放线菌药物资源开发面临的问题与对策

放线菌药物的开发已取得了极其辉煌的成就, 对医疗事业的发展和人类健康做出了重大贡献。然而, 随着放线菌药物资源的长期开发和利用, 也面临诸多问题。如: 包袱沉重, 去重复难度极大, 因而投资周期长、耗资巨, 风险大; 药物开发赶不上病原菌抗药性的增加及不断出现的新疾病; 虽然未知放线菌甚多, 但发现难度大。为此, 提出了从化学、菌种和基因三方面开展放线菌药物研究的应对策略, 以解决限制放线菌药物资源持续利用和发展的瓶颈。     

五种动物粪便纯培养放线菌的多样性及生物活性

【目的】以资源利用为出发点,研究了五种动物粪便放线菌的多样性及生物活性。【方法】从云南野生动物园采集5种半野生动物的新鲜粪便样品,用5种培养基分离其中的放线菌,将放线菌鉴定到属,测定纯培养放线菌的抗菌活性,抗肿瘤活性等。【结果】结果表明,所试5种动物粪便放线菌的种类非常丰富,组成各不相同,以链霉菌和微球菌占优势,可能存在大量未知放线菌;粪便放线菌的抗菌活性,抗肿瘤活性,酶活性,分解纤维素、角蛋白的活性非常普遍,尤其是具有抗肿瘤活性的菌株比例较大;产生的具有生物活性的次生代谢产物也是多种多样的。【结论】因此,粪便放线菌与土壤,海洋及植物的放线菌一样,是开发药物、农药和其他产品的重要来源之一,应当加强粪便放线菌的研究和保护利用。     

大香格里拉土壤放线菌组成分析及生物活性测定

【目的】探究大香格里拉地区的土壤放线菌组成及其抑菌和酶活性,为放线菌新药物先导化合物和高活性酶的筛选提供资源。【方法】从大香格里拉地区不同海拔高度采集220份土样,用4种培养基,分别进行了常温放线菌和低温放线菌的分离。从常温放线菌中选择25株代表菌株进行了初步分类鉴定。采用琼脂扩散法,检测了其对4株细菌和7株农作物致病真菌的抑菌活性;利用特异性引物扩增法,筛选了其聚酮合酶(PKSⅠ、PKSⅡ)基因、非核糖体多肽合成酶(NRPS)基因和多烯类化合物合成酶(CYP)基因。同时,检测了低温菌的多种酶活性。【结果】25株常温代表菌的系统发育分析显示它们分属于放线菌目的6个亚目、12个科、15个属。其中14株菌的NRPS及11株的CYP基因筛选呈阳性。低温条件下分离到的111株放线菌,88%属于耐冷菌,12%是嗜冷菌,它们中的大部分能利用明胶、纤维素,甲壳素等。【结论】研究结果显示,大香格里拉森林土壤蕴涵着种类和活性丰富的放线菌,为放线菌资源的开发利用和保护提供了新依据。     

植物内生放线菌的分离方法

植物内生放线菌是一类大有开发潜力的微生物资源。目前使用的分离条件和技术尚不完善,容易被外源菌和内生真菌、细菌污染,因此内生放线菌尤其是稀有内生放线菌的选择性分离技术至少是今后一段时间研究的重点。介绍了植物内生放线菌选择性分离方法并提出值得研究的问题。     

植物内生放线菌的分离方法*

植物内生放线菌是一类大有开发潜力的微生物资源。目前使用的分离条件和技术尚不完善,容易被外源菌和内生真菌、细菌污染,因此内生放线菌尤其是稀有内生放线菌的选择性分离技术至少是今后一段时间研究的重点。介绍了植物内生放线菌选择性分离方法并提出值得研究的问题。     

CRISPR/Cas9在放线菌合成生物学研究中的应用和发展

放线菌是活性天然产物和抗生素药物的重要来源。利用合成生物学高效地开发其中丰富的天然产物资源,将为加速新药开发奠定坚实的基础。CRISPR/Cas9作为一种多功能基因编辑系统,因其便捷高效而被广泛应用于真核生物的遗传操作。但在原核生物尤其是放线菌中的应用仍处于起步阶段,机遇和挑战并存。本综述总结了目前CRISPR/Cas9系统在放线菌基因编辑和调控,以及活性天然产物的产量提升、生物合成机制解析和资源开发等方面的研究进展。同时,也对该系统在应用中面临的包括重组修复效率低,以及靶向切割效率不足等关键挑战进行了分析,并提出了相应的优化解决方法。随着CRISPR/Cas9在放线菌应用中的不断完善和发展,将极大地推动放线菌的合成生物学研究,促进其中天然产物资源的有效挖掘和应用开发。     

新疆哈密地区盐湖放线菌的多样性及其功能酶的筛选

[目的]本研究旨在了解新疆哈密地区盐湖放线菌多样性及产功能酶的特性.[方法]采用含有5%与10%NaC1的4种分离培养基,利用稀释平板涂布法对盐湖土壤样品进行分离;通过形态特征、耐盐性实验、抑菌实验及16S rRNA基因测序的基础上进行系统发育学分析;利用五种筛选培养基定性检测放线菌的产酶活性.[结果]从盐湖土壤样品中分离到63株放线菌,其中中等嗜盐放线菌47株;抑菌活性实验结果表明:23株放线菌对痢疾杆菌和/或其它病原菌有抑菌活性;功能酶筛选结果表明:3株放线菌产蛋白酶、46株产淀粉酶、14株产酯酶、34株产半乳糖苷酶、5株产纤维素酶.16S rRNA基因的系统发育学分析结果表明盐湖放线菌类群比较丰富.[结论]新疆哈密地区盐湖放线菌资源丰富,产酶特性良好,为开发利用极端环境微生物资源奠定了基础.     

云南若干地区土壤放线菌区系及资源考察V．高寒山区的放线菌

云南省西北部是横断山脉的一部分。山脉自北向南,金沙江、澜沧江、怒江穿流其间,该地区的山川走向在我国是特殊的,生物气候条件也比较独特。1986年7月从玉龙雪山,中旬高原及白芒雪山的不同植被、不同海拔高度采集土样,用各种方法分离、鉴定其中的放线菌。本文讨论了不同来源样品中高温、中温及低温放线菌的数量及组成,低温放线菌的生物、化学特性以及放线菌资源的利用。作者将低温放线菌分为兼性低温放线菌、中等低温放线菌及真正的低温放线菌3个类型。     

北部湾近海珊瑚礁区系沉积物抗菌活性放线菌类群

通过对大肠埃希菌和枯草芽胞杆菌抗菌活性初步筛选,从北部湾近海珊瑚礁区5个沉积物样品中成功分离得到51株具有不同抗菌活性的放线菌,其中9株具有较强抗菌能力。根据这9株放线菌的菌落和孢子形态,可确定它们都属于链霉菌属。 RAPD-PCR分析表明这9株放线菌为6种不同类型,16S rDNA序列和系统发生树分析表明,9株放线菌可划分到4个大的类群6种不同类型,且结果显示RAPD-PCR聚类分析与16S rDNA序列聚类分析的结果具有较大的一致性。生理生化鉴定结果表明,分离株与亲缘关系最近的放线菌模式菌株的生理生化特征均存在差异,这说明分离株为放线菌新种的可能性比较大。这6种放线菌具有较为广谱的抑菌活性,并且抑菌活性均存在一定的差异,说明其可能分泌出多种结构功能不同的活性次生代谢产物。研究结果表明,广西北部湾近海珊瑚礁区系沉积物蕴藏着丰富的可供药物开发的放线菌资源。     

高温放线菌科最新研究进展

高温放线菌科(Thermoactinomycetaceae)是一个古老而又年轻的微生物类群。目前其分类地位为:细菌域(Domain Bacteria),厚壁菌门(Phylum Firmicutes),芽孢杆菌纲(Class Bacilli),芽孢杆菌目(Order Bacillales),高温放线菌科。经过一个多世纪,尤其是近十年广泛而深入地研究,该类群已拓展到14个属25个种。这些资源广泛分布在陆生性热泉、高温大曲、堆肥、稻草、甘蔗渣等高温场所,同时在海洋沉积物和临床来源也有发现,该类群微生物有抗性的内生孢子可在土壤、水或海洋基质中存活。高温放线菌科具有较大的药物开发和工业应用潜力,因此得到学者的广泛关注。本文综述了高温放线菌科的分类学研究进展与生态多样性,并介绍了其在药物开发和工业生产中的应用潜力。     

Isolation strategies of marine-derived actinomycetes from sponge and sediment samples

During the last two decades, discoveries of new members of actinomycetes and novel metabolites from marine environments have drawn attention to such environments, such as sediment and sponge. For the successful isolation of actinomycetes from marine environments, many factors including the use of enrichment and pre-treatment techniques, and the selection of growth media and antibiotic supplements should be taken into account. High-throughput cultivation is an innovative technique that mimics nature, eliminates undesired, fast-growing bacteria and creates suitable conditions for rare, slow-growing actinomycetes. This review comprehensively evaluates the traditional and innovative techniques and strategies used for the isolation of actinomycetes from marine sponge and sediment samples.     

Renewed interests in the discovery of bioactive actinomycete metabolites driven by emerging technologies

Actinomycetes are prolific sources of bioactive molecules. Traditional workflows including bacterial isolation, fermentation, metabolite identification and structure elucidation have resulted in high rates of natural product rediscovery in recent years. Recent advancements in multi-omics techniques have uncovered cryptic gene clusters within the genomes of actinomycetes, potentially introducing vast resources for the investigation of bioactive molecules. While developments in culture techniques have allowed for the fermentation of difficult-to-culture actinomycetes, high-throughput metabolite screening has offered plenary tools to accelerate hits discovery. A variety of new bioactive molecules have been isolated from actinomycetes of unique environmental origins, such as endophytic and symbiotic actinomycetes. Synthetic biology and genome mining have also emerged as new frontiers for the discovery of bioactive molecules. This review covers the highlights of recent developments in actinomycete-derived natural product drug discovery.     

白蚁共生放线菌研究进展

白蚁与微生物的共生关系是目前较受关注的研究热点,其肠道及巢内的共生微生物在降解木质纤维素的过程中扮演着重要的角色。放线菌是这些共生微生物中的重要一类,广泛存在于肠道、蚁巢及其周围土壤中,目前已探明共生放线菌在参与白蚁碳氮循环及保护巢群免受外来病菌侵染等方面发挥着极大的作用。近年来,人们利用分子生物学技术鉴定了部分共生放线菌的类群,发现了许多具应用前景的新放线菌及相关酶和代谢产物。因此,研究与白蚁相关的放线菌不仅有助于人们了解白蚁共生菌群落间的互作及其与宿主间的关系,而且对人类开发自然资源也有较大的帮助。本文对白蚁共生放线菌的研究进展作一综述,供同行参考。     

Isolation of new actinomycete strains for the screening of new bioactive compounds

In order to facilitate the discovery of novel bioactive compounds from microorganisms, various techniques for isolation of new actinomycete strains have been attempted. Studies of the vertical distribution of actinomycetes in soil, isolation of actinomycetes from desert soils or fallen leaves, selective isolation of Kitasatospora strains using novobiocin or Actinoplanes strains using the chemotactic method, and the use of gellan gum as a solidifying agent were carried out. We discovered 9 novel bioactive compounds from actinomycete strains isolated under unusual conditions, and proposed two new genera, five new species and one new subspecies.     

可培养海洋放线菌生物多样性的研究进展

海洋放线菌是新药开发和天然活性产物的重要来源,海洋放线菌的生物多样性是代谢产物功能多样性的基础,因此研究可培养放线菌的生物多样性具有重要的意义。综述了近年来可培养的海洋放线菌生物多样性的研究进展,尤其是海绵共附生放线菌、深海放线菌和海洋固有放线菌的研究进展,对可培养的海洋放线菌的分离培养方法,包括样品处理、培养基的选择等进行了重点介绍,并对未培养海洋放线菌的分离培养进行了探讨,强调了建立区域性海洋放线菌菌种及基因资源库的重要性。     

Actinomycetes in Karstic caves of northern Spain (Altamira and Tito Bustillo).

A variety of isolation procedures were carried out to study the involvement of bacteria in the colonisation and biodeterioration of Spanish caves with paleolithic rock art (Altamira and Tito Bustillo). The applied techniques mainly aimed to isolate heterotrophic bacteria such as streptomycetes, nocardioform and coryneform actinomycetes, and other gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The results demonstrated that actinomycetes were the most abundant gram-positive bacteria in the caves. Actinomycetes revealed a great taxonomic diversity with the predominant isolates belonging to the genus Streptomyces. Members of the genera Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Nocardioides, Amycolatopsis, Saccharothrix, Brevibacterium, Microbacterium, and coccoid actinomycetes (family Micrococcaceae) were also found.     

Diversity and biogeography of marine actinobacteria

The actinomycetes, although not all the Actinobacteria, are easy to isolate from the marine environment. However, their ecological role in the marine ecosystem is largely neglected and various assumptions meant there was little incentive to isolate strains for search and discovery of new drugs. However, the marine environment has become a prime resource in search and discovery for novel natural products and biological diversity, and marine actinomycetes turn out to be important contributors. Similarly, striking advances have been made in marine microbial ecology using molecular techniques and metagenomics, and actinobacteria emerge as an often significant, sometimes even dominant, environmental clade. Both approaches - cultivation methods and molecular techniques - are leading to new insights into marine actinobacterial biodiversity and biogeography. Very different views of actinobacterial diversity emerge from these, however, and the true extent and biogeography of this are still not clear. These are important for developing natural product search and discovery strategies, and biogeography is a hot topic for microbial ecologists.     

Actinomycetes--the test-organisms of genetic engineering

The paper contains a short review of the data on using the methods of genetic engineering in studies of genetics and molecular biology in Streptomyces. The techniques of DNA introduction into actinomycetes and wide-spread vectors are briefly described. The origin of the actinomycete plasmids as chromosomal segments capable of autonomous replication is discussed. In this view, it is suggested that genetic instability in actinomycetes is connected with excision of specific DNA sequences from the chromosome at frequencies characteristic of recombination events. Also, amplification of short DNA segments within the chromosome resulting in tandem repeats is a consequence of unequal crossing over between direct repeats flanking the amplifying DNA and, possibly, of induction of replication of this DNA. The data on molecular cloning of actinomycete genes for primary metabolism and those for resistance to and biosynthesis of antibiotics, on using actinomycetes as the hosts for foreign genes to be expressed, as well as on analysis of nucleotide sequences of actinomycete DNA, are presented.     

Actinomycetes and Fungi in Surface Waters and in Potable Water

In Finnish lakes and rivers used as water supplies, mesophilic fungi and actinomycetes were common, whereas thermophilic fungi and actinomycetes were present only in low concentrations. Fungi and actinomycetes were more abundant in eutrophic and mesotrophic lakes than in oligotrophic lakes. River water contained more thermophilic actinomycetes and fungi and mesophilic actinomycetes than did lake water. Runoff from soil seemed to be an important factor contributing to the incidence of these microbes in water. Chemical coagulation removed actinomycetes and fungi efficiently, but sand filtration allowed their passage. Disinfection could not prevent actinomycetes and fungi from reaching the distribution system. During infiltration in the production of recharged groundwater, mesophilic actinomycetes could even multiply appreciably.