The parasitoid complex (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) of leafminer flies (Diptera, Agromyzidae) in the middle Volga Basin

Parasitoid complexes of fifteen species of Agromyzidae reared from 20 host plants were studied: Agromyza nana Meigen, Aulagromyza populi (Kalt.), Amauromyza sp. n. aff. insularis, Calycomyza humeralis (von Roser), Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau), Liriomyza eupatoriana Spencer, L. demeijerei Hering, L. dracunculi Hering, L. strigata (Meigen), L. soror Hendel, L. tanaceti de Meijere, L. taraxaci Hering, Ophiomyia quinta Spencer (recorded for the first time for the Palaearctic), Phytomyza petoei Hering, and Ph. griffithsi Spencer. A total of 38 host-parasitoid associations were analyzed, 31 of them were previously unrecorded. During this research, 17 Eulophidae parasitoid species (Cirrospilus viticola (Rondani), Chrysocharis pubicornis (Zetterstedt), Ch. viridis Nees, Ch. crassiscapus (Thomson), Closterocerus trifasciatus Westwood, Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös, D. chabrias (Walker), D. isaea Walker, D. poppoea Walker, D. pusztensis (Erdös, Novicky), Minotetrastichus frontalis (Nees), Neochrysocharis aratus (Walker), N. formosa (Westwood), Pnigalio pectinicornis (Linnaeus), P. soemius (Walker), Pediobius metallicus (Nees), and P. cassidae Erdös) were found. New parasitoids were recorded for Ch. horticola, A. nana, and Ph. petoei. The number of ectoparasitoid species was 1.25 times as great as that of endoparasitoids in the complexes, whereas the number of reared specimens of ectoparasitoids was 1.7 times as great as that of endoparasitoids. The dominant species of the parasitoid complexes of Agromyzidae were D. isaea (28.4%), Pediobius metallicus (14.5%), N. formosa (13.7%), and Pnigalio soemius (12.7%).     

Eulophid wasps (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), parasitoids of leaf-mining moths (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae, Nepticulidae, Tischeriidae) on the English oak in the Middle Volga Area

Data on the parasitoid eulophid complexes reared from 6 species of leaf mining moths damaging the oak in the Middle Volga Area are reported. The reared eulophids belong to three subfamilies: Eulophinae (8 species from 6 genera): Cirrospilus diallus Walker, C. viticola (Rondani), Euplectrus liparidis Ferrière, Hyssopus geniculatus (Hartig), Sympiesis gordius (Walker), Pnigalio rotundiventris (Erdös), P. soemius (Walker), Rhicnopelte crassicornis (Nees); Entedoninae (11 species from 4 genera): Chrysocharis laomedon (Walker), Ch. prodice (Walker), Ch. pubens Delucchi, Ch. submutica Graham, Closterocerus formosus Westwood, Neochrysocharis aratus (Walker), Pediobius cassidae Erdös, P. flaviscapus (Thomson), P. metallicus (Nees), P. pyrgo Walker; and Tetrastichinae (3 species from 3 genera): Aprostocetus sp., Minotetrastichus frontalis (Nees), and Sigmophora brevicornis (Panzer). The most abundant of the moth parasitoids are M. frontalis and Ch. laomedon, while Tischeria ekebladella has the greatest number of parasitoids. The ectoparasitoids/endoparasitoids ratio in the number of species is 2: 1, and in the number of individuals reared, 1.76: 1. Thus, the host density is regulated primarily by the ectoparasitoids.     

The parasitoid complex (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) of the leafminer Phyllonorycter issikii (Kumata) (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) from the Middle Volga Basin

In the Middle Volga Basin, Phyllonorycter issikii, an invasive species new to Europe, is attacked by many native parasitoids of the family Eulophidae (the percentages of infestation are given in parentheses): Sympiesis gordius (42), Minotetrastichus frontalis (20), Chrysocharis laomedon (11), Pnigalio soemius (10), S. sericeicornis (8), Apanteles sp. (4), Hissopus geniculatus (4), Entedon sp. (0.4), Aprostocetus sp., Cirrospilus lyncus, C. diallus, C. viticola, and Pteromalidae (0.2). Six species of parasitoids: Aprostocetus sp., C. lyncus (Walker 1838), C. diallus (Walker 1838), C. viticola (Rondani 1877), H. geniculatus (Hartig 1838), and Apanteles sp. (Braconidae), are recorded for the first time. The number of ectoparasitoids is 5.5 times that of endoparasitoids. The second generation of Ph. issikii is reduced by 22% due to parasitoids, and its propagation rate also decreases. However, the climate warming may level the pressure of parasitoids and promote development of the third generation in Ph. issikii.     

The Influence of Parasitoids (Hymenoptera,Eulophidae) on Survival of the Lime Leafminer <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phyllonorycter issikii</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera,Gracillariidae) in Udmurtia

The species structure of parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) of the invasive lime leafminer Phyllonorycter issikii (Kumata, 1963) (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) was reexamined ten years after the latest survey. The work was carried out in 2015 in three previously selected test plots within the city of Izhevsk. Extremely high survival rates (61.7 to 89%) of the leafminer were observed while the parasitoid complex had a negligible impact on its mortality (0.6 to 1.6%). A slight structural transformation of the parasitoid complex was noted, namely a decrease in the number of dominants and a change of the dominant species. In addition, the species structure of the parasitoids collected in 22 populated localities in Udmurtia was studied in 2016. Five new parasitoids of the lime leafminer were found: Pnigalio pectinicornis (Linnaeus, 1758), Sympiesis acalle Walker, 1848, Chrysocharis amanus Walker, 1839, Ch. pentheus Walker, 1839, and Ch. polyzo Walker, 1839. Two species of parasitoids of Ph. issikii were recognized as new to Udmurtia: Pnigalio agraules (Walker, 1839) and Pediobius saulius (Walker, 1839).     

Calosota Curtis (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eupelmidae) - review of the New World and European fauna including revision of species from the West Indies and Central and North America

Two of three species previously classified in Calosota Curtis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) from the Neotropical region are transferred to Eupelminae. Calosota eneubulus (Walker) from Galapagos Islands is transferred to Eupelmus Dalman as Eupelmus (Eupelmus) eneubulus (Walker), comb. n., and Calosota silvai (Brèthes) from Chile is transferred to Brasema Cameron as Brasema silvai comb. n. Calosota cecidobius (Kieffer) from Argentina is retained in Calosota, with reservation, as an unrecognized species. The species of Calosota from the New World excluding South America are revised. Eleven species are recognized, including the seven newly described species Calosota albipalpus sp. n. (Costa Rica, Mexico, USA, Venezuela), Calosota bicolorata sp. n. (USA), Calosota elongata sp. n. (USA), Calosota longivena sp. n. (USA), Calosota panamaensis sp. n. (Panama), Calosota setosa sp. n. (Bahamas, Dominican Republic, USA), and Calosota speculifrons sp. n. (Costa Rica, USA). The 11 regional species and the Palaearctic species Calosota vernalis Curtis are keyed and illustrated. Calosota vernalis is not known to occur in the New World but is included in the key and diagnosed because it has been intercepted in quarantine in Canada. Calosota pseudotsugae Burks is placed in synonymy under Calosota acron (Walker), syn. n.,and Calosota kentra Burks, Calosota montana Burks and Calosota septentrionalis Hedqvist are placed in synonymy under Calosota aestivalis Curtis syn. n. Calosota modesta Bolívar y Pieltain is removed from synonymy under Calosota viridis Masi, stat. rev., and Calosota viridis, Calosota matritensis Bolívar y Pieltain, and Calosota coerulea Nikol’skaya are placed in synonymy under Calosota metallica (Gahan), syn. n. Calosota grylli Erdös is confirmed as a separate species from Calosota metallica based on features of both sexes. It is suggested that Calosota ariasi Bolívar y Pieltain may be a synonym of Calosota aestivalis, Calosota bolivari Askew may be a synonym of Calosota agrili Nikol’skaya, Calosota dusmeti Bolívar y Pieltain may be a synonym of Calosota violascens Masi, and Calosota lixobia Erdös likely is not a junior synonym of Calosota obscura Ruschka, but formal nomenclatural changes are not proposed prior to a comprehensive Palaearctic revision. Previous interpretation of the mesoscutum in Calosota and Balcha Walker is also modified to include the presence of anteroadmedian lines in addition to notauli and parapsidal lines.     

New leaf-beetle species (Coleoptera,Chrysomelidae) from China: VIII

Chrysolina baoshanica sp. n., Ch. amica sp. n., Ch. baimana sp. n., Ch. sergeyi sp. n., Ch. korotjaevi sp. n., Ch. volkovitshi sp. n., Ch. aeruginosa kabana subsp. n., and Phratora belousovi sp. n. from Chinese provinces Gansu, Sichuan, and Yunnan are described. Types of the new species are deposited in the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg.     

Results of studying the types of species of the genus Chrysopilus (Diptera, Rhagionidae) from the collection of the Natural History Museum of the Humboldt University (Berlin, Germany): Communication 3

Communication 3 presents the results of studying the types of Chrysopilus auratus (Fabr.), Ch. aureus (Meigen), Ch. aureus meridionalis Bezzi, Ch. splendidus (Meigen), and Ch. luteolus (Fallén). Two new species, Ch. subauratus sp. n. and Ch. subsplendidus sp. n., are described. The results of examination of 19 species of the genus are given.     

New species of leaf beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) from China: VI

Smaragdina schereri sp. n., Chrysolina jiangi sp. n., Ch. geae sp. n., Ch. gansuica sp. n., Sclerophaedon daccordii sp. n., Neophaedon sichuanicus sp. n., Oreomela inflata sp. n., Xingeina nigrolucens sp. n., Shaira hemipteroides sp. n. and Calomicrus atroviridis sp. n. from Sichuan, Gansu, and Yunnan provinces of China are described. Types of the new species are deposited in the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg.     

New species of Leaf-beetles (Coleoptera,Chrysomelidae) from China: XI

New species of the subfamilies Megalopodinae (Temnaspis humerosa sp. n.), Chrysomelinae [Chrysolina furialis sp. n., Ch. oxanae sp. n., Ch. pingchuana sp. n., Oreomelina (Oreomelina) obtusa sp. n., O. (Oreomelina) splendens sp. n. from Sichuan], and Galerucinae (Liroëtis obliquevirgata sp. n. from Sichuan, Hyphaenia lutescens sp. n. from Chongqing, H. potanini sp. n. from Sichuan, and H. kabaki sp. n. from Shaangxi) are described.     

A revision of the Chinese Trigonalyidae (Hymenoptera,Trigonalyoidea)

The Chinese fauna of the family Trigonalyidae Cresson, 1887, is revised, keyed and fully illustrated for the first time. Eight genera of this family (Bakeronymus Rohwer, 1922, Bareogonalos Schulz, 1907, Jezonogonalos Tsuneki, 1991, re-instated, Lycogaster Shuckard, 1841, Orthogonalys Schulz, 1905, Pseudogonalos Schulz, 1906, Taeniogonalos Schulz, 1906 and Teranishia Tsuneki, 1991) are recorded from China. The genus Ischnogonalos Schulz, 1907, is synonymized with Taeniogonalos Schulz, 1906. In total 40 valid species are recognized. Twenty species are new for science: Jezonogonalos elliptifera sp. n., J. jiangliae sp. n., J. luteata sp. n., J. nigrata sp. n., Lycogaster angustula sp. n., L. flavonigrata sp. n., L. nigralva sp. n., Orthogonalys cheni sp. n., O. clypeata sp. n., O. robusta sp. n., Pseudogonalos angusta sp. n., Taeniogonalos bucarinata sp. n., T. cordata sp. n., T. geminata sp. n., T. sculpturata sp. n., T. triangulata sp. n., T. tricolorisoma sp. n., T. uncifera sp. n., Teranishia crenulata sp. n. and T. glabrata sp. n. Two species are reported new for China: Orthogonalys elongata Teranishi, 1929 and Nanogonalos flavocincta Teranishi, 1929 (renamed to Taeniogonalos subtruncata nom. n.). Seven new synonyms are proposed: Poecilogonalos yuasai Teranishi, 1938, and P. maga taiwana Tsuneki, 1991, of Taeniogonalos taihorina (Bischoff, 1914); Taiwanogonalos minima Tsuneki, 1991, and T. similis Tsuneki, 1991, of Taeniogonalos alticola (Tsuneki, 1991); P. intermedia Chen, 1949, and P. unifasciata Chen, 1949, of Taeniogonalos formosana (Bischoff, 1913). Six taxa are recognised as valid species: Bakeronymus seidakka Yamane & Terayama, 1983, Jezonogonalos laeviceps (Tsuneki, 1991), J. satoi (Tsuneki, 1991), Taeniogonalos alticola (Tsuneki, 1991), T. flavoscutellata (Chen, 1949) and T. gestroi (Schulz, 1908). Five new combinations are made: Jezonogonalos laeviceps (Tsuneki, 1991), comb. n., J. satoi (Tsuneki, 1991), comb. n., Taeniogonalos flavoscutellata (Chen, 1949), comb. n., T. gestroi (Schulz, 1908), comb. n. and T. lachrymosa (Westwood, 1874), comb. n. Lectotypes are designated for Lycogaster violaceipennis Chen, 1949, Poecilogonalos flavoscutellata Chen, 1949, P. rufofasciata Chen, 1949, and P. tricolor Chen, 1949.     

New species of the genus Chalcochiton Loew (Diptera, Bombyliidae) from Spain and Morocco

Three new species of the genus Chalcochiton Loew (Ch. maroccanus sp. n. and Ch. merlei sp. n. from Morocco and Ch. hispanicus sp. n. from Spain) are described from specimens in the collection of P. du Merle, a well-known French entomologist.     

A review of the species of Mesopolobus (Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae) associated with Ceutorhynchus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) host-species of European origin

Four species of Mesopolobus Westwood were reared as parasitoids of Ceutorhynchinae hosts in Europe during surveys in 2000-2004. An illustrated key is given to differentiate the four species, M. gemellus Baur & Muller sp. n., M. incultus (Walker), M. morys (Walker) and M. trasullus (Walker), plus M. moryoides Gibson, a parasitoid of the cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham), in North America. Pteromalus clavicornis Walker is recognized as a junior synonym of M. incultus syn. n., and Pteromalus berecynthos Walker (also a junior synonym of M. incultus) is considered a correct original spelling. For Disema pallipes F?rster (a junior synonym of Mesopolobus morys), a lectotype is designated. Mesopolobus morys is for the first time accurately associated with the seed weevil Ceutorhynchus turbatus (Schultze), a potential agent for classical biological control, of hoary cress, Lepidium draba L. (Brassicaceae), in North America. Mesopolobus gemellus is associated with another seed weevil, Ceutorhynchus typhae (=C. floralis) (Herbst), in pods of shepherd's purse, Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (Brassicaceae). Implications of the host-parasitoid associations are discussed relative to the introduction of species to North America for classical biological control of the cabbage seedpod weevil.     

Parasitoid complexes (Hymenoptera,Eulophidae) of leafminers of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phyllonorycter</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera,Gracillariidae) in the Middle Volga Basin

The parasitoid complexes of 22 species of the genus Phyllonorycter reared from 20 host plants were studied in the Middle Volga Basin. From a total of 124 host-parasitoid associations analyzed, 88 had been previously unknown. Minotetrastichus frontalis, Sympiesis sericeicornis, Pnigalio soemius, Closterocerus formosus, and S. gordius were the most frequent species. The highest percentage of parasitoids reared was observed in Ph. ulmifoliella (58.6%) and Ph. sylvella (54%), and the lowest one, in Ph. salictella (15%). Ph. corylifoliella (95.7%), Ph. populifoiella (95.5%) and Ph. insignitella (95.5%) had the highest mortality due to parasitoids. The number of endoparasitoid species prevailed over that of ectoparasitoids in the parasitoid complexes of the genus Phyllonorycter, but the number of individuals reared was 4 times greater for ectoparasitoids. The parasitoid complexes were the most similar in Ph. harrisella and Ph. quercifoliella on Quercus robur. The gregarious ectoparasitoid M. frontalis predominated over parasitoids of Phyllonorycter.     

Contrasting patterns of ovarian development and oogenesis in two sympatric host-feeding parasitoids,Diglyphus isaea and Neochrysocharis formosa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

Diglyphus isaea (Walker) and Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) are common idiobiont parasitoids of leafminers attacking vegetable crops. They exhibit differing levels of synovigeny, and host feeding enhances their fecundity and longevity. The reproductive systems of these two parasitoids are typical of hymenopteran eulophids, consisting of two ovaries, each usually comprising three polytrophic meroistic ovarioles. Diglyphus isaea possesses two obvious oviduct accessory glands, which are absent in N. formosa. Both parasitoids underwent oosorption when starved, while feeding on host larvae promoted oogenesis and egg maturation. In both, oogenesis and vitellogenesis commenced on the first day of the pupal stage rather than after eclosion. Formation of ovarioles in D. isaea commenced 1 day earlier than in N. formosa. Mature eggs were rarely observed in ovaries of newly emerged D. isaea, but usually a few were present in N. formosa. When hosts (second–third instar Liriomyza sativae larvae) were provided, the number of mature eggs in D. isaea ovaries initially increased and then stabilized, while in N. formosa, the number first increased and then decreased. Diglyphus isaea had fewer but larger eggs than N. formosa did. Thus, synovigenic divergence begins at the pupal stage and may result in different life-history traits of adults.     

Redescription of Mymarilla Westwood,new synonymies under Cremnomymar Ogloblin (Hymenoptera,Mymaridae) and discussion of unusual wings

The monotypic genus Mymarilla Westwood is known only from St. Helena, a remote island in the South Atlantic Ocean. The peculiar species M. wollastoni Westwood (Mymaridae) is redescribed and illustrated from non-type material. Mymarilla is compared with Cremnomymar Ogloblinspp. from the Juan Fernández Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. Stephanodes Enock is shown to be the most likely sister genus to Mymarilla. Nesopolynema Ogloblin, syn. n., Oncomymar Ogloblin, syn. n., Scolopsopteron Ogloblin, syn. n., are placed in synonymy under Cremnomymar and their species transferred as Cremnomymar caudatum (Ogloblin 1952), comb. n., C. dipteron (Ogloblin 1957), comb. n., and C. kuscheli (Ogloblin 1952), comb. n. Wing shape and wing reductions in Mymaridae are discussed in relation to biogeography, particularly with respect island faunas and to four genera, Cremnomymar, Mymarilla, Parapolynema Fidalgo, and Richteria Girault, some or all of whose species have more or less convex fore wings.     

REVISION OF CHINESE SPECIES OF HEMIPTARSENUS WESTWOOD (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) *

Abstract This paper deals with Chinese species of Hemiptarsenus Westwood, 1833. Totally five species are found in China. Among them, H. unguicellus (Zetterstedt), H. ornatus (Nees) and H. varicornis (Gi‐rault) were previously recorded, H. zilahisebessi Erdös is newly recorded in China and H. strigiscuta sp. n. is described as new. A tentative key to known species is given, and other three external species, H. fulvicollis Westwood, H. wailesellae Nowicky and H. waterhousii Westwood, are included in the key for comparison. The type specimen is deposited in the Zoological Museum, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

The genus Spathius Nees (Hymenoptera,Braconidae, Doryctinae) in Mexico: occurrence of a highly diverse Old World taxon in the Neotropics

Two new species of the parasitoid wasp genus Spathius Nees (Braconidae: Doryctinae) from Mexico, S. mexicanus sp. n. and S. chamelae sp. n., are described and illustrated. These represent the second and third described species of this highly diverse Old World genus in the Neotropics, and the first described species recorded for the Mexican territory.     

The life cycle and host specificity of Psychodiella sergenti n. sp. and Ps. tobbi n. sp. (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) in sand flies Phlebotomus sergenti and Ph. tobbi (Diptera: Psychodidae)

Two new gregarines in the recently erected genus Psychodiella (formerly Ascogregarina), Psychodiella sergenti n. sp. and Psychodiella tobbi n. sp., are described based on morphology and life cycle observations conducted on larvae and adults of their natural hosts, the sand flies Phlebotomus sergenti and Phlebotomus tobbi, respectively. The phylogenetic analyses inferred from small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences indicate the monophyly of newly described species with Psychodiella chagasi. Ps. sergenti n. sp. and Ps. tobbi n. sp. significantly differ from each other in the life cycle and in the size of life stages. The sexual development of Ps. sergenti n. sp. (syzygy, formation of gametocysts and oocysts) takes place exclusively in blood-fed Ph. sergenti females, while the sexual development of Ps. tobbi n. sp. takes place also in males and unfed females of Ph. tobbi. The susceptibility of Phlebotomus perniciosus, Phlebotomus papatasi, Ph. sergenti, Ph. tobbi, and Phlebotomus arabicus to both gregarines was examined by exposing 1st instar larvae to parasite oocysts. High host specificity was observed, as both gregarines were able to fully develop and complete regularly the life cycle only in their natural hosts. Both gregarines are considered as serious pathogens in laboratory-reared colonies of Old World sand flies.