气候变化对内蒙古中部草原优势牧草生长季的影响

研究温性典型草原优势牧草生长季与气候因子变化的关系,对于监测草地环境变化及保护利用,评估区域气候变化对优势牧草生长的影响,指导畜牧业生产等具有重要的科学意义和实践价值.基于内蒙古中部草原3个牧业气象试验站1983-2009年克氏针茅和羊草的物候期、气象资料,对返青、黄枯日期、生长季与气温、降水量之间的关系进行了统计分析.结果表明:(1)27a间,该区的年、春季、夏季和秋季平均气温均呈显著升高趋势,春季升温幅度最大,气候倾向率为0.71-0.84℃/10a;各时段降水量变化除春季呈微量增加趋势外,总体呈减少态势.可见,内蒙古中部温性典型草原区暖干化趋势明显.(2)27a间,锡林浩特克氏针茅和羊草返青日期表现为推后趋势,并与4月降水量呈显著正相关;镶黄旗和察右后旗克氏针茅和羊草返青日期呈提前趋势,并与3-5月气温、降水量呈显著负相关,气温每升高1℃、降水量每增加10mm,优势牧草返青日期约提前3.0-5.1d和1.3-2.1d.(3)该区克氏针茅和羊草黄枯日期均呈提前趋势,与8-9月气温均呈显著负相关,降水量为正相关,气温每升高1℃,克氏针茅黄枯日期提前1.7-10.7 d,羊草黄枯日期提前3.5-11.3d,降水量的影响相对较弱.(4)该区克氏针茅生长季延长趋势明显,羊草生长季缩短趋势明显.克氏针茅生长季与4-10月均温正相关系数最大,羊草生长季与水热系数的正相关系数最大.     

近20年青藏高原东北部禾本科牧草生育期变化特征

利用1988—2010年青藏高原东北部地区5个站点牧草生育期地面观测数据,分析了近20年代表性牧草返青、开花、黄枯期及生长季的变化趋势,并通过偏相关分析探讨了气温和降水对牧草生育期的关系。结果表明,近20年青藏高原东北部牧草生育期北部推迟南部提前的特征明显。南部的三江源区域返青、开花与黄枯期总体呈显著提前趋势,其中曲麻莱羊茅返青期提前的倾向率达到-4 d/10 a,开花期为-13 d/10 a,黄枯期达到-9 d/10 a,且均通过0.01的显著性检验水平。北部环青海湖区域的海北西北针茅生育期则表现出一定的推迟趋势。生长季长度北部地区延长,而南部除甘德(垂穗披碱草)外均呈明显缩短趋势。近20 a黄枯期的变化幅度明显大于返青期,使得生长季长度的变化更多地受黄枯期变化的影响。1月和3月气温是影响研究区牧草返青最主要的气候因子,气温增高返青提前。开花期南北差异明显,北部与同期气温呈明显负相关关系,南部则主要与开花前2—3个月的降水量密切相关,降水增多大部地区开花期提前。此外,降水也是各地牧草黄枯的主要影响因子。     

气候变化对内蒙古草原典型植物物候的影响

自然物候期是气候变化最直观的植物信号记录,自然物候变化是气候与自然环境变化的综合指标。基于1983—2009年内蒙古草甸草原、典型草原和荒漠草原区典型植物马兰草、霸王、贝加尔针茅和羊草生长期物候观测资料和同时段的气象观测资料,利用数理统计等方法,分析了不同草原区典型植物物候期与气候要素间的相互关系,结果表明:(1)1983—2009年内蒙古草原区植物物候期总体呈提前趋势,但地域差异明显,典型草原区植物萌芽返青、开花及黄枯期等物候提早趋势最为明显,说明不同草原区植物物候对气候变暖的区域响应不同。(2)内蒙古草原区植物物候期与气候变化密切相关。春季3—5月累积气温与植物萌芽返青期和开花期呈显著负相关,与日照时数为正相关,降水量对其影响不同草原区差异较大。荒漠草原和典型草原区植物黄枯期早晚与黄枯前1—2个月平均气温呈显著负相关,草甸草原区植物黄枯期与前1—2个月的降水量和日照时数有关,与气温关系不显著。(3)随着气候变暖,马兰草生长期缩短,霸王、贝加尔针茅和羊草生长期延长,其中典型草原区主要植物针茅生长季延长趋势最为明显,荒漠草原次之,草甸草原延长最少。     

内蒙古东部草原优势牧草生长季对气象因子变化的响应

研究区域气候变化对草原牧草生长的影响,对于指导农牧业生产及应对气候变化等具有重要的实践价值.基于内蒙古东部草原34个气象站50年和3个牧业气象试验站27年的气象及牧草物候期数据,研究了气候变化对优势牧草生长季的影响.结果表明:(1)研究区域年、春季、夏季和秋季平均气温均呈显著升高趋势,降水量变化春季呈微升的态势,其余时段呈微降的趋势;气候暖干化趋势明显.(2)春季气温升高有促进优势牧草返青日期提前的效应,气温每升高1℃,鄂温克旗、额尔古纳市羊草(Leymus chinensis)和贝加尔针茅(Stipa baicalensis)返青日期提前1.7～1.9d.(3)夏、秋季气温升高均有促进优势牧草黄枯日期推后的效应,气温每升高1℃,额尔古纳市羊草和贝加尔针茅黄枯日期推迟2.0～2.3d.(4)夏、秋季气温每升高1℃,额尔古纳市贝加尔针茅生长季分别延长3.3和3.7d;在巴雅尔吐胡硕秋季气温每升高1℃,冰草(Agropyron cristatum)生长季缩短2.8d.     

内蒙古草原羊草物候与气象因子的关系

研究温带草原植物物候与气象因子变化的关系,对于提高草原净初级生产量和碳收支估算的精度,掌握放牧的时宜及其区域差异,具有重要的科学意义和实践价值.该文利用内蒙古草原7个牧业气象试验站1983～2002年的羊草物候观测数据,对返青和黄枯日期与气温和降水量的关系进行了统计分析.结果表明:(1)所有站点的年平均气温均呈显著升高的趋势,多数站点的年降水量呈不显著减少的趋势;同时,各站羊草返青期和黄枯期均以显著提前的趋势占优势,多数站点的生长季节(返青到黄枯的期间)呈缩短的趋势.(2)在区域尺度上,羊草返青日期与返青前一个月均温的负相关最为显著,气温每升高1℃,返青期约提前2.4d;在站点尺度上,森林草原区站点的羊草返青期早晚主要受返青前一个月均温(负相关)的影响,典型草原区站点的羊草返青期早晚主要受前一年10月或11月到返青期累积降水量(负相关)的影响,森林草原区最北部额尔古纳右旗的返青期早晚受返青前一个月均温和前一年10月到返青期累积降水量的共同影响.(3)在区域尺度上,羊草黄枯日期与黄枯前一个月均温的负相关最为显著,气温每升高1℃,黄枯期约提前3.7d;在站点尺度上,羊草黄枯期早晚与前期气温以负相关为主,与前期降水量以正相关为主.     

内蒙古主要草原类型植物物候对气候波动的响应

物候是气候变化的指示者,由于不同地区植被类型不同,导致其对气候波动的响应方式不同。利用2004—2013年内蒙古草原区生态监测站群落优势种物候观测资料和同时段的气象资料,分析了不同草原类型区优势种物候期变化及其与气候因子间的相互关系,结果表明:(1)2004—2013年内蒙古草原区各时段气候波动趋势均不显著,返青前以气温降低、降水增加趋势为主;黄枯前草甸草原、典型草原以气温降低、降水增加趋势为主,荒漠草原变化趋势相反。(2)2004—2013年典型草原植物返青期平均提前4.01 d,黄枯推后10.35 d,生长季延长14.36 d;草甸草原返青期提前2.04 d,黄枯期推后12.68 d,生长季延长14.72 d;荒漠草原物候变化趋势最小,返青期平均提前了1.32 d,黄枯期平均推后了9.58 d,生长季延长了10.90 d。(3)内蒙古草原区植物返青期主要受气温波动的影响,草甸草原返青期与前3个月平均气温的负相关最为显著,气温每升高1℃,返青期约提前1.123 d;典型草原、荒漠草原返青期与前2个月平均气温的负相关最为显著气,气温每升高1℃,返青期约提前1.137 d和1.743 d。(4)典型草原区植物黄枯期受前1—2月平均气温和累积降水的共同影响,与夏季平均气温和当月降水量的相关最为显著,夏季气温每升高1℃,黄枯期约提前2.250 d,当月降水每增加1 mm,黄枯期约推后0.119 d。草甸草原、荒漠草原植物黄枯期与各时段降水、气温的相关均不显著,影响黄枯机制比较复杂。     

基于NOAA/AVHRR NDVI 监测中国北方典型草原的生长季及变化

 该研究基于Savitzky_Golay滤波算法平滑了1982～1999年NOAA/AVHRR NDVI 时间序列影像,然后利用曲线拟合了锡林郭勒典型草原1982～1999年的每年物候期（返青期、黄枯期）及18年的平均物候期和生长季长度,并对1982～1999年的物候期进行了线性拟合,从而分析了物候期的变化趋势。结果表明：1）1982、1986、1992年的返青期处于正常水平,1985、1988、1989、1991年大部分地区的牧草返青期比正常年份有所提前。1984、1990、1993 年的黄枯期处于正常水平,大部分年份的黄枯期主要处于9月下旬至10月上旬（290～310 d）。2）在整个典型草原,返青期有较大的变异性,而黄枯期变化表现出了锡林郭勒典型草原的西南部较早、中部及东北部较晚的格局,生长季长度的变化格局为西南地区最短,中部地区最长。3）从1982～1999年,不同的地区表现出物候期及生长季长度提前或延迟的变化趋势,返青期大多数地区延迟时间集中在10～20 d,提前日期主要集中在10 d之内。锡林郭勒盟西南地区的黄枯期提前趋势最大。大部分地区的生长季长度变化呈缩短趋势,缩短日期小于 10 d,少部分地区的生长季延长,延长日期主要集中在0～10 d。4）对锡林浩特的物候期研究表明,牧草返青期提前日期小于10 d,黄枯期延迟大约14±5 d,生长季长度延迟大约1 5±5 d。最后利用野外观测数据对锡林浩特牧草返青期的拟合精度作出了评价。     

草甸化草原优势牧草冷地早熟禾生长发育对气候变化的响应

利用青海湖北岸天然草地中冷地早熟禾(Poa crymophila)定位观测资料,应用数理统计方法,分析了该地区气候变化特征及其对牧草生长发育和产量形成的影响。结果表明:研究区年平均气温呈极显著上升趋势,升幅为0.512℃·10a-1,秋冬季气温上升幅度大于春夏季;年降水量增加主要是由春秋季降水增加所贡献的,年降水量有一个9年左右的周期;牧草生长季的干燥指数呈上升趋势,20世纪90年代末至2010年明显趋于暖干化;冷地早熟禾返青期、抽穗期、开花期和种子成熟期提前,黄枯期推迟,从而使冷地早熟禾整个生育期延长;Logistic模拟结果表明,冷地早熟禾返青后的第72天,其生长速度达到最大,为0.29cm·d-1;从返青后49d开始,由缓慢生长转为迅速生长阶段,从返青后第95天开始,其生长从迅速生长又转为缓慢生长,迅速生长期为46d;冷地早熟禾高度和地上生物量年际变化呈逐年增加趋势;热量对冷地早熟禾产量变化敏感期为5月,旬平均气温升高1℃,产量增加20～30kg·hm-2;抽穗开花期是冷地早熟禾需水敏感期,降水量增大,牧草产量增加。     

青海省门源县1980-2015年青稞物候期变化趋势及其驱动因素

利用1980-2015年青海省门源县农业气象站的青稞物候期及平行气温和降水资料,分析了气候变化背景下青海省门源县青稞物候期变化趋势及其驱动因素,结果表明：播种、出苗和拔节期呈推迟趋势,其余物候期均呈提前趋势。其中播种期以2.65d/10a的趋势显著推迟,分蘖期、抽穗期分别以4.78d/10a和2.30d/10a的趋势显著提前。显著影响青稞物候期的气候因子为气温、降水和积温。播种前0℃活动积温升高1℃·d,期间降水量增加1mm,播种期推迟0.252d;稳定通过0℃积温增加1℃·d,分蘖期提前0.026d;4月最低气温升高1℃,抽穗期提前1.890d。自20世纪90年代出现播种推迟、分蘖期和抽穗期提前、驱动因子升高突变现象。物候期与驱动因素开始突变基本同步,表明青海高原气候变暖是青稞物候期变化的主导因素。     

亚高山草甸华灰早熟禾对气候变化的响应

利用亚高山草甸华灰早熟禾生长发育的定位观测资料和相应的气象观测资料,分析了1985—2005年甘肃省玛曲县气候变化对牧草生长发育的影响.结果表明,研究期间,玛曲县降水量的年际变化呈下降趋势,其线性拟合倾向率为-9.895 mm·(10 a)^-1,降水量存在3 a的周期变化;气温的年际变化呈上升趋势,其线性拟合倾向率为0.341 ℃·(10 a) ^-1;华灰早熟禾生长季的干燥指数呈显著上升趋势,其线性拟合倾向率为0.036·(10 a)^-1,20世纪90年代初至2005年明显趋于干旱化.华灰早熟禾返青到籽实成熟约需140～150 d,期间对≥0 ℃积温、降水量、日照时数的要求分别为1000 ℃～1200 ℃、400～450 mm和1000～1100 h;华灰早熟禾在返青后54 d开始由缓慢生长转为迅速生长阶段,返青后第80天的生长速度达最大,返青后104 d开始由迅速生长又转为缓慢生长.受气候变暖的影响,华灰早熟禾抽穗期、开花期、成熟期、黄枯期每10年分别提前15 d、7～8 d、8～9 d、3 d.研究区的气候变化使该区华灰早熟禾产量变幅明显加大,产量的不稳定性增加.     

Responses of plant biomass,photosynthesis and lipid peroxidation to warming and precipitation change in two dominant species (Stipa grandis and Leymus chinensis) from North China Grasslands

Influential factors of global change affect plant carbon uptake and biomass simultaneously. Although the effects from warming and precipitation change have been extensive studied separately, the responses of plant biomass, photosynthesis, and lipid peroxidation to the interaction of these factors are still not fully understood. In this study, we examined the physiological responses of two dominant plant species from grasslands of northern China with different functional traits to combinations of five simulated warming patterns and five simulated precipitation patterns in environment‐controlled chambers. Our results showed that the biomass, net CO₂ assimilation rate (P_n), maximal efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry (F_v/F_m), and chlorophyll content (Chl) of Stipa grandis and Leymus chinensis were enhanced by moderate warming and plus precipitation, but they declined drastically with high temperature and drought. High temperature and drought also led to significant malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, which had a negative correlation with leaf biomass. The lower level of lipid peroxidation in leaves of S. grandis suggests that this species is better protected from oxidative damage under heat stress, drought stress and their interactive conditions than L. chinensis. Using the subordinate function values method, we found S. grandis to be more sensitive to climate change than L. chinensis and the gross biomass and root biomass of S. grandis and the leaf biomass of L. chinensis were most sensitive to climate change. Furthermore, the P_n of both S. grandis and L. chinensis had a significant linear relationship with F_v/F_m and Chl, indicating that carbon assimilation may be caused by nonstomatal limitations.     

羊草与大针茅根系构型对水分梯度响应的比较研究

羊草(Leymus chinensis)与大针茅(Stipa grandis)是内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原的两大建群种,也是内蒙古草原的重要优良牧草。选取锡林郭勒草原以大针茅和羊草为优势种的围封草场为研究样地,通过原状土柱移栽,进行了两年的水分梯度控制实验(150、300、450、600 mm),分别模拟当地年降雨量由干旱年到是湿润年的变化情况,分析比较羊草种群和大针茅种群地上高度和根系构型对水分梯度的响应情况。结果表明:相比大针茅种群,羊草种群对水分梯度的响应更敏感,随着水分梯度的增加,羊草地上高度和根系直径显著增加,根系长度和根系深度显著减少;而大针茅的地上高度和根系特征各项指标均没有显出与水分梯度的相关性,显然大针茅比羊草更能适应干旱生境。在干旱条件(模拟年降雨量150 mm处理)下,大针茅种群地上高度达到峰值,生长状况良好;羊草种群则采用地上个体小型化,地下主根变细,分叉,向土壤深层扩展的生长策略。因此,在气候变化背景下,干旱化的气候将导致大针茅种群在群落中的优势地位逐渐增加,反之羊草种群则会随着气候湿润化而占据更大的优势。     

Influence of grazing on hydraulic and mechanical properties of semiarid steppe soils under different vegetation type in Inner Mongolia, China

Over the last few decades, due to increase in grazing intensity, animal trampling has led to soil structure deterioration in Inner Mongolia, China. We investigated two different steppe ecosystems: Leymus chinensis (LCh, characterized by relatively higher precipitation) and Stipa grandis (SG) and two grazing intensities: ungrazed since 1979 (UG79) and grazed (continuously grazed, CG, at the Stipa grandis site and winter grazed, WG, at Leymus chinensis). Soil mechanical and hydraulic properties of semiarid steppe soils from each site and treatment were determined for soil aggregates and disturbed and bulk soil samples from different depths (4?C8, 18?C22, 30?C34 and 56?C60 cm for disturbed and bulk samples and 0?C15 cm for the aggregates). Grazing causes a significant increase in tensile strength of aggregates and in the precompression stress of the bulk soil as well as a decrease in air and saturated hydraulic conductivity, irrespective of the vegetation type. Furthermore, exclusion from grazing led to more pronounced recovery of soil strength and pore continuity and hydraulic conductivity at the LCh site but it also depended on the moisture conditions of the sites. Under wetter conditions as well as after repeated freezing and thawing the soil strength declined.     

克氏针茅物候对气候变暖和水分变化的响应及其光合生理生态机制

物候对气候变化具有重要指示作用,然而现有研究主要关注植物物候变化与环境因子的关系,对于物候变化的生理生态机制研究较为缺乏。基于内蒙古自治区克氏针茅草原红外线辐射增温与控水相结合的原位模拟试验资料,探究了克氏针茅物候变化的光合生理生态机制及其对水热环境因子的响应。研究结果表明：(1)增温使克氏针茅返青期和抽穗期提前2.8 d和7.8 d、枯黄期推迟6.8 d;水热协同作用主要影响抽穗期,增温增水(气候暖湿化)较增温减水(气候暖干化)提前7.4 d。(2)增温增水使得克氏针茅返青期和抽穗期的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著高于增温减水,而对水分利用效率的影响则相反(P<0.05),增温增水与增温减水对克氏针茅枯黄期的光合生理生态特征影响无显著差异。(3)净光合速率是影响克氏针茅物候变化的决策因子,温度是影响克氏针茅植物返青期和枯黄期的限制因子,水分则是影响克氏针茅植物抽穗期的限制因子。研究发现克氏针茅物候与其光合生理生态特征和环境因子密切相关,研究结果可为植物物候模型发展和物候机理研究提供理论支撑。     

Correlation analysis of Normalized Different Vegetation Index (NDVI) difference series and climate variables in the Xilingole steppe, China from 1983 to 1999

There is a crucial need in the study of global change to understand how terrestrial ecosystems respond to the climate system. It has been demonstrated by many researches that Normalized Different Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series from remotely sensed data, which provide effective information of vegetation conditions on a large scale with highly temporal resolution, have a good relation with meteorological factors. However, few of these studies have taken the cumulative property of NDVI time series into account. In this study, NDVI difference series were proposed to replace the original NDVI time series with NDVI difference series to reappraise the relationship between NDVI and meteorological factors. As a proxy of the vegetation growing process, NDVI difference represents net primary productivity of vegetation at a certain time interval under an environment controlled by certain climatic conditions and other factors. This data replacement is helpful to eliminate the cumulative effect that exist in original NDVI time series, and thus is more appropriate to understand how climate system affects vegetation growth in a short time scale. By using the correlation analysis method, we studied the relationship between NOAA/AVHRR ten-day NDVI difference series and corresponding meteorological data from 1983 to 1999 from 11 meteorological stations located in the Xilingole steppe in Inner Mongolia. The results show that: (1) meteorological factors are found to be more significantly correlation with NDVI difference at the biomass-rising phase than that at the falling phase; (2) the relationship between NDVI difference and climate variables varies with vegetation types and vegetation communities. In a typical steppe dominated by Leymus chinensis, temperature has higher correlation with NDVI difference than precipitation does, and in a typical steppe dominated by Stipa krylovii, the correlation between temperature and NDVI difference is lower than that between precipitation and NDVI difference. In a typical steppe dominated by Stipa grandis, there is no significant difference between the two correlations. Precipitation is the key factor influencing vegetation growth in a desert steppe, and temperature has poor correlation with NDVI difference; (3) the response of NDVI difference to precipitation is fast and almost simultaneous both in a typical steppe and desert steppe, however, mean temperature exhibits a time-lag effect especially in the desert steppe and some typical steppe dominated by Stipa krylovii; (4) the relationship between NDVI difference and temperature is becoming stronger with global warming. __________ Translated from Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2005, 29(5): 753–765 [译自: 植物生态学报]     

非生长季降水对青藏高原高寒草甸优势种生物量稳定性的影响

受全球气候变化的影响,青藏高原在过去的几十年间整体上呈现暖湿化的趋势,相比于年际之间温度和降水的变化外,生长季和非生长季气候变化模式的差异可能会对生态系统产生更重要的影响,但相关的研究尚不充分。以青藏高原东部的高寒草甸为研究对象,基于2001年至2017年17年的野外观测数据,包括优势植物紫花针茅的高度、多度以及生物量、次优势物种洽草的生物量,结合生长季和非生长季平均温度和降水量的变化,通过线性回归以及结构方程模型,探究生长季/非生长季不对称气候变化对于青藏高原高寒草甸优势物种生物量稳定性的影响。研究结果表明：1)青藏高原东部年均温和年降水在过去的17年间显著增加,呈现暖湿化的趋势,但是非生长的降水却变化不明显;2)紫花针茅的高度、多度以及生物量在过去17年没有显著的趋势,但是洽草的生物量稳定性显著减少;3)非生长降水结合紫花针茅的高度、多度以及洽草的生物量稳定性促进了紫花针茅的生物量稳定性。研究结果可以为青藏高原高寒草甸在未来气候变化的背景下合理保护与利用提供科学依据。     

Response of dominant grassland species in the temperate steppe of Inner Mongolia to different land uses at leaf and ecosystem levels

In order to study the responses of dominant species to different land uses in the semiarid temperate grassland of Inner Mongolia, we tested the physiological responses of Stipa grandis, Leymus chinensis, and Artemisia frigida to mowing, grazing exclusion, and grazing land uses at the leaf and ecosystem levels. The grazing-exclusion and mowing sites released CO₂, but the grazing site was a net carbon sink. L. chinensis and S. grandis contributed more to the ecosystem CO₂ exchange than A. frigida. At the grazing-exclusion and mowing sites, Leymus chinensis and Stipa grandis both exhibited a higher light-saturation point and higher maximum photosynthetic rate than that at the grazing site, which increased photosynthesis and growth compared to those at the grazing site. In contrast, A. frigida possessed a higher nitrogen content than the other species, and more of the light energy used for photosynthesis, particularly at the grazing site.     

Effects of fencing and grazing on the temporal dynamic of soil organic carbon content in two temperate grasslands in Inner Mongolia,China

This study aimed to investigate the impact of long-term grassland management on the temporal dynamic of SOC density in two temperate grasslands. The top soil SOC density, soil total nitrogen density and soil bulk density (0–20 cm) under long-term fencing and grazing treatments, the aboveground net primary productivity of fenced plots and the associated climatic factors of Leymus chinensis and Stipa grandis grasslands in Inner Mongolia were collected from literatures and analyzed. The results showed that the SOC density increased linearly with fenced duration but was insensitive to grazed duration in both grasslands. Compared with long-term grazing, fenced plots had larger potential for carbon sequestration, and the accumulation rate of SOC density was 29 and 35 g Cm^–2y^–1 for L. chinensis and S. grandis grasslands. Fenced duration and mean annual temperature jointly contributed large effect on temporal pattern of SOC density. Climate change and grazed duration had little influence on the inter-annual variance of SOC density in grazed plots. Our results confirmed the enhancement effect of long-term fencing on soil carbon sequestration in degraded temperate grassland, and long-term permanent plot observation is essential and effective for accurately and comprehensively understanding the temporal dynamic of SOC storage.