Cotransformation of aspen and birch with three T-DNA regions from two different replicons in one <Emphasis Type="Italic">Agrobacterium tumefaciens</Emphasis> strain

The cointegration rate into the aspen and birch genomes of foreign genes from a binary vector and a disarmed Ti plasmid pCBE21 carried by the same Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain was studied. The cotransformation rate for the genes within the Ti plasmid varied from 30 to 100%; while the transformation rate for the gene from T_L region was twofold higher as compared with the T_R region. On the average, the gene transfer from all three T-DNAs was recorded in 10.9% of the transgenic lines. For the vector pBI121, the cotransformation rates for the genes from both regions of pCBE21 T-DNA were higher as compared with the vector pGS. In addition, a concurrent transfer of the genes from the Ti plasmid T_L and T_R regions was recorded only after the transformation with the vector pBI121. These results can be used for constructing woody plants containing several genes.     

康乃馨ACC氧化酶cDNA的克隆及其反义植物表达载体的构建

以康乃馨（Dianthus caryophyllus L.)花瓣为材料,用改进的异硫氰酸胍一步法提取总RNA,根据已报道的康乃馨ACC氧化酶（1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase,CO)基因的序列设计产合成一对引物,通过RT-PCR方法获得一约1.2kb特异片段,把该片段连接pGEM^(R)-Teasy vector上进行测序,其全长共1156bp,编码区915bp。共编码304个氨基酸残基,序列分析结果表明该序列与GenBankL35152中的康乃馨ACC氧化酶基因的cDNA序列完全相符,推断该基因在康乃馨种内可能是完全或高度保守的,随 后将此片段反向插入植物表达载体pBI121的35S启动子和NOS终止子之间,构建了一反义植物表达载体pBO;又把花特异表达启动子PchsA插入pBI121的HindⅢ Xbal位点构建中间载体pGHB,再把康乃馨ACC氧化酶基因反向插入中间载体pCHB的XbaI Satl位点构建成另一反义植物表达载体pCBO。     

Expression of synthetic genes coding for completely new, nutritionally rich, artificial proteins

Synthetic genes (A, AB and AHB) constructed and cloned into pKK233-2 vector were recloned from the parent plasmid into the new procaryotic expression vectors pGFY221N and pBI052. Gene AF-B (coding for all amino acids besides phenylalanine) was obtained by 'cassette mutagenesis' from gene AB. The plasmid pGFY221N was constructed from pGFY218L by replacing the PstI by an NcoI site; plasmid pBI052 was derived from pGFY221N through replacing the 221-bp EcoRI/NcoI fragment with a synthetic DNA segment of 52 bp representing the Escherichia coli atpE gene translational initiation region. The genes A, AB, AHB and AF-B in the vector pGFY221N were expressed with a six-amino-acid-long leader sequence; in pBI052 the genes were expressed directly. In vitro expression experiments were successfully with all the genes except with the AHB gene integrated into pGFY221N. In the E. coli minicell system expression was demonstrated with the A gene in pGFY221N and the AF-B and AHB genes in pBI052. Complete translation of the expressed genes AB, AF-B and AHB in either the in vitro or in vivo systems could be shown by using 35S-labelled N-terminal methionine and C-terminal cysteine. Both amino acids occur only once in the peptide sequences.     

Chitinase gene transformation through Agrobacteriumand its explanation in soybean in order to induce resistance to root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani

Chitinase gene (chi) of bean which has been cloned in recombinant binary plasmid vector, pBI121 with 35s promoter of Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), were used for transformation of soybean using strain LBA4404 of Agrobacterium. The plasmid contained nptII gene that is a resistant gene to kanomycin as selector marker and Gus gene as reporter. Cotyledon explants of Williams and Clark cultivars were inoculated by Agrobacterium suspension with pBI121 and were cultured in regeneration medium. After complete regeneration of explants to seedling in B5 medium amended with kanomycin, polymerase chain reaction analysis were conducted to ensure conjugation of nptII, Gus, CHN genes in transformants seedling of soybean. Results showed that some lines of soybean contained Gus and CHN genes. More ever, chitinase activity in leaf extract of transformed soybean lines was significantly more than untransformed soybean, exception one sample. Bioassay of chitinase activity of transgenic lines on in vitro condition prevented mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani in comparison with untransformed control leaf extract.     

pBIN20: An Improved Binary Vector for shape Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation

We report the construction of a binary vector for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, pBIN20, which contains a superlinker region located between the left and right Ti border sequences. This vector, derived from pBI121, simplifies the cloning of plant expression cassettes and has been used in our laboratory to create lines of transgenic BY-2 tobacco cells. This new vector contains more than 20 unique restriction sites as well as the nptII selectable marker gene within the Ti-DNA borders.     

ggpps 5'-侧翼序列的克隆及其启动子功能验证

目的:研究牻牛儿基牻牛儿基焦磷酸合成酶(geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase,GGPPs)基因启动子的活性;方法:从曼地亚红豆杉细胞中克隆ggpps基因5'-侧翼序列,并将该侧翼序列代替pBI121质粒上的CaMV35S启动子,以Gus基因作为报告基因构建植物表达载体,并进一步导入农杆菌LBA4404中获得阳性转化子,然后用叶盘转化法验证该侧翼序列的启动子活性;结果:本研究从曼地亚红豆杉细胞中成功克隆了ggpps基因的5'-侧翼序列,并且验证了该侧翼序列具有启动子活性;结论:ggpps基因的5'-侧翼序列的测序结果表明本实验成功克隆了该侧翼序列,启动子功能验证结果表明ggpps 5'-侧翼序列具有启动子活性,这些结果为进一步的通过缺失法进行ggpps基因启动子功能研究奠定了基础.     

人干扰素α-2b基因在烟草中的表达研究

应用PCR的技术从质粒pAIFN中扩增人干扰素α-2b(Human interferon α-2b,HuIFN α-2b)编码基因,将其连接到pBI121双元载体构建植物真核表达载体pBIFN;用冻融法将该载体转染根癌农杆菌LBA4404;并用叶盘浸染法转化烟草叶片,经转化的烟草叶片的组织培养,诱导愈伤获得再生植株。通过应用PCR,RT-PCR,Wes-tern blot和WISH/VSV方法检测获得的烟草再生植株,结果表明HuIFN α-2b基因已成功整合进烟草核基因组并表达出具有活性的HuIFN α-2b蛋白。本文对HuIFN α-2b基因在烟草核系统中的表达进行了研究,为进一步在烟草叶绿体系统中该基因的表达研究奠定了基础。     

A simple and efficient gene transfer system of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata Raf.)

Summary A simple and efficient gene transfer system of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata Raf.) was developed using epicotyl segments. The segments were infected with Agrobacterium harboring the binary vector pBI121 or pBI101-O12-p1. Both vectors contained the neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) and the -glucuronidase (GUS) genes. In the plasmid pBI101-O12-p1, the GUS gene was directed to the promoter region of ORF12 (rolC) of the Ri plasmid. On a selection medium containing 100 or 200 g/ml kanamycin, adventitious shoots were formed from 21.7–44.6% of the segments. Histochemical GUS assay showed that 55.4–87.7% of the shoots expressed the GUS gene. The stable integration of this gene was also confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and by Southern blot analysis. When the pBI101-O12-p1 plasmid was used, the GUS activity was found to be located in phloem cells of leaf, stem and root. More than 100 transformed plants were obtained using this method within 2–3 months.     

ggpps 5′-侧翼序列的克隆及其启动子功能验证

目的：研究栊牛儿基栊牛儿基焦磷酸合成酶（geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase,GGPPs）基因启动子的活性;方法：从曼地亚红豆杉细胞中克隆ggpps基因5′-侧翼序列,并将该侧翼序列代替pBI121质粒上的CaMV35S启动子,以Gus基因作为报告基因构建植物表达载体,并进一步导入农杆菌LBA4404中获得阳性转化子,然后用叶盘转化法验证该侧翼序列的启动子活性;结果：本研究从曼地亚红豆杉细胞中成功克隆了ggpps基因的5′-侧翼序列,并且验证了该侧翼序列具有启动子活性;结论：ggpps基因的5′-侧翼序列的测序结果表明本实验成功克隆了该侧翼序列,启动子功能验证结果表明ggpps 5′-侧翼序列具有启动子活性,这些结果为进一步的通过缺失法进行ggpps基因启动子功能研究奠定了基础。     

翅碱蓬CMO基因克隆、测序及植物表达载体的构建

从翅碱蓬叶片中提取总RNA,根据相关同源序列设计引物,使用反转录试剂盒进行RT-PCR,扩增得到翅碱蓬胆碱单加氧酶（CMO）cDNA,进行PCR产物测序;然后将CMOcDNAT-A克隆至pMD18-T-simple载体上,经测序正确后亚克隆至pBI121植物表达载体,进行酶切鉴定及克隆测序。     

嗜碱细菌NTT36嗜碱基因的亚克隆及其在大肠杆菌和农杆菌中的表达

将大肠杆菌ＨＢ１０１嗜碱转化子中质粒ｐＧＣＡ所携带的嗜碱基因亚克隆至双元载体ｐＢＩ１２１质粒中,构建了植物表达载体ｐＬＧＣ重组质粒。用其转化大肠杆菌ＨＢ１０１获得了能在碱性和卡那霉素抗性平板上生长的转化子,再通过三亲交配法将亚克隆质粒ｐＬＧＣ转化进农杆菌ＬＢＡ４４０４,又获得能在碱性平板和卡那霉素及利福平双抗平板上生长的转化子,Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交结果表明ＨＢ１０１转化子亚克隆质粒ｐＬＧＣ是由来自于嗜碱芽孢杆菌ＮＴＴ３６染色体ＤＮＡ和双元载体ｐＢＩ１２１组成,且农杆菌ＬＢＡ４４０４转化子含有来自大肠杆菌亚克隆转化子的ｐＬＧＣ质粒。     

Agrobacterium－mediated transformation and assessment of factors influencing transgene expression in loblolly pine（Pinus taeda L.）

This investigation reports a protocol for transfer and expression of foreign chimeric genes in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Transformation was achieved by co-cultivation of mature zygotic embryos with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 which harbored a binary vector (pBI121) including genes for beta-glucuronidase (GUS) and neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII). Factors influencing transgene expression including seed sources of loblolly pine, concentration of bacteria, and the wounding procedures of target explants were investigated. The expression of foreign gene was confirmed by the ability of mature zygotic embryos to produce calli in the presence of kanamycin, by histochemical assays of GUS activity, by PCR analysis, and by Southern blot. The successful expression of the GUS gene in different families of loblolly pine suggests that this transformation system is probably useful for the production of the genetically modified conifers.     

辣椒ML基因植物表达载体的构建及其转化

为分析辣椒ML基因在抗辣椒疫病方面的作用,构建了ML基因的植物表达载体pBI121-ML,采用快速冻融法将表达载体导入农杆菌EHA105,并用农杆菌介导法转化辣椒感病品种B12,对得到的转化植株经PCR和RT-PCR分子检测,结果显示,获得了4个辣椒转基因株系.     

苎麻CCoAOMT基因cDNA反义转化模式烟草'WS38'

苎麻咖啡酰辅酶A氧甲基转移酶(CCoAOMT)是其木质素合成过程的一种关键酶,运用克隆的该酶基因cDNA及植物表达载体pBI121、pWM101,分别构建了35S启动子控制的苎麻CCoAOMT基因反义cDNA基因质粒(pBI121-antiBnCCoAOMT)和cDNA全长表达质粒(pWM101-BnCCoAOMT),并通过根癌农杆菌介导法将其转化至模式烟草WS38,获得了转基因烟草.对转基因植株进行分子分析和组织学初步研究表明,转反义RNA基因植株叶柄木质素含量较野生烟草或转正义基因烟草叶柄木质素含量降低.说明运用反义RNA技术对CCoAOMT基因的表达进行基因工程调控,一定程度上可以对木质素的合成产生干扰,为获得低木质素或木质素组分改良的苎麻基因工程奠定基础.     

Modified binary plant transformation vectors with the wild-type gene encoding NPTII.

The defective gene encoding neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII) present in the binary plasmid vector, pBin19, was replaced with the wild-type (wt) gene. Plasmid vectors analogous to pBin19, pBI121 and pBI101 were constructed carrying the gene encoding the wt NPTII enzyme activity.     

Development of a simple and efficient method for transformation of buckwheat plants (Fagopyrum esculentum) using Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Apical meristems of seedlings of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum var. Shinano No. 1) were pricked with a needle and inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens (LBA4404, pBI121). The inoculated seedlings were grown to maturation and allowed to pollinate randomly to set the seeds (T1 plants). The transformation efficiency of the T1 plants was estimated by germination in the presence of geneticin (20 microg/ml) and by detection of beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene with PCR, indicating that 36% and 70% of the T1 plants were transformed, respectively. Four plants taking on a mutated morphology were selected from T1 plants which were transformed with the method using A. tumefaciens harboring a modified pBI121 for plasmid rescue. Southern blot analysis of plasmids rescued from the 4 T1 plants demonstrated that each plasmid contained a different flanking DNA of the buckwheat genome, an evidence that T-DNA was integrated in different sites of the genomic DNA among the 4 T1 plants.     

花粉管通道法介导的铁皮石斛转基因技术

该研究以含有GFP和GUS基因的质粒和农杆菌为载体,采用花粉管通道法对铁皮石斛进行转基因技术研究。结果表明:(1)铁皮石斛种子萌发和原球茎生长对卡那霉素的最低致死浓度分别为90和150 mg·L~(-1)。进一步研究证实,在筛选转化种子和原球茎时,可分别向培养基中添加100和150 mg·L~(-1)的卡那霉素进行选择培养。(2)以携带GFP和GUS基因的质粒(pSuper1300和pBI121)和农杆菌为载体,用无菌去离子水重悬质粒pSuper1300和pBI121至浓度为100 ng·μL~(-1),用2%蔗糖+1/2MS+0.1%silwet-77+0.1%AS或5%蔗糖+0.1%silwet-77+0.1 mmol·L~(-1)AS重悬携带质粒pSuper1300和pBI121的农杆菌至菌液浓度为OD_(600)=0.7~0.8;在授粉后0.5~2.5 h内使用柱头滴加法导入携带外源基因的质粒或农杆菌溶液,收集成熟的转化种子,经选择培养及PCR检测发现,几乎所有处理的转化材料均能检测出外源GFP和GUS基因片段。另外,与农杆菌相比,以质粒为载体进行转化,可获得更高的结实率。该研究结果为铁皮石斛的基因工程育种提供了参考。     

人干扰素α-2b 基因在烟草中的表达研究

应用PCR的技术从质粒pAIFN中扩增人干扰素α-2b（Human interferon α-2b,HuIFN α-2b）编码基因,将其连接到pBI121双元载体构建植物真核表达载体pBIFN;用冻融法将该载体转染根癌农杆菌LBA4404;并用叶盘浸染法转化烟草叶片,经转化的烟草叶片的组织培养,诱导愈伤获得再生植株。通过应用PCR,RT-PCR,Wes-tern blot和WISH/VSV方法检测获得的烟草再生植株,结果表明HuIFN α-2b基因已成功整合进烟草核基因组并表达出具有活性的HuIFN α-2b蛋白。本文对HuIFN α-2b基因在烟草核系统中的表达进行了研究,为进一步在烟草叶绿体系统中该基因的表达研究奠定了基础。     

Additional virulence genes and sonication enhance <Emphasis Type="Italic">Agrobacterium tumefaciens</Emphasis>-mediated loblolly pine transformation

Additional virulence (vir) genes in Agrobacterium tumefaciens and sonication were investigated for their impact on transformation efficiency in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Mature zygotic embryos of loblolly pine were co-cultivated with disarmed A. tumefaciens strain EHA105 containing either plasmid vector pCAMBIA1301 or vector pCAMBIA1301 with an additional 15.8-kb fragment carrying extra copies of the Vir B, Vir C, and Vir G regions from the supervirulent plasmid pTOK47. pCAMBIA1301 contains hygromycin resistance and the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene. Expression of GUS was observed after 3-6 days of co-cultivation, with peak expression at approximately 21 days. The highest numbers of GUS-expressing areas were visible up to 21 days after co-cultivation, declining rapidly thereafter. Both transient and stable transformation efficiencies increased when the explants were sonicated before co-cultivation and/or the additional virB, virC, and virG genes were included with the pCAMBIA1301 plasmid T-DNA. Use of the plasmid with additional vir genes and sonication dramatically enhanced the efficiency of Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer not only in transient expression but also in the recovery of hygromycin-resistant lines. Stably transformed cultures and transgenic plants were produced from embryos transformed with A. tumefaciens EHA105 carrying pCAMBIA1301 or pCAMBIA1301+pTOK47 in the three families of loblolly pine. The presence of the introduced GUS and hygromycin phosphotransferase genes in the transgenic plants was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and Southern hybridization analyses.     

A protocol for efficient biolistic transformation of mothbean<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vigna aconitifolia</Emphasis> L. Jacq. Marechal

A protocol for efficient direct gene transfer by using particle gun bombardment was developed for mothbeanVigna aconitifolia L. Jacq. Marechal. Hypocotyl explants from 2 cultivars of mothbean were transformed with 3 plasmids: pBI121, pHS101, and pHS102. Stable transformants were regenerated on MS medium supplemented with benzyladenine, α-naphthaleneacetic acid, and kanamycin. The helium pressure, plasmid type, and cultivar that were used determined the stable transformation frequency. Complete plants were regenerated and transferred to soil. The integration of the stable transgenes and reporter genes in plant genomes was shown by means of PCR amplification of these genes from plant genomic DNA and Southern blot hybridization with gene-specific probes. This method allows high-efficiency production of transgenic plants in mothbean. Suchita Kamble and Hari S. Misra contributed equally to this work.