2型糖尿病大血管病变患者血清趋化素与hs-CRP的相关性

目的:观察2型糖尿病(type2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)大血管病变患者血清趋化素(chemerin)和超敏C-反应蛋白(high-sensitivity C-reactive protein,hs-CRP)的水平及其相关性。方法:选择我院2013年4月至2015年4月收治的T2DM患者60例,根据患者血管病变情况分为糖尿病大血管病变组和单纯糖尿病组,每组30例。另选择同期来我院体检的健康志愿者30例作为对照组。检测三组血清chemerin和hs-CRP水平并分析。结果:糖尿病大血管病变组和单纯糖尿病组血清chemerin和hs-CRP水平均显著高于对照组(P0.05);糖尿病大血管病变组血清chemerin和hs-CRP水平均显著高于单纯糖尿病组(P0.05);糖尿病大血管病变组血清chemerin与hs-CRP呈正相关(r=0.451,P0.05)。结论:T2DM大血管病变患者血清chemerin水平显著增高,血清chemerin水平与炎症指标hs-CRP存在正相关,chemerin可能通过介导炎症在T2DM大血管病变过程中发挥作用。     

炎症因子chemerin在肥胖及其相关疾病中的作用及运动对chemerin调控的研究进展北大核心CSCD

作为一个脂肪和炎症因子,chemerin与肥胖及其相关疾病如2型糖尿病、代谢综合征、动脉粥样硬化等疾病的发生和严重程度密切相关。运动是防治肥胖及其相关疾病、改善其紊乱的糖脂代谢的有效方法;该作用与运动通过过氧化物增殖因子活化受体(PPARγ)的激活来降低肥胖及其相关疾病的血清、脂肪、肝和骨骼肌的chemerin水平有关。chemerin的降低一方面减轻炎症,另一方面改善糖脂代谢,从而防治肥胖及其相关疾病。本文就chemerin概况、其在肥胖及其相关疾病中的作用,以及运动对chemerin的调控及机制做一综述。     

炎症因子chemerin在肥胖及其相关疾病中的作用及运动对chemerin调控的研究进展

作为一个脂肪和炎症因子,chemerin与肥胖及其相关疾病如2型糖尿病、代谢综合征、动脉粥样硬化等疾病的发生和严重程度密切相关。运动是防治肥胖及其相关疾病、改善其紊乱的糖脂代谢的有效方法;该作用与运动通过过氧化物增殖因子活化受体(PPARγ)的激活来降低肥胖及其相关疾病的血清、脂肪、肝和骨骼肌的chemerin水平有关。chemerin的降低一方面减轻炎症,另一方面改善糖脂代谢,从而防治肥胖及其相关疾病。本文就chemerin概况、其在肥胖及其相关疾病中的作用,以及运动对chemerin的调控及机制做一综述。     

血管内皮祖细胞与糖尿病微血管病变研究进展

糖尿病微血管病变严重影响了患者生活质量,是患者致死致残主要原因。微血管病变主要表现在视网膜、肾、神经、心肌组织。微血管病变的机制尚未完全清楚,近年越来越多研究发现血管内皮祖细胞(endothelial progenitor cells,EPCs)是该病发病重要原因。EPCs有分化为成熟的内皮细胞并且参与新血管形成和新生的能力。正常情况下内皮损失和EPCs对内皮的修复作用处于动态平衡状态,一旦EPCs受损,内皮损害和修复之间的平衡被打破,内皮层的完整性遭到破坏,必然参与糖尿病血管病变的发生发展。国内外大量研究证明糖尿病合并大血管病变EPCs数目功能改变,而糖尿病合并微血管病变EPCs的怎样变化?本文就EPCs与糖尿病微血管病变的关系进行系统综述。     

胰岛素受体及其底物与血管内皮生长因子

VEGF参与肿瘤发生与发展、缺血性血管病变、糖尿病小血管异常增生等多个病理生理过程,胰岛素受体及其底物作为VEGF的调节因素之一可通过多种途径影响VEGF的表达。文章综述了在糖尿病视网膜病变、肿瘤、缺血性血管病等不同病理生理条件下胰岛素受体及其底物对VEGF表达的影响,推测两者之间可能存在的调节机制。     

非酒精性脂肪性肝合并2型糖尿病患者血清chemerin水平变化及其相关性分析

目的:探讨非酒精性脂肪性肝(NAFLD)合并2型糖尿病患者血清chemerin水平变化及其相关性,为其临床诊治提供参考。方法:选择河北医科大学附属秦皇岛市第一医院收治的NAFLD和2型糖尿病患者作为研究对象,其中NAFLD合并2型糖尿病患者100例(A组),单纯NAFLD患者100例(B组),单纯2型糖尿病患者100例(C组),并选取同期来该院检查的100例健康人作为对照组。比较各组患者的血清chemerin、空腹血糖、胰岛素水平、肝功能、炎症因子、应激反应指标以及胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)差异,分析血清chemerin水平与各项指标的相关性。结果:按照A组、B组、C组以及对照组的顺序,患者血清chemerin、谷氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、丙二醛(MDA)、空腹血糖、胰岛素及HOMA-IR水平逐渐降低,而血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH)水平逐渐升高,组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。经Pearson相关性分析,血清chemerin水平与血清ALT、AST、MDA、CRP、TNF-α、空腹血糖、胰岛素水平及HOMA-IR水平呈现正相关,与SOD、GSH水平呈现负相关(P0.05)。结论:血清chemerin水平可通过对胰岛素抵抗、应激反应以及炎症反应等机制进行调节,参与NAFLD合并2型糖尿病的发生以及发展,并具有较好的相关性,可为NAFLD合并2型糖尿病患者的临床治疗提供新的突破点。     

单核细胞趋化蛋白-1与2型糖尿病大血管病变

单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte chemoattractant protein-1;MCP-1)属于炎症趋化因子CC亚族成员,它能趋化T淋巴细胞、单核细胞,诱导内皮细胞、单核细胞释放黏附因子,使单核/巨噬细胞向病变处聚集。这些免疫及炎症过程有可能导致2型糖尿病大血管病变的发生、发展。本文就单核细胞趋化蛋白-1促使动脉粥样硬化的机制、及其干预治疗,单核细胞趋化蛋白-1表达上调的影响因素,深入了解单核细胞趋化蛋白-1与2型糖尿病大血管病变的关系。     

Lp(a)在糖尿病血管并发症中的表达与机制

2型糖尿病患病率逐年上升,糖尿病血管病变是主要的慢性并发症之一,是糖尿病致死率、致残率居高不下的重要原因。脂蛋白a[lipoprotein(a),Lp(a)]是2型糖尿病及血管并发症的有效预测因子与危险因素,通过促进动脉粥样硬化、促进血栓形成、抗血管生成、诱导炎症和氧化应激等机制参与胰岛素抵抗和脂代谢异常的进程,Lp(a)与凝血功能、肾功能等相关指标有明显相关性,有望成为糖尿病血管并发症早期诊断和评估预后的潜在生物学标志物。该文旨在对Lp(a)在糖尿病血管并发症的表达与机制作一综述,以期提高其临床应用价值。     

糖尿病介导的周细胞损伤对脊髓损伤后血脊屏障破坏的作用

糖尿病是一种常见的慢性代谢异常性疾病,可通过血糖异常诱导体内内环境紊乱,引起一系列急性或慢性并发症。慢性高血糖可引起大血管和微血管病变,该过程由错综复杂的分子机制协同调控,例如炎症反应、细胞内应激作用、细胞焦亡和细胞铁死亡等。糖尿病可抑制脊髓损伤后血脊屏障修复,加重神经功能损伤,从而不利于运动功能恢复。周细胞是神经血管单元的重要组成部分,参与调控血管再生、毛细血管血流量以及血脊屏障渗透性。脊髓损伤后,血脊屏障遭到破坏,周细胞覆盖率显著降低,血管正常功能受到巨大影响。糖尿病不仅参与调控周细胞的收缩表型和信号传导,而且改变周细胞分泌基因组谱,影响周细胞正常功能。此外,有研究证实,糖尿病促进脊髓损伤后周细胞丢失。本综述系统阐述了糖尿病对血管系统中周细胞的调控作用,及其介导的周细胞损伤对脊髓损伤后血脊屏障修复影响的研究进展。     

ProNGF-p75NTR参与糖尿病视网膜病变的机制研究

糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)是糖尿病的主要并发症之一,是近年来国内外成人失明的主要原因之一。神经营养因子(neurotrophins,NTs)是视网膜神经元生长、分化和存活所必需的蛋白质家族。NTs可通过其相应的原肌球蛋白激酶相关的受体发出信号介导细胞的存活,或通过p75神经营养因子受体(p75 neurotrophin receptor,p75NTR)与辅助受体sortilin介导细胞死亡,是DR发病机制的主要的参与者。DR具体机制目前尚不清楚,其中神经生长因子前体蛋白(pro-nerve growth factor,pro NGF)-p75NTR及其下游信号通路在DR发病过程中起到了关键作用,本文对pro NGF-p75NTR在DR中的发病机制进行综述。     

Chemerin induced by Treponema pallidum predicted membrane protein Tp0965 mediates the activation of endothelial cell via MAPK signaling pathway

Chemerin, a chemoattractant protein, is involved in endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation in pathological conditions. In a recent study, we observed the upregulation of chemerin in endothelial cells following in vitro treatment with Treponema pallidum. Here, we investigated the role of chemerin in endothelial cells activation induced by the T. pallidum predicted membrane protein Tp0965. Following stimulation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with Tp0965, chemerin and its receptor chemerin receptor 23 (ChemR23) were upregulated, companied with elevated expression of Toll-like receptor 2. Furthermore, chemerin from HUVECs activated endothelial cells via chemerin/ChemR23 signaling in an autocrine/paracrine manner, characterized by upregulated expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1, E-selectin, and matrix metalloproteinase-2. Activation of endothelial cells depended on the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. In addition, Tp0965-induced chemerin promoted THP-1-derived macrophages migration to endothelial cells, also via the chemerin/ChemR23 pathway. The RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway was also involved in THP-1-derived macrophages migration in response to chemerin/ChemR23. Our results highlight the role of Tp0965-induced chemerin in endothelial cells dysfunction, which contributes to the immunopathogenesis of vascular inflammation of syphilis.     

ChemR23 dampens lung inflammation and enhances anti-viral immunity in a mouse model of acute viral pneumonia

Viral diseases of the respiratory tract, which include influenza pandemic, children acute bronchiolitis, and viral pneumonia of the elderly, represent major health problems. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells play an important role in anti-viral immunity, and these cells were recently shown to express ChemR23, the receptor for the chemoattractant protein chemerin, which is expressed by epithelial cells in the lung. Our aim was to determine the role played by the chemerin/ChemR23 system in the physiopathology of viral pneumonia, using the pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) as a model. Wild-type and ChemR23 knock-out mice were infected by PVM and followed for functional and inflammatory parameters. ChemR23(-/-) mice displayed higher mortality/morbidity, alteration of lung function, delayed viral clearance and increased neutrophilic infiltration. We demonstrated in these mice a lower recruitment of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and a reduction in type I interferon production. The role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells was further addressed by performing depletion and adoptive transfer experiments as well as by the generation of chimeric mice, demonstrating two opposite effects of the chemerin/ChemR23 system. First, the ChemR23-dependent recruitment of plasmacytoid dendritic cells contributes to adaptive immune responses and viral clearance, but also enhances the inflammatory response. Second, increased morbidity/mortality in ChemR23(-/-) mice is not due to defective plasmacytoid dendritic cells recruitment, but rather to the loss of an anti-inflammatory pathway involving ChemR23 expressed by non-leukocytic cells. The chemerin/ChemR23 system plays important roles in the physiopathology of viral pneumonia, and might therefore be considered as a therapeutic target for anti-viral and anti-inflammatory therapies.     

Chemerin/ChemR23 axis promotes inflammation of glomerular endothelial cells in diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is characterized by inflammation of renal tissue. Glomerular endothelial cells (GEnCs) play an important role in inflammation and protein leakage in urine in DN patients. Chemerin and its receptor ChemR23 are inducers of inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the function of chemerin/ChemR23 in GEnCs of DN patients. Immunohistochemical staining and qRT‐PCR were used to measure the expression of chemerin, ChemR23 and inflammatory factors in renal tissues of DN patients. Db/db mice were used as animal model. ChemR23 of DN mice was knocked down by injecting LV3‐shRNA into tail vein. Inflammation, physiological and pathological changes in each group was measured. GEnCs were cultured as an in vitro model to study potential signalling pathways. Results showed that expression of chemerin, ChemR23 and inflammatory factors increased in DN patients and mice. LV3‐shRNA alleviated renal damage and inflammation in DN mice. GEnCs stimulated by glucose showed increased chemerin, ChemR23 and inflammatory factors and decreased endothelial marker CD31. Both LV3‐shRNA and SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor) attenuated chemerin‐induced inflammation and injury in GEnCs. Taken together, chemerin/ChemR23 axis played an important role in endothelial injury and inflammation in DN via the p38 MAPK signalling pathway. Suppression of ChemR23 alleviated DN damage.     

Consequences of ChemR23 Heteromerization with the Chemokine Receptors CXCR4 and CCR7

Recent studies have shown that heteromerization of the chemokine receptors CCR2, CCR5 and CXCR4 is associated to negative binding cooperativity. In the present study, we build on these previous results, and investigate the consequences of chemokine receptor heteromerization with ChemR23, the receptor of chemerin, a leukocyte chemoattractant protein structurally unrelated to chemokines. We show, using BRET and HTRF assays, that ChemR23 forms homomers, and provide data suggesting that ChemR23 also forms heteromers with the chemokine receptors CCR7 and CXCR4. As previously described for other chemokine receptor heteromers, negative binding cooperativity was detected between ChemR23 and chemokine receptors, i.e. the ligands of one receptor competed for the binding of a specific tracer of the other. We also showed, using mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells prepared from wild-type and ChemR23 knockout mice, that ChemR23-specific ligands cross-inhibited CXCL12 binding on CXCR4 in a ChemR23-dependent manner, supporting the relevance of the ChemR23/CXCR4 interaction in native leukocytes. Finally, and in contrast to the situation encountered for other previously characterized CXCR4 heteromers, we showed that the CXCR4-specific antagonist AMD3100 did not cross-inhibit chemerin binding in cells co-expressing ChemR23 and CXCR4, demonstrating that cross-regulation by AMD3100 depends on the nature of receptor partners with which CXCR4 is co-expressed.     

Chemerin and its receptors in leukocyte trafficking, inflammation and metabolism

Chemerin was isolated as the natural ligand of the G protein-coupled receptor ChemR23. Chemerin acts as a chemotactic factor for leukocyte populations expressing ChemR23, particularly immature plasmacytoid dendritic cells, but also immature myeloid DCs, macrophages and natural killer cells. Chemerin is expressed by epithelial and non-epithelial cells as an inactive precursor, present at nanomolar concentrations in plasma. Processing of the precursor C-terminus is required for generating bioactive forms of chemerin. Various proteases mediate this processing, including neutrophil serine proteases and proteases from coagulation and fibrinolytic cascades. ChemR23-expressing cells are recruited in human inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis and lupus. In animal models, both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory roles of chemerin have been reported. Recently, two other receptors for chemerin were described, GPR1 and CCRL2, but their functional relevance is largely unknown. Both chemerin and ChemR23 are also expressed by adipocytes, and the emerging role of chemerin as an adipokine regulating lipid and carbohydrate metabolism is an area of intense research.     

Increased Expression of Chemerin in Squamous Esophageal Cancer Myofibroblasts and Role in Recruitment of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Stromal cells such as myofibroblasts influence tumor progression. The mechanisms are unclear but may involve effects on both tumor cells and recruitment of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) which then colonize tumors. Using iTRAQ and LC-MS/MS we identified the adipokine, chemerin, as overexpressed in esophageal squamous cancer associated myofibroblasts (CAMs) compared with adjacent tissue myofibroblasts (ATMs). The chemerin receptor, ChemR23, is expressed by MSCs. Conditioned media (CM) from CAMs significantly increased MSC cell migration compared to ATM-CM; the action of CAM-CM was significantly reduced by chemerin-neutralising antibody, pretreatment of CAMs with chemerin siRNA, pretreatment of MSCs with ChemR23 siRNA, and by a ChemR23 receptor antagonist, CCX832. Stimulation of MSCs by chemerin increased phosphorylation of p42/44, p38 and JNK-II kinases and inhibitors of these kinases and PKC reversed chemerin-stimulated MSC migration. Chemerin stimulation of MSCs also induced expression and secretion of macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF) that tended to restrict migratory responses to low concentrations of chemerin but not higher concentrations. In a xenograft model consisting of OE21 esophageal cancer cells and CAMs, homing of MSCs administered i.v. was inhibited by CCX832. Thus, chemerin secreted from esophageal cancer myofibroblasts is a potential chemoattractant for MSCs and its inhibition may delay tumor progression.     

Chemerin/ChemR23 pathway: a system beyond chemokines

Chemerin is a chemokine that, through the engagement of its counter-receptor, ChemR23, attracts pro-inflammatory cells. However, chemerin has been shown to play other functions and a recent study by Berg and colleagues demonstrates that chemerin/ChemR23 is a system beyond chemokines. Human articular chondrocytes produce chemerin and express ChemR23, and upon stimulation with recombinant chemerin increase the production of pro-catabolic cytokines and metalloproteinases. The latter are up-regulated in osteoarthritic cartilage and cause extracellular matrix breakdown. Since an increase of chemerin in fat tissue and serum of obese patients has been reported, this new feature of chemerin may represent a functional link between obesity and osteoarthritis.     

Human articular chondrocytes express ChemR23 and chemerin; ChemR23 promotes inflammatory signalling upon binding the ligand chemerin<Superscript>21-157</Superscript>

Introduction  

Chemerin is a chemotactic peptide which directs leukocytes expressing the chemokine-like receptor ChemR23 towards sites of inflammation. ChemR23 is a G protein-coupled receptor which binds several different ligands, and it is also expressed by other cell types such as adipocytes. In addition to chemotaxis, recent reports suggest that ChemR23 is capable of mediating either inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects, depending on the type of ligand it binds. In the present study, we aimed to clarify whether human chondrocytes express ChemR23 and chemerin, and whether chemerin/ChemR23 signalling could affect secretion of inflammatory mediators.     

Chemerin15 inhibits neutrophil‐mediated vascular inflammation and myocardial ischemia‐reperfusion injury through ChemR23

Neutrophil activation and adhesion must be tightly controlled to prevent complications associated with excessive inflammatory responses. The role of the anti‐inflammatory peptide chemerin15 (C15) and the receptor ChemR23 in neutrophil physiology is unknown. Here, we report that ChemR23 is expressed in neutrophil granules and rapidly upregulated upon neutrophil activation. C15 inhibits integrin activation and clustering, reducing neutrophil adhesion and chemotaxis in vitro. In the inflamed microvasculature, C15 rapidly modulates neutrophil physiology inducing adherent cell detachment from the inflamed endothelium, while reducing neutrophil recruitment and heart damage in a murine myocardial infarction model. These effects are mediated through ChemR23. We identify the C15/ChemR23 pathway as a new regulator and thus therapeutic target in neutrophil‐driven pathologies.     

Chemerin activates fibroblast-like synoviocytes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Introduction

Chemerin is a chemotactic agonist identified as a ligand for ChemR23 that is expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). In this study, we analyzed the expression of chemerin and ChemR23 in the synovium of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and the stimulatory effects of chemerin on fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) from RA patients.

Methods

Chemerin and ChemR23 expression in the RA synovium was ascertained by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Chemerin expression on cultured FLSs was analyzed by ELISA. ChemR23 expression on FLSs was determined by immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis. Cytokine production from FLSs was measured by ELISA. FLS cell motility was evaluated by utilizing a scrape motility assay. We also examined the stimulating effect of chemerin on the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK1/2), p38MAPK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)1/2 and Akt, as well as on the degradation of regulator of NF-κB (IκBα) in FLSs, by Western blot analysis.

Results

Chemerin was expressed on endothelial cells and synovial lining and sublining cells. ChemR23 was expressed on macrophages, immature DCs and FLSs and a few mature DCs in the RA synovium. Chemerin and ChemR23 were highly expressed in the RA synovium compared with osteoarthritis. Chemerin and ChemR23 were expressed on unstimulated FLSs. TNF-α and IFN-γ upregulated chemerin production. Chemerin enhanced the production of IL-6, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 and matrix metalloproteinase 3 by FLSs, as well as increasing FLS motility. The stimulatory effects of chemerin on FLSs were mediated by activation of ERK1/2, p38MAPK and Akt, but not by JNK1/2. Degradation of IκB in FLSs was not promoted by chemerin stimulation. Inhibition of the ERK1/2, p38MAPK and Akt signaling pathways significantly suppressed chemerin-induced IL-6 production. Moreover, blockade of the p38MAPK and Akt pathways, but not the ERK1/2 pathway, inhibited chemerin-enhanced cell motility.

Conclusions

The interaction of chemerin and ChemR23 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of RA through the activation of FLSs.