Hsp90抑制剂对未折叠蛋白反应作用的研究进展

肿瘤细胞因癌基因突变、缺氧及营养受限而高度依赖未折叠蛋白反应(unfolded protein response,UPR)。细胞通过内质网(endoplasmic reticulum,ER)膜上3个跨膜蛋白感知未折叠蛋白信号,引起未折叠蛋白反应,动态调控内质网折叠能力,一方面通过暂时减缓翻译和加快蛋白质流出减少ER蛋白质折叠负担,另一方面通过转录因子提高伴侣分子合成,增加ER折叠能力。未折叠的蛋白质长时间积聚在ER会对细胞产生毒性,引起不能缓解的ER应激状态,启动细胞凋亡程序。热休克蛋白90(heat shock protein 90,Hsp90)是一种进化保守的伴侣分子,参与了300多种新生蛋白质的折叠与成熟,其中包括UPR重要信号IRE1α(inositol-requiring enzyme 1α)。Hsp90抑制剂导致细胞产生大量未折叠蛋白质,同时直接诱导IRE1α的降解,从而破坏UPR恢复蛋白质平衡的能力,诱导UPR相关凋亡。目前,Hsp90抑制剂可有效诱导分泌型肿瘤细胞如骨髓瘤以及RAS突变肿瘤UPR途径的凋亡。     

Hsp90抑制剂的研究进展

热激蛋白90(heat shock protein90,Hsp90)作为分子伴侣在调节细胞生长、分化、凋亡等方面发挥着重要的作用。Hsp90抑制剂能与Hsp90结合,使其功能丧失,造成细胞的多种生理活动缺陷,在Hsp90功能研究和癌症治疗方面具有潜在的价值。综述了不同来源的Hsp90抑制剂及其作用机制,同时对新型Hsp90抑制剂的来源进行了探讨。     

mTOR信号转导通路抑制剂及其与肿瘤耐药的研究进展

哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR)是一种特异性的蛋白激酶,在调控细胞生长、增殖、代谢等多项生命活动中都具有重要意义。mTOR调控功能的失活与异常激活,会导致相关肿瘤和疾病的发生。近年来已有多种mTOR抑制剂用于治疗该信号转导通路异常引起的肿瘤。该文探究多种调控mTOR的信号通路和mTOR抑制剂用于肿瘤治疗的最新进展,还探讨肿瘤细胞对mTOR抑制剂产生耐药性的潜在机制和应对策略。因此,对mTOR信号通路及其调控机制的探索有助于研发全新的肿瘤治疗技术。     

TPR蛋白对Hsp90功能的调节

热激蛋白Hsp90是一类在进化中形成的高度保守的且可参与多种细胞功能的特异分子伴侣。TPR蛋白通常存在于Hsp90的多蛋白质复合物中,它对Hsp90的功能的多样性起着至关重要的作用,同时Hsp90可能为TPR蛋白提供“泊位”,允许不同的TPR蛋白在Hsp90分子伴侣底物附近有序而特异结合,从而使Hsp90在细胞内环境中以特定的方式完成其各种细胞功能。了解TPR蛋白与Hsp90的相互作用机制为阐明细胞内Hsp90的功能多样性和特异性奠定了基础。     

热休克蛋白90在肝细胞癌中的研究进展

肝细胞癌中蛋白质稳态是其生长和转移的基础, Hsp90作为分子伴侣可维持多种促癌分子的稳定性,并抑制抑癌分子的活性,使蛋白质合成和降解之间保持平衡,致使癌细胞在恶劣微环境的持续刺激下依旧可以生存。然而, Hsp90抑制剂因在临床试验中表现出严重的不良反应,故迄今没有一种抑制剂获得FDA的批准。该篇文章阐述了Hsp90的结构、表达调控、伴侣循环以及Hsp90过表达与肝细胞癌之间的联系,旨在阐明Hsp90在肝细胞癌发生发展中的作用,为临床用药提供理论依据。     

真菌耐药性产生的新机制：热休克蛋白90的作用

近年来白念珠菌病发病率呈上升趋势。随着抗真菌药物的广泛应用,临床出现的耐药菌株也不断增多。最近对耐药菌株的产生机制的研究有了重大突破,对Hsp90的作用有了更深的了解,即Hsp90可以参与由于快速选择而出现的真菌耐药机制,而且对耐药性的维持也起到一定作用。该文对Hsp90对真菌产生耐药性的机制及其临床应用的研究进展作一综述。     

质子泵抑制剂与肿瘤耐药研究

恶性肿瘤对抗癌药物的耐药性是肿瘤患者治疗失败的主要原因。肿瘤细胞外微环境的高度酸化是肿瘤细胞对化疗药物产生耐药的机制之一。改变肿瘤细胞内外的pH梯度是逆转耐药的一种有效方法。作为抗酸剂治疗胃病的质子泵抑制剂能够通过抑制质子泵的功能,改变pH梯度而阻断肿瘤微环境的酸化,达到提高肿瘤对化疗药物敏感性的目的。     

细胞休眠在肿瘤耐药和复发中的作用

目前对于肿瘤的药物治疗已经取得了一定的进展,然而,治疗后残存肿瘤细胞的复发仍然是导致肿瘤治疗失败的主要原因．肿瘤细胞休眠在肿瘤复发及耐药中发挥着重要的作用．近年来,研究发现上皮间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)的肿瘤细胞,肿瘤干细胞(cancer stem cells,CSCs)以及循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cells,CTCs)都显示出细胞周期阻滞的状态．因此,对于休眠阶段肿瘤细胞的研究将可能促进肿瘤的治疗及预防肿瘤的复发．本文总结了药物治疗诱导肿瘤细胞发生休眠的具体过程,同时认为休眠是肿瘤细胞面对药物治疗所采取的主动防御措施,而非被动逃避过程．探究药物诱导性肿瘤细胞的休眠机制对于靶向休眠肿瘤细胞治疗及提高临床治疗效果都具有非常重要的意义．     

STAT3与在肿瘤耐药中的研究进展

STAT3是信号转导与转录活化蛋白(STATs)家族的重要一员,是一种存在于胞浆并在激活后能够转入核内与DNA结合的蛋白家族,具有信号转导和转录调控双重功能。STAT3在多种肿瘤组织与细胞系中异常表达,并与肿瘤的增殖分化、细胞凋亡密切相关。肿瘤耐药是其治疗失败的重要原因,STAT3能够通过多种途径介导肿瘤耐药。因而,STAT3在近年的抗肿瘤研究中备受关注,成为肿瘤治疗的良好靶点,由传统药物与STAT3抑制剂组成的新型治疗方案使得肿瘤患者大大受益。然而,STAT3介导肿瘤耐药的机制还不是很明确,需要进一步研究。本文就近年来一些化疗药物和靶向药物耐药的发生,对STAT3介导耐药的作用进行综述。     

Hsp90伴侣复合体装配及对类固醇受体调节

真核细胞中近100种蛋白质都受Hsp90的调节。这些蛋白质多与信号转导作用有关,它们与Hsp90一起进入一个以Hsp90/Hsp70为主的伴侣复合体,在复合体内完成信号转导作用。Hsp90除了和蛋白质的伴侣位点结合以外,还在其他位点与辅助因子连接,这是Hsp90能与蛋白质及辅助因子组装成复合体,并进而调节其信号作用的结构基础。类固醇受体等蛋白质的信号转导作用是在Hsp70、Hsp90为基础的5种蛋白质(Hsp90,Hsp70,Hop,Hsp40和p23)组成的复合体中进行的。这个系统可以帮助理解在真核细胞中,Hsp70和Hsp90怎样联合作用,改变底物蛋白构象,以及怎样应答信号作用。     

热激蛋白90抑制剂

分子伴侣热激蛋白90(heat-shock protein 90,Hsp90)在生物体内具有重要的生理功能,它在许多肿瘤细胞中表达增加。临床研究发现Hsp90抑制剂单一用药或者联合用药都具有较好的抗肿瘤效果,因此目前Hsp90被认为是癌症治疗一个非常有潜力的靶标。本文总结了Hsp90的结构功能、Hsp90抑制剂的作用机理以及Hsp90抑制剂的临床应用前景,希望为设计和开发新的Hsp90抑制剂提供一定的参考。     

Mercury stimulates rat liver glucocorticoid receptor association with Hsp90 and Hsp70

The subject of the present study is the influence of mercury on association of rat liver glucocorticoid receptor (GR) with heat shock proteins Hsp90 and Hsp70. The glucocorticoid receptor heterocomplexes with Hsp90 and Hsp70 were immunopurified from the liver cytosol of rats administered with different doses of mercury. The amounts of co-immunopurified apo-receptor, Hsp90 and Hsp70 were then determined by quantitative Western blotting. The ratio between the amount of heat shock protein Hsp90 or Hsp70 and the amount of apo-receptor within immunopurified heterocomplexes was found to increase in response to mercury administration. On the other hand, the levels of Hsp90 and Hsp70 in hepatic cytosol remained unaltered. The finding that mercury stimulates association of the two heat shock proteins with the glucocorticoid receptor, rendering the cytosolic heat shock protein levels unchanged, suggests that mercury affects the mechanisms controlling the assembly of the receptor heterocomplexes.     

Macrocyclic lactams as potent Hsp90 inhibitors with excellent tumor exposure and extended biomarker activity

A novel series of macrocyclic ortho-aminobenzamide Hsp90 inhibitors is reported. In continuation of our research in this area, macrocyclic amides and lactams were explored to reduce the risk of hERG liabilities. This effort culminated in the discovery of compound 38, which showed a favorable in vitro profile, and efficiently suppressed proliferation of several relevant cell lines. This compound showed prolonged Hsp90-inhibitory activity at least 24 h post-administration, consistent with elevated and prolonged exposure in the tumor.     

Phosphorylation of the Hsp90 Co-Chaperone Hop Changes its Conformational Dynamics and Biological Function

The molecular chaperones Hsp90 and Hsp70 and their regulatory co-chaperone Hop play a key role at the crossroads of the folding pathways of numerous client proteins by forming fine-tuned multiprotein complexes. Alterations of the biomolecules involved may functionally impact the chaperone machinery: here, we integrate simulations and experiments to unveil how Hop conformational fitness and interactions can be controlled by the perturbation of just one residue. Specifically, we unveil how mechanisms mediated by Hop residue Y354 control Hop open and closed states, which affect binding of Hsp70/Hsp90. Phosphorylation or mutation of Hop-Y354 are shown to favor structural ensembles that are indeed not optimal for stable interactions with Hsp90 and Hsp70. This disfavors cellular accumulation of the stringent Hsp90 clients glucocorticoid receptor and the viral tyrosine kinase v-Src, with detrimental effects on v-Src activity. Our results show how the post-translational modification of a specific residue in Hop provides a regulation mechanism for the larger chaperone complex of which it is part. In this framework, the effects of one single alteration are amplified at the cellular level through the perturbation of protein-interaction networks.     

Hsp90 interacts with AMPK and mediates acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylation

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) serves to stabilise and correctly fold multiple significant client proteins associated with cell proliferation and cell survival. However, little is known about the Hsp90 client proteins that regulate cell metabolism. Here, we describe a unique ability of Hsp90 to regulate the stability and activity of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), a key sensor of cellular energy status. Hsp90 is found to interact with AMPK and to maintain its AMP-activated kinase activity, which in turn is required for the phosphorylation of its substrate, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), the key enzyme in fatty acid metabolism. Our binding analysis reveals that both the γ subunit and the α subunit of AMPK bind to Hsp90 with a high affinity. We demonstrate that Hsp90 inhibitors, including geldanamycin (GA) and mycoepoxydiene (MED), can induce the dissociation of AMPK from Hsp90, and cause a significant decrease in phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC. Furthermore, we demonstrate that shRNAs of Hsp90 can efficiently suppress the activation of AMPK. These findings not only establish a novel interaction between Hsp90 and AMPK but also suggest a new mechanism for regulating tumour cell fatty acid metabolism.     

Hsp90 at the crossroads of genetics and epigenetics

Hsp90 is a specialized molecular chaperone that is capable of buffering the expression of abnormal phenotypes.Inhi-bition of Hsp90 activity results in the expression of these phenotypes that are otherwise masked.Selection of offspringfrom the crossing of affected progenies results in inheritance and enrichment of these phenotypes,which can becomeindependent of their original stimuli.The current combined evidence favours a model involving the interplay betweengenetics and epigenetics.The recent proteomics efforts to characterize the Hsp90 interaction networks provide further cluesinto the molecular mechanisms behind this complex phenomenon.This review summarizes the most recent experimentalobservations and briefly discusses the genetic and epigenetic views used in explaining the different observations.     

SGT, a Hsp90beta binding partner, is accumulated in the nucleus during cell apoptosis

In this study, we reported that small glutamine-rich TPR-containing protein (SGT) interacted with not only Hsp90alpha but also Hsp90beta. Confocal analysis showed that treatment of cells with Hsp90-specific inhibitor geldanamycin (GA) disrupted the interaction of SGT with Hsp90beta and this contributed to the increase of nuclear localization of SGT in HeLa cells. The increased nuclear localization of SGT was further confirmed by the Western blotting in GA-treated HeLa cells and H1299 cells. In our previous study, SGT was found to be a new pro-apoptotic factor, so we wondered whether the sub-cellular localization of SGT was related with cell apoptosis. By confocal analysis we found that the nuclear import of SGT was significantly increased in STS-induced apoptotic HeLa cells, which implied that the sub-cellular localization of SGT was closely associated with Hsp90beta and apoptosis.