Changes in the cell population of the thymus-dependent area of the regional lymph nodes following skin flap grafting

In the paracortical zone of the regional lymph node changes in the cell population density of small and middle lymphocytes, immunoblasts, immature and mature plasma cells are taken into consideration. The observations are carried out for 954 h after transplantation. As demonstrates the analysis of the process segmentation, certain stages of the changes are revealed with duration of 150-160 h; that corresponds to circadian (circaseptan) range of biological rhythms. The duration of the first stage makes about a half of the circaseptan period. In quantitative changes of every cell type a slow trend and a periodical component are present. It is possible to suppose that during the first 3-4 days mobilization of cell resources takes place, further up to 13-16 days active reactions occur, directed to exfoliation of allogenic tissue components, and then after the exfoliation of the graft the amount of the cells becomes stable, however, rhythmical fluctuations are preserved. The reaction of the cell composition in the paracortical zone of the lymph nodes is in concord with the dynamics of changes in the cell population and in the transplant itself.     

Catecholamine and serotonin content in the lymph nodes following deafferentation

Using Falck fluorescent technique in combination with microspectrofluorometry the measurement of catecholamine and 5-hydroxytriptamine level was performed in popliteal lymph nodes of normal dogs and 2 weeks after deafferentation. Maximal catecholamine and 5-hydroxytriptamine content was observed in adrenergic nerve fibers, elements of trabecular-elastic complex and monoaminocytes of medullary substance of intact animals. Biogenic amine level decreased deafferented limb lymph nodes. Monoamine imbalance according to divergent type was registered in a colateral limb, i. e. 5-hydroxytriptamine level was increased and catecholamine level was decreased.     

Pathomorphologic characteristics of the regional lymph nodes in hydronephrosis]

The dependence of pathomorphological changes in the regional lymphatic ganglia of the dog's kidney upon the duration of experimental hydronephrosis is shown. The development of necrosis in some of them points out indirectly to the participation of the renal lymphatic system in carrying off the urine saturated with toxic products persisting in it for a long period. Increased dilatation of intermediate and medullary sinuses is connected with continuous inflow of the lymph that contributes to its congestion and then leads to the retrograde flow. A mechanical obstraction appears on the way of lymph and this fact aggravates mechanical insufficiency of the lymph circulation. At the same time this particular case is lymphogenic sclerosis, which is induced by acumulation of disturbed metabolism products in the intermediate tissue brought by the lymph.     

Morpho-functional changes in the lymph nodes during fever reaction]

Lymph nodes (mesenteric, popliteal, cervical) of rabbits in fever reaction of different duration have been studied in our work. As a whole morpho-functional changes in lymph nodes in fever reaction indicate the increase of their functional activity: hyperplasia of lymphatic substance with the growth of lymphocytes number and slightly differentiated lymphoid cells in follicles and paracortical zone, hyperplasia of pulposus bands, the signs of macrophagal reaction and plasmatization of lymph nodes are to be observed and all these create prerequisites for the increase of tensity of cellular and humoral immunity. Simultaneously the signs of destruction of cellular elements--lymphocytolysis in the porta tract and the growth of number of PAS-positive cells in the parenchyma of the nodes take place.     

Microscopic structure of the mesenteric lymph nodes of monkeys]

The structure and cytoarchitectonics of mesenterial lymph nodes were studied in thin histological sections by different methods. Under study were 5 rhesus monkeys and 3 hamadryas baboons. The square surface of different structural elements of the nodes (the cortical and medullary substances, follicles, the connective tissue framework, sinuses) occupied by them in sections was calculated and the amount of cellular elements was determined (%). Comparison of the data obtained in rhesus monkeys and baboons speaks of certain species-specific features of the organs under study. The morphological picture of lymph node sections in baboons (as compared with rhesus monkeys) might suggest earlier ageing of nodes in baboons.     

Late effect of carbon disulfide on the lymph nodes in rats]

Cell composition of the cortical plateau, medullary cords and lymphoid nodules++ has been determined in 180 Wistar rats in 2 weeks, 1 and 3 months after inhalation of carbon disulfate vapour for 2, 7 and 14 days in a maximum permissible concentration (1 mg/m3) and in the control group. In 2 weeks after cessation of the vapour inhalation activity of lymphocytopoiesis, blastopoiesis, cell differentiation decreases, macrophagal and plasmocytic reactions are weakly manifested. In 1 month certain signs of compensatory-adaptive reaction are noted; they are seen as increasing proliferative processes and activation of cell differentiation in the lymphoid nodules++ and a sharp plasmatization of the medullary cords. In 3 months after the experiment retardation of lymphocytopoiesis is still definitely manifested in the cortical plateau and medullary cords and essential destructive processes are observed against the background of local increase of the functional activity of the lymphoid nodules++.     

Age and variability in the inguinal lymph nodes of adult humans]

Lymphatic nodes on the anterior surface of the femur, in the region of the femoral triangle were studied in 56 corpses of humans of either sex from 31 to 82 years of age, dead of accidental causes or of diseases not related to lymphatic nodes. The investigation was carried on by the method of interstitial and direct injection of the Gerota's mass to some regions of foot skin, external genitalia and the skin of the anterior wall of the abdomen. It has been established that the size of inguinal lymphatic nodes (both superficial and profound) in humans of either sex, are in direct dependence on the age of the person. The amount of inguinal lymphatic nodes in young people prevails over that in old people. The external diameter of the afferent and efferent vessels in elderly humans is greater than in young ones. The amount of afferent lymphatic vessels to inguinal lymphatic nodes in most cases prevails over the amount of efferent ones, independent of age and sex. The external diameter of the former is greater than that of the latter.     

Individual and sex variation in the inguinal lymph nodes in man]

Under investigation were the lymph nodes on the anterior surface of the femur in the area of the femural triangle in 96 preparations of lower extremities of corpses of people of either sex in the age from 31 to 82 years. The Gerota's mass was injected into the skin of feet, external genitalia and the skin of the lower part of the anterior wall of the abdomen. It was established that the total amount of the inguinal lymph nodes in men was greater than in women, the size of the superficial nodes in women was greater than of those in men, while the size of profound lymph nodes in men was greater than in women. The amount of the inguinal lymph nodes was proportional to the Skerly's index and the dimensions were inversely proportional to their amount. The amount of inguinal lymph nodes in persons of either sex of a dolichomorphic type of figure was greater than in persons of a brachymorphic type. The dimensions of the nodes in persons of brachymorphic type of figure were predominant.     

The anatomy and topography of the human axillary lymph nodes]

The anatomy and topography of the right and left axillary nodes were studied by the method of polychrome injections in 25 corpses of adult people dead from trauma or illnesses not related to lesions of axillary lymph nodes. Injections were made into the skin of fingers, palm and back of the hand, in the delta-shaped area, lateral surface of the chest and exterior half of the mamillary gland and also immediately into the lymph vessels of the upper extremity found with the help of interstitial injections. Detailed data on the topography of axillary lymph nodes relative to the walls, blood vessels and nerves of the axillary fossa were obtained, and the relations between the nodes were specified. From the topography of the axillary lymph nodes under study and approaching the lymph vessels as well as from literature data it is expedient to divide the axillary lymph nodes into 6 groups: lateral, medial, posterior, inferior, central and apical.     

Ileo-colonic lymph nodes in macaques and pavians of different ages]

Quantitative and qualitative alterations occurring in various structural components of the ileocolonic lymph nodes of Papio hamadryas at the age of 3.5 months and 5 years and Macaca rhesus at the age of 5 years were studied by means of mathematical methods. Cellular composition was counted in every histological preparation per 1,000 cells in cortical plateau, in myelin cords, in follicles with light centers and in follicles without light centers. Part (in %) of every cell variety was determined, as well as correlation of different structural components of the lymph nodes. Construcgion and cytoarchitectonics of the ileocolonic lymph nodes were stated to depend on the age of monkeys and their systematic differences.     

Anatomical variants of the lymphatic vessels connecting the inguinal lymph nodes]

The study of anatomical variants of lymphatic vessels connecting inguinal lymph nodes was carried out on 56 corpses of adult persons of both sex whose deaths were not connected with lesions in the lymphatic system of the pelvis and lower extremities. The inguinal lymph nodes and their afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels were detected by the method of intradermal injection and by the method of direct injection into the lymphatic vessels. It was stated that groups of the inguinal lymph nodes, as well as the nodes in every group determined, can serve as nodes of different stages for afferent lymphatic vessels running from different parts of the body and organs.     

Anatomy and topography of external iliac lymph nodes in adults]

The investigation of the external iliac lymph nodes has been performed in 152 preparations of corpses of mature persons of both sex, who died from causes not connected with any disease of the lymphatic system, lower extremities and pelvic organs. The external iliac lymph nodes and their afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels have been revealed by means of interstitial injection of the lower extremities and pelvic organs, as well as by means of direct injection of Gerota mass into the lymphatic vessels. Form, amount, dimensions and topography of common iliac lymph nodes have been studied. Lymphatic vessels, running from certain parts and organs of the body to various subgroups of the external iliac lymph nodes have been described, as well as efferent lymph vessels of these nodes. The external iliac lymph nodes are constant formations; the largest of them--lymph nodes of the lacuna--are nodes of the I step for the lower extremity lymph vessels. In 54% of cases in persons of both sex positive (right-sided) asymmetry has been revealed. Total amount of the iliac lymph nodes prevails in men, while their size is greater in women. The size of these nodes in persons of both sex is greater to the left than to the right. There are connections (in 3% of cases) between the external iliac lymph nodes and aortal and lumbar nodes of the opposite side.