Teaching about Scientific Origins: Taking Account of Creationism

The purpose of this study was to develop a model for measuring experimental design ability based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during biological inquiry. More specifically, the researchers developed an experimental design task that measures experimental design ability. Using the developed experimental design task, they measured both the paper experimental design ability and the fMRI experimental design ability of subjects. Subjects’ paper experimental design ability was measured using the quotient equation of experimental design ability, and their fMRI experimental design ability using the brain connectivity coefficient. According to the fMRI results, differences in design ability existed among subjects in terms of brain connectivity coefficient level during the experimental design task. The experimental design ability brain connectivity coefficient level and quotient for each subject were analysed. Statistically significant correlations between subjects’ connectivity strength level among brain activation regions and quotient value guided the establishment of a measuring model. The model measured experimental design ability and could predict an individual’s experimental design ability quotient using his or her brain connectivity coefficient. Hence, the model developed for this study for measuring experimental design ability based on fMRI may serve as a practical measurement of students’ scientific experimental design ability. Furthermore, this study could serve as a founding theory for measuring models of other scientific processing abilities such as observation, question generation, classification, hypothesis generation and hypothesis evaluation.     

人参皂苷Rg1对抑郁症大鼠抑郁行为和海马神经元损伤、PKA、PKC的影响

摘要 目的：探讨与分析人参皂苷Rg1对抑郁症大鼠抑郁行为和海马神经元损伤、蛋白激酶A（PKA）与蛋白激酶C（PKC）的影响。方法：抑郁症大鼠48只随机平分为三组-模型组、实验1组、实验2组,每组16只大鼠。实验1组、实验2组每天2次灌胃给药（1 mg/mL、4 mg/mL人参皂苷Rg1）,给药体积为10 mL;模型组以相同方式按体重给予双蒸水。观察与记录鼠抑郁行为和海马神经元损伤、PKA、PKC表达变化情况。结果：实验1组、实验2组治疗第7 d、第14 d的逃避潜伏期都显著低于模型组,实验2组与实验1组相比也显著缩短（P<0.05）。实验1组、实验2组治疗第7 d、第14 d的糖水偏好率高于模型组,实验2组与实验1组相比也显著升高（P<0.05）。实验1组、实验2组治疗第7 d、第14 d的血清5-羟色胺较模型组高,血清皮质酮含量较模型组低,实验2组与实验1组对比也有明显差异（P<0.05）。实验1组、实验2组治疗第7 d、第14 d的海马神经元组织的PKA、PKC蛋白相对表达水平显著低于模型组,实验2组与实验1组相比也显著缩短（P<0.05）。结论：人参皂苷Rg1在抑郁症大鼠的应用能改善抑郁行为,增加糖水偏好率,降低逃避潜伏期,还可提高大鼠的血清5-羟色胺含量,降低血清皮质酮含量,降低海马神经元组织的PKA、PKC蛋白表达水平。     

The influence of starter cultures on the formation of volatile compounds in dry smoked sausages

The differences between the composition of volatile substances in two specimens of dry smoked sausages produced using a standard and experimental (a mixture of propionic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria) cultures were studied by capillary gas chromatography. It was found that the experimental starter culture intensified the flavor-formation processes as compared with the standard culture. The experimental specimen had richer qualitative and quantitative compositions and displayed more intensive aroma and flavor. The contents of lactones and volatile terpenoids in the experimental specimen were much higher than in the control. The organoleptic characteristics of experimental dry smoked sausage specimen were considerably better.     

天然药物化学实验教学模式的改革探索

天然药物化学是药学专业一门重要的必修课程。其实验课以培养学生的综合实验技能,提高学生的创新能力为主。针对天然药物化学实验教学中存在的问题,对其实验教学内容和方法作出相应的改革,以提高教学效果和质量。     

醋酸纤维素薄膜电泳实验成绩量化评定模式的设计

通过对实验教学量化评定的内容、类型、考核形式及各部分内容占总成绩的权重,各部分内容中的详细考核项目,各详细考察项目的项目系数等多方面的综合权衡,建立了醋酸纤维素薄膜电泳实验成绩量化评定模式,其使用简便、合理、易行,能科学正确的量化评定学生实验成绩,有效地改进实验教学效果。     

Analysis of experimental errors in bioprocesses. 1. Production of lactobionic acid and sorbitol using the GFOR (glucose-fructose oxidoreductase) enzyme from permeabilized cells of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zymomonas mobilis</Emphasis>

The proper determination of experimental errors in bioprocesses can be very important because experimental errors can exert a major impact on the analysis of experimental results. Despite this, the effect of experimental errors on the analysis of bioprocess data has been largely overlooked in the literature. For this reason, we performed detailed statistical analyses of experimental errors obtained during the production of lactobionic acid and sorbitol in a system utilizing as catalyst the GFOR (glucose-fructose oxidoreductase) enzyme from permeabilized cells of the bacteria Zymomonas mobilis. The magnitude of the experimental errors thus obtained were then correlated with the process operation conditions and with the composition of the culture media used for bacterial growth. It is shown that experimental errors can depend very significantly on the operation conditions and affect the interpretation of available experimental data. More specifically, in this study, experimental errors depended on the nutritional supplements added to the cultivation medium, the inoculation process, and the reaction time, which may be of fundamental importance for actual process development. The results obtained also indicate, for the first time, that GFOR activity can be affected by the composition of the medium in which cells are cultivated.     

医学微生物学实验教学改革的探索与实践

以麻醉学专业学生为研究对象,进行了传统实验教学与新实验教学模式的对比研究。新实验教学模式围绕如何在实验教学中培养学生的创新能力,从实验教学计划、教学内容、教学方法和手段、实验考核方法进行了改革和探索,增设了综合性与探索设计性实验,研制了实验多媒体课件。结果显示新实验教学模式有利于培养学生的动手能力、科研思维、创新能力以及综合分析能力,教学效果优于传统实验教学。创建了适合于培养麻醉学专业的医学微生物学实验教学体系。     

Causes of experimental pulmonary hypertension in rats.

Experimental pulmonary hypertension was induced in young male rats by means of tracheoconstriction and repeated injections of aqueous bean (Phaseolus vulg.) extract into the trachea. After 120 days, the blood pressure of the experimental and control animals was measured in the pulmonary artery with a shaped polyethylene catheter, without opening the chest. In all the experimental animals the blood pressure in the pulmonary artery was higher than in the controls. The mean pressure in the pulmonary artery of the experimental rats was 25 +/- 1 torr and in the controls 16 +/- 0.4 torr. The right ventricle of the experimental animals was larger than in the controls. No difference was found between the systemic blood pressure values, measured in the femoral artery, in the experimental animals and the controls. The experimental animals had a faster heart rate. Cardiac output, measured by the dye dilution method, was the same in the control and experimental animals and there was likewise no difference in the PO2 PCO2 and pH values in the arterial blood. The inhalation of oxygen instead of air did not affect the blood pressure in the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary blood vessels were evaluated quantitatively in histological sections of the experimental and control animal's lungs. There was no different between the thickness of the media of the distal pulmonary vessels, expressed as a percentage of the outer diameter of the vessel, in the experimental animals and the controls. A media thicker than 7% was found in 15% of the evaluated vessels from experimental animals and in 8% of those from the controls. No correlation between the mean thickness of the media and the mean blood pressure in the pulmonary artery was found in any of the animals.     

微囊藻毒素对斑马鱼重要细胞因子表达的影响

微囊藻毒素是一种肝毒素,它攻击的靶位是肝细胞,能导致鱼的肝脏发生病理变化。该研究以斑马鱼为研究对象,采用RT-PCR方法研究了微囊藻毒素对斑马鱼白细胞介素1β(Interleukin 1β,IL-1β),白细胞介素8(Interleukin 8,IL-8),白细胞介素10(Interleukin 10,IL-10),干扰素(Interferon,IFN),肿瘤坏死因子(Tumor Necrosis Factor,TNF),CXC,CXCa等几个重要细胞因子表达的影响。实验表明,25d时,仅毒素组的斑马鱼肝中有IFN和TNF表达。35d时,毒素组斑马鱼鳃中表达了IL-10,肝中表达了CXCa;毒素组和对照组的斑马鱼肝中都表达了IL-1β,TNF,IL-10,CXC,IFN,且其IL-1β,TNF,IL-10的条带亮于对照组。45d时,IFN仅在毒素组鱼鳃和肝中检测到表达;CXC仅在毒素组的鳃中检测到表达;IL-10在对照组的鳃、肠、肾和肌肉中有表达,在毒素组的肝、卵、肾、肌肉中有表达;IL-1β在对照组和毒素组的肝、卵、肾和肌肉中均有表达,且其条带亮于对照组。结果表明:毒素组斑马鱼的肝和鳃组织发生了炎症反应。这为进一步研究微囊藻毒素对鱼类免疫系统的毒害作用奠定了基础。     

大鼠活体注射台盼蓝后肝和肾的组织学与组织化学变化的观察

大鼠连续4天腹腔注射1%台盼蓝后,观察隔天、隔周、隔二周后肝和肾的组织结构及PAS、AlP、AcP、G-6-Pase、Mg~(2+)-ATPase和SDH的活性变化。结果发现:肝细胞和肾小管的上皮细胞中有台盼蓝颗粒;肝PAS反应阴性;隔天后肝AlP、AcP、G-6-Pase和SDH活性增强,Mg~(2+)-ATPase活性减弱;肾的上述组化反应活性都减弱;隔二周后肝和肾的上述组化反应接近对照。实验结果提示:活体注射台盼蓝对肝和肾未构成实质性损伤,隔天后的组化变化可能是一种生理适应性反应。     

开放实验室条件下的动物学实验教学改革新探

探讨了充分利用开放实验室进一步改革动物学实验教学的新方法：把开展大学生课题研究融入动物学实验教学、充分利用动物标本室加强动物学实验教学、以学生为主体调整动物学实验的教学内容以及结合相关产学研课题提高动物学实验教学的效率。结合实际条件激发学生学习的兴趣和参加实验的积极性,提高了实验效果,培养了学生的创新精神和实践能力。     

红松洼自然保护区草甸群落结构与多样性对管理模式的响应

管理模式对草甸植物群落结构和多样性有重要影响。以红松洼国家级自然保护区为研究地点,对比研究了实验区、缓冲区和核心区草甸植物群落结构和多样性对不同管理模式的响应。结果表明:实验区群落盖度显著高于核心区和缓冲区(P<0.05),三个区群落高度差异不显著(P>0.05),核心区群落密度明显高于实验区和缓冲区(P<0.05),三个区枯死物现存量差异显著(P<0.05);实验区地上生物量显著低于缓冲区和核心区(P<0.05),核心区地下生物量明显高于缓冲区和实验区(P<0.05);三个区的地下生物量都主要分布在0～10cm土层,向下逐层降低,其中核心区和实验区绝大部分根系主要分布在土壤表层,但相对深度不同;实验区与缓冲区植物群落优势物种较多,多个物种共同占有优势,而核心区的优势种少,优势物种集中;Shannon指数大小依次为缓冲区>实验区>核心区,Margalef指数为缓冲区>核心区>实验区。     

分子实验技能课程教学模式初探

目的:探索适合临床研究生的分子实验技能课教学模式,提高研究生科研思维能力和实验技能。方法:根据临床研究生的特点,以学生为主体,注重学生科研思维的培养,运用多样化的教学手段,对研究生临床分子实验技能课程的教学方法进行探索。结果:通过实验技能课的学习与培训,临床研究生科研思维能力得到很大的提升,对医学实验研究兴趣增加,取得了很好的教学效果。结论:多元化教学模式比较适合临床研究生实验技能课的教学。     

Remote consequences of a chronic radiation for the population of Hypochoeris maculata L growing on the territory of East-Ural radioactive trace

The caryological study has been carried out on Hypochoeris maculata L. plants growing on the East-Urals radioactive trace. Two Hypochoeris maculata L. populations have been observed. The experimental population grows in contaminated area. 90Sr contamination density is 55 MBq/m2, 137Cs contamination density is 2.5 M Bq/m2. The control population grows in radionuclide-free area. Both in the experimental and in the control populations the plants have been detected bearing extra B-chromosomes in their karyotype. But their frequency was higher in the experimental population than in the control one. In the experimental population the plants with main A-chromosome set karyotype changes have been met in 9 families out of 30 families observed. In the control population one such family has been detected out of 27 families observed. Two plants with karyotype changes in both chromosome sets have been detected in one family of the experimental population, which indicates a possibility of sibling species appearance in the experimental population.     

Comparative systemic analysis of experimental models of chemical hepatic carcinogenesis in the rat

The aim of this work is to compare several experimental protocols inducing hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat. The results show that the experimental protocols using an initiator and a promotor are not equivalent (in term of latency period and premalignant lesions) to experimental protocols using a chronic administration of one carcinogenic compound.     

动物行为学实验带教探索与实践

目的：为提高实验教学和科研工作的质量和效果,结合国家重点实验室有利条件,从行为学实验培训角度以培养实验技术人员基本实验技能为重点。方法：安排学生学习行为医学发展史、熟练行为学动物生命观、基本实验仪器操作以及鼓励实验技术人员自行研制行为检测制仪器等课程。结果：实验技术人员了解了现代行为学的发展,掌握常规的实验方法,培养了科学的思维方式,同时也激发了实验技术人员发挥主观能动性,实现理论和技术的结合。结论：多途径带教培训有利于实验技术人员行为学实验工作打下牢固的基础。     

The pathological process. V. Experimental modelling in pathology: general theoretical problems

The theoretical analysis of the characteristic features of pathological processes is being continued with the experimental modelling of the pathological process, with emphasis on gnoseological and heuristic aims. The paper discusses: the compulsory working hypothesis which includes the known and the probable data resulting from the observation of phenomena, the qualities and value of the experimentation for the verification of the working hypothesis, the general features of the experimental modelling in pathology and its purposes, the types of experimental models (simple, two times perturbing and complex) with exemplification and discussion of qualities and limits, the general evaluation and limits of experimental models, the practical elaboration of experimental models with emphasis on the main rational operations, like the choice of animals, of the ways of administration of perturbing agents, of experimental and control lots, of sacrification modalities, as well as the relevance of the experimental results for enlarging the knowledge of the pathological process investigated.     

超敏C反应蛋白及D-二聚体联合检测深静脉血栓的价值

目的:探讨超敏C反应蛋白及D-二聚体联合检测法在深静脉血栓诊断中的临床应用。方法:选取我院检验科收治的深静脉血栓患者120例作为实验对象,所有患者均采取深静脉造影进行确诊。采用随机对照表分为实验1组与实验2组与实验3组,每组40例患者。另选取门诊健康体检患者41例为对照组,所有患者均空腹状态下于入院第一天清晨抽取静脉血5 m L,对实验1组进行CRP检测,对实验2组行D-二聚体检测检测,实验3组行CRP检测联合D-二聚体检测。比较4组患者的血超敏C反应蛋白与D-二聚体水平,以及联合检测的阳性率。结果:1实验组患者CRP水平以及D-二聚体水平较对照组明显升高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);实验1组与实验3组CRP水平比较,没有统计学差异(P0.05);实验2组与实验3组D-二聚体水平比较,无统计学差异(P0.05);2与实验3组比较,实验1组、实验2组阳性检出率较低,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:超敏C反应蛋白及D-二聚体水平对深静脉血栓具有较好的敏感性,联合检测能够对本病的诊断及预后具有指导意义,值得临床推广。     

天然虫草对小鼠脾脏影响的组织化学和免疫细胞化学的观察

本文用３０只成年雄性小鼠,分为实验和对照两组。实验组每日灌服虫草液一次,共７日。对照组每日灌服生理盐水一次。按时将动物处死,取其脾脏进行组织化学和免疫细胞化学染色。结果显示：（１）虫草组小鼠脾脏白髓成份增加,生发中心明显,嗜派罗宁细胞增多。显微分光光度计检测结果显示虫草组脾脏内ＤＮＡ含量高于对照组,表明虫草能促进小鼠脾脏ＲＮＡ和ＤＮＡ的合成。（２）虫草组脾内ＩｇＧ＋和ＩｇＭ＋浆细胞明显增加,边缘区变宽,可能虫草有促进抗体形成的作用。此外本实验还证明,两组小鼠脾内巨噬细胞数量无明显差别     

Construction of rat spinal cord injury model based on Allen’s animal model

The aim of this study is to explore the construction of rat spinal cord injury model guided by Allen's model. Methods: Male rats aged 4–5 weeks and weighing about 250 g are selected as subjects in the Animal Laboratory Center of XX Hospital. Rats are divided into two groups, which are experimental group 1 and experimental group 2, respectively, so as to construct spinal cord injury model in rats. The first group is given 300 g.cm hitting force of T10 spinal cord, and the second group is given 500 g.cm hitting force of T10 spinal cord. Within 25 days after spinal cord injury in Allen's rats, the survival, neurological function, diet, motor ability, tactile ability and auditory ability of the two groups are monitored and evaluated daily. Results: In terms of survival, the survival rate of rats in group 1 is 85%, while that of rats in group 2 is 21%, and there is a concentrated death phenomenon in group 2. In terms of neurological function recovery, experimental group 1 is stable and gets 7 points and experimental group 2 is stable and gets 3 points. In terms of diet, the experimental group 1 is stable and gets 5 points and the experimental group 2 is stable and gets 2 points. In terms of motor ability, the experimental group 1 is stable and gets 5 points and the experimental group 2 is stable and gets 2 points. In tactile sense, experimental group 1 is stable and gets 17 points and experimental group 2 is stable and gets 12 points. It can be seen that the post-operative recovery ability of the experimental group 1 is better than that of the experimental group 2. Conclusion: Under the guidance of Allen's model, compared with the group 2, the experimental group 1 of the rat spinal cord injury model has better recovery in each index. It can be seen that the smaller impact strength is more beneficial to the recovery of rats after spinal cord injury surgery.