为(42±4)%和(64±5)%。结果 脱细胞神经移植物可诱导骨髓间充质干细胞分化为施旺细胞样细胞。     

Antisense CD11b integrin inhibits the development of a differentiated monocyte/macrophage phenotype in human leukemia cells

Macrophage-like development of myeloid leukemia cells which can be induced by agents such as phorbol esters (TPA) is accompanied by integrin expression and cell adhesion. Thus, in differentiating myeloid leukemia cells CD11b is predominantly expressed which can associate with CD18 to form the functional heterodimeric integrin Mac-1. To elucidate the role of cell adhesion during macrophage-like differentiation, we transfected human U937 myeloid leukemia cells with a vector containing the CD11b gene in antisense orientation. Expression of the CD11b antisense gene in stably transfected U937 cells (as-CD11b cells) resulted in an attenuated response to TPA. As-CD11b cells demonstrated poor adhesion to solid substrate upon TPA treatment in contrast to U937 control cells. Constitutive expression of c-myc in as-CD11b transfectants was higher than in control cells and failed to be repressed by TPA treatment. Moreover, unlike control cells, antisense transfectants failed to induce expression of early response genes such as c-jun and the redox factor ref-1 upon TPA stimulation. Consequently, the induction of monocytic differentiation markers such as the activity of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase, the capacity to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium and the expression of the vimentin gene was much lower in antisense transfectants than in control U937 cells. According to the failure to undergo a monocytic differentiation program, TPA treatment of as-CD11b cells resulted in a progressively increasing amount of apoptotic cells whereas the differentiated population of U937 control cells remained alive. Taken together, these data suggest that the integrin-mediated (particularly CD11b-mediated) adhesion of myeloid leukemia cells in the course of induced monocytic differentiation is crucial for cell attachment, development of a monocytic phenotype and subsequent survival.     

Characteristics of U-937 and HL-60 leukemia cells differentiated by spinach extract

Some characteristics of U-937 and HL-60 leukemia cell lines treated with a fraction of non-dialyzable extract of spinach are reported. The absorbed fraction separated by a DEAE-Tyopearl 650 column chromatography of the non-dialyzable extract induced NBT reducing activity of U-937 and HL-60 cells. This fraction also induced substrate adhesion of U-937 cells, and the non-specific esterase activity of HL-60 cells. The expression of CD11b, CD11c and CD36 antigens on the U-937 cell surface was enhanced by the treatment with the fraction, whereas CD24 antigen was not. The treatment of HL-60 cells with the fraction also induced the expression of CD11b and CD11c antigens, but CD24 and CD36 were not expressed. These results indicated that the non-dialyzable extract of spinach induced immature differentiation of U-937 and HL-60 cells into monocyte/macrophages.Abbreviations NBT nitroblue tetrazolium - TPA 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acerate - PBS phosphate buffered saline - FITC fluorescein isothiocyanate     

Decrease in CuZn-superoxide dismutase mRNA level during differentiation of human monocytic and promyelotic leukemia cells

Change in the level of CuZn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) mRNA was examined using a molecular probe during differentiation of human monocytic leukemia U937 cells or promyelotic leukemia HL-60 cells induced by either 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). CuZn-SOD mRNA levels were found to decrease during the course of differentiation, and this response is specific for differentiation, since the treatment of human B cell leukemia cells or normal diploid fibroblasts with TPA failed to have any effect on the level of CuZn-SOD mRNA. The activity of CuZn-SOD in U937 cells also decreased during differentiation, but following that of the CuZn-SOD mRNA level. The expression of the CuZn-SOD gene is thus concluded to diminish during the differentiation of HL-60 and U937 cells.     

FLT3配基在人骨髓基质细胞系中的基因转移与表达

目的：研究逆转录病毒介导的FL在骨髓基质细胞系HFCL中的表达。方法：采用脂质体法将重组质粒pLF-SN/HFCL和空载体pLXSN/HFCL转染包装细胞PA317,G418筛选抗性克隆,用抗性克隆上清液感染HFCL。RT－PCR和基因组DNA－PCR检测外源基因mRNA水平的表达及染色体的整合,小鼠CFU－GM集落法检测FL生物学活性。结果：在mRNA水平上有FL的表达,染色体基因组中整合有标记neo基因和FL基因。活性测试结果显示转染的骨髓基质细胞分泌FL。结论：提示骨髓基质细胞可作为基因治疗的靶细胞。     

Involvement of CD11b integrin in the alteration of metabolic factors after phorbol ester stimulation of human myeloid leukemia cells

ABSTRACT: Previous work has demonstrated that phorbol ester (TPA)-induced adherence of human U937 myeloid leukemia cells can be blocked upon down-modulation of the β2-integrin CD11b after stable transfection of U937 cells with a pMTH1 vector-containing the CD11b gene in antisense orientation (asCD11b-U937) [Otte et al., (2011)]. In the present study, alterations in metabolism-associated factors, particularly intra- and extracellular proteases were investigated. A measurement of telomerase activity in the leukemic cells revealed continuously decreasing telomere adducts within 72?h of TPA treatment in pMTH1-U937 cells. In contrast, telomerase activity sustained in asCD11b-U937 upon TPA-induced differentiation. Flow cytometric analysis confirmed unchanged CD11b levels in TPA-induced asCD11b-U937 in contrast to elevated levels in pMTH1-U937 whereby the expression of other β2-integrins including CD11a, CD11c and CD18 was increased in both populations after TPA treatment. Moreover, adherent pMTH1-U937 demonstrated the expression of monocytic differentiation markers including F4-80 and CD14 and an increased MIP-1α production which remained at low or undetectable in TPA-induced asCD11b-U937. These effects indicated an altered response of the different cell populations to the TPA-induced differentiation process. Indeed, Western blot analysis revealed differences in the expression levels of intracellular metabolic factors including MnSOD and p97/VCP and after measurement of 20?S proteasomal proteolytic activity. In addition, increased levels of extracellular metabolic factors including the matrix metalloproteinases MMP-1, MMP-7 and MMP-9 were observed in pMTH1-U937 cells in contrast to unaltered levels in asCD11b-U937 cells.     

rhGM—CSF对人骨髓粒单祖细胞集落形成及U937细胞分化的影响

本文应用造血祖细胞体外培养技术研究了重组人粒细胞－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ｒｈＧＭ—ＣＳＦ）对正常人骨髓粒单祖细胞集落（ＣＦＵ—ＧＭ）形成的影响,结果表明ｒｈＧＭ—ＣＳＦ在体外能促进细胞集落的形成,此种效应在一定范围内呈剂量依赖关系,与ＬＥＵＣＯＭＡＸ各剂量组相比无显著性差异。采用ＮＢＴ还原试验和ＡＰＡＡＰ法观察了ｒｈＧＭ—ＣＳＦ对Ｕ９３７细胞分化的影响,结果显示ｒｈＧＭ—ＣＳＦ能抑制Ｕ９３７细胞的增殖,促进其分化,部分细胞具有ＮＢＴ还原能力,ＣＤ１１６阳性细胞数增加。     

Ectopic expression of CXCR5/BLR1 accelerates retinoic acid- and vitamin D(3)-induced monocytic differentiation of U937 cells

The product of the blr1 gene is a CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR5) that regulates B lymphocyte migration and has been implicated in myelomonocytic differentiation. The U937 human leukemia cell line was used to study the role of blr1 in retinoic acid-regulated monocytic leukemia cell growth and differentiation. blr1 mRNA expression was induced within 12 hr by retinoic acid in U937 cells. To determine whether the early induction of blr1 might regulate inducible monocytic cell differentiation, U937 cells were stably transfected with blr1 (U937/blr1 cells). Ectopic expression of blr1 caused no significant cell cycle or differentiation changes, but caused the U937/blr1 cells to differentiate faster when treated with either retinoic acid or 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). Treated with retinoic acid, U937/blr1 cells showed a greater increase in the percentage of CD11b expressing cells than vector control cells. Retinoic acid also induced a higher percentage of functionally differentiated blr1 transfectants as assessed by nitroblue tetrazolium reduction. U937/blr1 cells underwent moderate growth inhibition on treatment with retinoic acid. Similar results occurred with 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). Because blr1 was induced early during cell differentiation and because its overexpression accelerated monocytic differentiation, it may be important for signals controlling cell differentiation.     

Mesenchymal stromal cells revert multiple myeloma cells to less differentiated phenotype by the combined activities of adhesive interactions and interleukin-6

Multiple myeloma is characterized by the malignant growth of immunoglobulin producing plasma cells, predominantly in the bone marrow. The effects of primary human mesenchymal stromal cells on the differentiation phenotype of multiple myeloma cells were studied by co-culture experiments. The incubation of multiple myeloma cells with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells resulted in significant reduction of the expression of the predominant plasma cell differentiation markers CD38 and CD138, and cell surface immunoglobulin light chain. While the down-regulation of CD138 by stromal cells was completely dependent on their adhesive interactions with the multiple myeloma cells, interleukin-6 induced specific down-regulation of CD38. Mesenchymal stromal cells or their conditioned media inhibited the growth of multiple myeloma cell line, thereby reducing the overall amounts of secreted light chains. Analysis of primary multiple myeloma bone marrow samples reveled that the expression of CD38 on multiple myeloma cells was not affected by adhesive interactions. The ex vivo propagation of primary multiple myeloma cells resulted in significant increase in their differentiation markers. Overall, the data indicate that the bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells revert multiple myeloma cells to less differentiated phenotype by the combined activities of adhesive interactions and interleukin-6.     

Macrophage glycolipid receptors for human migration inhibitory factor (MIF): differentiated HL-60 cells exhibit MIF responsiveness and express surface glycolipids which both bind MIF and convert nonresponsive cells to responsiveness

The human promyelocytic leukemia line HL-60 when treated with a phorbol diester (TPA) differentiates into cells (HL60-TPA) that respond to human migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Unresponsive HL-60 cells became responsive to MIF when preincubated with a glycolipid-enriched preparation extracted from HL60-TPA cells, human monocytes, human macrophage-like (U937) cell line, or with the purified glycolipid receptor for MIF from guinea pig peritoneal macrophages. Human blood monocytes exhibited an increased response to MIF when preincubated with glycolipids from HL60-TPA and U937 cells but not from HL-60 cells. Finally, glycolipids from HL60-TPA cells but not from HL-60 cells were able to reversibly bind MIF when covalently coupled to agarose. These studies suggest that TPA induces the differentiation of HL-60 cells into MIF-responsive cells through the expression of a glycolipid receptor for MIF.     

Activation of protein kinase C relays distinct signaling pathways in the same cell type: differentiation and caspase-mediated apoptosis

Activation of PKC with 5 nM 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) for 72 h in human U937 myeloid leukemia cells is associated with induction of adherence, followed by monocytic differentiation and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. In this study, we demonstrate that in addition to these effects about 25% of U937 cells accumulated in an apoptotic subG1 phase after TPA treatment. The appearance of these apoptotic suspension cells was detectable throughout the time course of the culture and was independent of TPA concentrations between 0.5 and 500 nM. Experiments with cells synchronized by centrifugal elutriation revealed dominant susceptibility of G1-phase cells to TPA-mediated apoptosis. While adherent cells expressed differentiation markers including the integrin CD11c, this effect was less pronounced in the TPA-treated suspension fraction. Moreover, previous work has demonstrated cell cycle arrest in differentiating U937 cells. Accordingly, PKC activation by TPA treatment was associated with a significant expression of the cdk/cyclin inhibitor p21WAF/CIP/sdi-1 in the adherent population and subsequent G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. In contrast, suspension cells failed to induce significant levels of p21WAF/CIP/sdi-1 after TPA stimulation. Immunoblotting experiments demonstrated no difference in the expression of the pro-apoptotic factors Bax, Bad, and Bak in either control U937 and TPA-treated adherent or suspension cells, respectively. However, anti-apoptotic factors including Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1 were significantly induced in the adherent population whereas no induction was detectable in the suspension cells. In this context, incubation with the caspase-3/caspase-7 specific tetrapeptide inhibitor DEVD prior to TPA treatment prevented an accumulation of cells in subG1, respectively, demonstrating an involvement of these caspases. Taken together, these data suggest that PKC activation can relay distinct signaling pathways such as induction of adherence coupled with monocytic differentiation and growth arrest, or induction of caspase-mediated apoptosis coupled with the failure to adhere and to differentiate.