新疆地区酸马奶中酵母菌的鉴定及其生物多样性分析

从新疆少数民族牧民家庭采集的28份传统工艺酿造酸马奶样品中分离出87株酵母菌,并对其进行了生理生化鉴定、分子生物学鉴定和生物多样性分析。生化试验结果表明,新疆地区酸马奶中的酵母菌为Saccharomyces unisporus(占总分离株的48.3%),Kluyveromyces marxianus(27.6%),Pichia membranaefaciens(15.0%)和Saccharomyces cerevisiae(9.2%)。选取其中的6株酵母菌和1株参考菌株,进行大亚基(26S)rDNA D1/D2区域(600bp左右)碱基序列分析,并通过GenBank进行同源序列搜索以确定各菌株的归属,进一步验证生理生化方法的正确性。从得到的结果中可以看出,S.unisporus和K.marxianus为新疆地区酸马奶中的优势菌。     

锡林郭勒地区鲜马奶中细菌多样性分析

【背景】传统的酸马奶是由鲜马奶自然发酵而成,鲜马奶中的微生物在很大程度上决定了酸马奶的品质。然而,鲜马奶中的微生物组成却鲜有报道。【目的】解析鲜马奶中细菌多样性,比较分析鲜马奶和酸马奶中微生物的差异,探究马奶发酵过程中微生物的变化。【方法】采用PacBio SMRT测序技术,对6份采集自内蒙古锡林浩特牧区的鲜马奶中细菌16SrRNA基因序列全长进行测序,在种水平解析鲜马奶样品的细菌组成,并与前期同一地区的酸马奶菌群组成作对比。【结果】鲜马奶中包含大量的乳酸菌,主要为乳酸乳球菌(12.43%)、格氏乳球菌(3.53%)、肠膜明串珠菌(1.77%)等。此外还有部分板崎肠杆菌等条件致病菌的存在。马奶发酵前后菌群变化较大,鲜马奶中微生物多样性显著高于酸马奶,其中乳酸乳球菌和瑞士乳杆菌为鲜马奶和酸马奶的共有细菌。鲜马奶中的肠膜明串珠菌与乳酸乳球菌、格氏乳球菌呈正相关关系,与嗜水气单胞菌等有害菌为负相关关系,表明在马奶发酵过程中乳酸菌可能会抑制有害菌的生长。【结论】在马奶的发酵过程中,乳酸菌的大量生长抑制了马奶中有害菌生长,降低了马奶中微生物的多样性,提升了酸马奶的品质。为酸马奶的工业化生产提供了参考。     

酸马奶中乳酸菌的鉴定及生物学特性的研究

[目的]对从酸马奶中分离出来的10株乳酸菌进行鉴定和生理生化特性研究,为工业生产筛选特性优良的菌种.[方法]通过形态学观察、生理生化特性、分子生物学特性及其对致病菌抑制作用的研究对其进行鉴定,并筛选特性优良菌株.[结果]10株乳酸菌分别为2株Lactobacillus plantarum、2株Enterococcus villorum、2株Enterococcus dispar、3株Enterococcus durans和1株Enterococcus raffinosus;其对Staphylococcus aureus、Escherichia coli和Enteritidis bacillus有不同程度的抑制作用.[结论]菌株HZ24、HZ25具有良好的生物学特性和益生功能,可以应用到食品发酵工业生产中.     

芝麻香型白酒发酵过程中乳酸菌多样性及其演替规律

【背景】乳酸菌是白酒发酵过程中一类非常重要的微生物,其种类及动态变化对于白酒品质具有重要影响。然而,目前对于芝麻香型白酒发酵过程中乳酸菌群落结构及其演替规律的认识并不全面。【目的】揭示芝麻香型白酒发酵过程中乳酸菌的多样性及菌群的演替规律,为更好地探索白酒酿造机理和控制白酒品质提供生物学依据。【方法】利用高通量测序技术对芝麻香型白酒发酵过程中乳酸菌菌群演替进行跟踪分析,同时采用实时荧光定量PCR对发酵过程中乳酸菌的生物量进行定量分析。【结果】高通量测序结果显示,芝麻香型白酒发酵过程涉及5个属的乳酸菌:魏斯氏菌属(Weissella)、片球菌属(Pediococcus)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、明串珠菌属(Leuconostoc)和乳球菌属(Lactococcus),共计43种乳酸菌。其中,在发酵过程中平均相对丰度大于0.5%的乳酸菌有10种,分别是类肠膜魏斯氏菌(Weissella paramesenteroides)、食窦魏斯氏菌(Weissella cibaria)、融合魏斯氏菌(Weissella confusa)、戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus)、假肠膜明串珠菌(Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides)、发酵乳杆菌(Lactobacillus fermentum)、植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)、副干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paracasei)、耐酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acetotolerans)和Lactobacillus sp.。在堆积发酵过程中,Weissella属占细菌总量的50%以上,其次是Pediococcus属和Lactobacillus属,而Leuconostoc属和Lactococcus属相对较少。在窖池发酵过程中Lactobacillus属的乳酸菌逐渐成为优势细菌,尤其是Lactobacillus sp.在窖池发酵中后期相对丰度达到80%以上。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,在堆积发酵和窖池发酵前期乳酸菌总量变化不大;从窖池发酵5 d开始,乳酸菌总量迅速上升,30 d时达到最大值。【结论】对白酒发酵过程中乳酸菌种类及动态变化的研究有助于探究白酒酿造过程中乳酸菌功能,进而解析白酒酿造机理,最终达到控制白酒品质的目的。     

生物高度多样性

本文论述了生物高度多样性的概念及其评价尺度,介绍了世界上主要的生物高度多样性国家的概况。我国是生物高度多样性国家之一,其生物高度多样性与生态,地理条件及地历史密切相关,加强对生物高度多样性国家和地区的保护,对保护全球生物多样性来说有着极其重要的战略意义。     

AFLP技术对发酵酸面团中乳酸菌多态性的研究

乳酸菌是酸面团发酵的主要细菌,它对面团的质量、营养有非常重要的作用,利用AFLP技术对分离自酸面团中的20株乳酸菌进行了研究,以期了解其中乳酸菌的多态性及其分型。研究优化并确定了AFLP技术的各种实验条件,然后利用该技术对乳酸菌的多态性进行了研究,并采用聚类分析软件ProBiosys 1.0对实验结果进行了分析。     

培养和非培养方法分析发酵白菜卤乳酸菌的多样性

[目的]为了探明发酵白菜体系中乳酸菌的多样性和优势乳酸菌.[方法]采用培养和非培养的16SrRNA基因同源性分析发酵白菜卤中乳酸菌的多样性.[结果]从培养平板分离得到的90株乳酸菌鉴定为Lactobacillus属和Leuconostoc属.通过对115个16s rRNA基因序列对比发现非培养样品的乳酸菌为Lactobacillu属,Pediococcus属Leuconostoc 属,Weissella 属.[结论]非培养样品的乳酸菌多样性较培养方法丰富.两种方法分析的结果显示上Lactoacillus plantarum为发酵白菜体系中优势乳酸菌之一.     

生物多样性科学前沿

由国际生物科学联盟（ＩＵＢＳ）在１９９１年首先提出,至今已由其它５个重要国际组织或项目（ＳＣＯＰＥ、ＵＮＥＳＣＯ,ＩＣＳＵ,ＩＧＢＰ－ＧＣＴＥ及ＩＵＭＳ）共同主持的ＤＩＶＥＲＳＩＴＡＳ是迄今生物多样性科学研究唯一的国际性项目。１９９６年７月,科学指导委员会草拟了本阶段新的操作计划,并于同年８月在ＩＵＢＳ执行委员会上讨论。操作计划详述了１０个组成方面的内容,其中５个为核心组成部分,其它５个为特别目标     

酸白菜发酵中乳酸菌群的分析

酸泡菜是世界性大众化蔬菜发酵制品,其主要发酵菌群是乳酸菌。对西式泡菜、朝鲜泡菜、四川泡菜发酵过程中微生物区系已有较多研究,进而探索出接种微生物纯培养物促进蔬菜发酵的新方法,用于工业生产。但对酸白菜这一中国特有发酵制品的微生物学研究及接种后发酵过程中乳酸菌种类的变化,国内尚未见报道。 我们根据接种发酵和自然发酵对比试验结果,分析不同发酵过程中乳酸菌种类及其变化,说明接种乳酸杆菌促进酸白菜发酵的作用机理。 1     

乳酸菌细菌素的研究进展

简要介绍了乳酸菌细菌素的概念和分类,并以nisin为例对其分子结构、理化性质、抑菌范围及机制、遗传控制作了较为详尽的介绍,简要概括了乳酸菌细菌素的应用和今后的研究方向。     

乳酸菌素对指示菌作用方式的研究

利用指示菌生长曲线法和琼脂再培养法研究了乳酸杆菌ＡＴ－１产生的乳酸菌素对指示菌（Ｅｓｃｈｅｒｉｃｈｉａｃｏｌｉ．ｓｐ．４４４７）的作用方式。与大多数抑菌剂的作用规律相似,乳酸菌素在极低浓度（＜２４ＷＵ：１０６个Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉｓｐ．４４４７）时,能刺激指示菌的生长;达到一定浓度之后,开始表现出抑菌作用,并且随其浓度逐渐增高（４０～８０ＷＵ：１０６个Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉｓｐ．４４４７）,抑菌作用更加显著直至完全抑制指示菌的生长。取检测平板上透明圈区域的琼脂块于肉汤液体培养基中３７℃再培养２４ｈ,指示菌仍能生长,该结果表明：由乳酸杆菌ＡＴ－１产生的乳酸菌素对指示菌的生长呈现抑制作用。     

乳酸菌的抗冷冻性及耐受机理

乳酸菌发酵剂在工业生产过程中,会受到冷冻的刺激,如真空冷冻干燥及后期的低温保藏,此外,发酵乳制品的保藏和干酪的成熟过程也都在低温中进行。这些均会对乳酸菌发酵剂及发酵乳制品质量产生一定的影响。因此,掌握乳酸菌在冷冻条件下的反应机理有助于优化发酵剂和发酵乳制品在工业生产中的冷冻、发酵和贮藏条件,从而提高产品质量和生产效益。本文对乳酸菌的抗冷冻性及机理进行了分析,并对发酵剂的保护提出具体措施。     

Antioxidative and Probiotic Activities of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Traditional Artisanal Milk Cheese from Northeast China

Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins - The antioxidant activities and probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) selected from traditional artisanal milk cheese from Northeast China were...     

Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Traditional Artisanal Milk Cheese from Northeast China Against Enteropathogenic Bacteria

The present study aims to investigate the probiotic properties of novel strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional artisanal milk cheese from Northeast China and to explore their antibacterial activity against enteropathogenic bacteria. Of the 321 isolates, 86 exhibited survival in low pH, resistance to pancreatin, and tolerance to bile salts; of these, 12 inhibited the growth of more than seven enteropathogenic bacteria and exhibited antibiofilm activities against Staphylococcus aureus CMCC26003 and/or Escherichia coli CVCC230. Based on 16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis, the 12 isolates were assigned to Lactobacillus plantarum (7), Lactobacillus helveticus (3), Pediococcus acidilactici (1), and Enterococcus faecium (1) species. In addition, 5 of the 12 strains were susceptible to most of the tested antibiotics. Furthermore, four strains with sensitivity to antibiotics showed significantly high levels of hydrophobicity similar to or better than the reference strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Moreover, three strains were confirmed safe through non-hemolytic activities and bacterial translocation. Overall, the selected Lact. plantarum 27053 and 27172 and Lact. helveticus 27058 strains can be considered potential probiotic strains and candidates for further application in functional food and prevention or treatment of gastrointestinal diseases.     

Regulation of the Activity of Lactate Dehydrogenases from Four Lactic Acid Bacteria

Despite high similarity in sequence and catalytic properties, the l-lactate dehydrogenases (LDHs) in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) display differences in their regulation that may arise from their adaptation to different habitats. We combined experimental and computational approaches to investigate the effects of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), phosphate (P_i), and ionic strength (NaCl concentration) on six LDHs from four LABs studied at pH 6 and pH 7. We found that 1) the extent of activation by FBP (K_act) differs. Lactobacillus plantarum LDH is not regulated by FBP, but the other LDHs are activated with increasing sensitivity in the following order: Enterococcus faecalis LDH2 ≤ Lactococcus lactis LDH2 < E. faecalis LDH1 < L. lactis LDH1 ≤ Streptococcus pyogenes LDH. This trend reflects the electrostatic properties in the allosteric binding site of the LDH enzymes. 2) For L. plantarum, S. pyogenes, and E. faecalis, the effects of P_i are distinguishable from the effect of changing ionic strength by adding NaCl. 3) Addition of P_i inhibits E. faecalis LDH2, whereas in the absence of FBP, P_i is an activator of S. pyogenes LDH, E. faecalis LDH1, and L. lactis LDH1 and LDH2 at pH 6. These effects can be interpreted by considering the computed binding affinities of P_i to the catalytic and allosteric binding sites of the enzymes modeled in protonation states corresponding to pH 6 and pH 7. Overall, the results show a subtle interplay among the effects of P_i, FBP, and pH that results in different regulatory effects on the LDHs of different LABs.     

猪源乳酸菌产乳酸及其抑菌特性研究

研究了5株(L1、12、L3、L5和L7)分离自仔猪肠道的乳酸菌的产乳酸能力及抑菌特性。结果表明：L5菌株产乳酸的速度最快,培养液中乳酸含量最高,L5菌株培养液pH值的下降速度最快,终末pH值最低,而L1菌株产乳酸的速度最慢,培养液乳酸含量最低。5株乳酸菌对大肠杆菌K88、K99、987P、O141和大肠杆菌E1及金黄色葡萄球菌均有不同程度的抑制作用;排除酸的影响后仍有22％～53％抑菌效果;经热处理后保持有92％以上的抑菌效果;蛋白酶处理后保持85％以上的抑菌效果。     

一组鸡源乳酸菌产乳酸及其耐受特性研究*

研究了12株（K9、D17、C1、C12、D11、D14、C2、D9、K6、C21、D1和D7）分离自肉鸡肠道的乳酸菌的产乳酸能力及其中3株产酸能力强的菌株的耐受特性。12株乳酸菌产乳酸结果表明：12h内,K6产乳酸速度最快,其次为K9和C1,24h时,D17乳酸浓度最高,48h时C1终乳酸浓度最高。K9、D17和C1的耐受试验结果表明：C1菌株耐酸能力最强,pH2时,C1菌株培养3h后还能检测到活菌,D17和K9菌株培养1h后就已经检测不到活菌。在胆盐浓度0．08％-0．40％范围内,C1、D17和K9均有一定的耐受能力,随着胆盐浓度的升高,C1、D17和K9的存活数呈现缓慢的下降趋势。3株菌中D17耐热能力最强,经80％处理后仍有10^4.9／mL存活数,而K9和C1已检测不到活菌;C1对热最敏感,65℃处理后存活数由10^8／mL降为10^3／mL。     

Diversity and Probiotic Potential of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Horreh,a Traditional Iranian Fermented Food

The aim of this study was to evaluate the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains isolated from Horreh. Some probiotic properties, e.g., resistance to acid, bile tolerance, antibacterial activity, and antibiotic susceptibility, were investigated. A total of 140 Gram-positive and catalase-negative isolates from Horreh were subjected to identification and grouping by cultural methods and the 16S rRNA sequencing. The new isolates were identified to be Lactobacillus (fermentum, plantarum, and brevis) Weissella cibaria, Enterococcus (faecium and faecalis), Leuconostoc (citreum and mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides) and Pediococcus pentosaceus. Probiotic potential study of LAB isolates showed that Lb. plantarum and Leu. mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides isolates were able to grow at pH 2.5 and 3.5. Lactobacillus plantarum (isolate A44) showed the highest cell hydrophobicity (84.5%). According to antibacterial activity tests, Listeria innocua and Staphylococcus aureus were the most sensitive indicators against the selected LAB strains, while Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus were the most resistant. In addition, all the isolated LAB species were resistant to vancomycin. The results of the present study suggested that the Lactobacillus fermentum and plantarum isolated from Horreh, characterized in this study, have potential use for industrial purposes as probiotics.     

Potentials of Exopolysaccharides from Lactic Acid Bacteria

Recent research in the area of importance of microbes has revealed the immense industrial potential of exopolysaccharides and their derivative oligosaccharides from lactic acid bacteria. However, due to lack of adequate technological knowledge, the exopolysaccharides have remained largely under exploited. In the present review, the enormous potentials of different types of exopolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria are described. This also summarizes the recent advances in the applications of exopolysaccharides, certain problems associated with their commercial production and the remedies.