PI3K信号通路介导apelin-13促进单核细胞-血管内皮细胞黏附的研究

本室以前已经报道G蛋白偶联受体APJ的内源性配体多肽apelin-13促进单核细胞-血管内皮细胞黏附,本文研究PI3K信号途径是否参与apelin-13促进单核细胞-血管内皮细胞黏附,探讨apelin/APJ系统的细胞信号转导机制.MPO方法检测细胞黏附;Western blot方法检测PI3K、VCAM-1的表达.Western blot方法结果显示,apelin-13(0、0.5、1、2、4μmol/L)浓度依赖性刺激血管内皮细胞PI3K磷酸化,以1μmol/L最为明显;1μmol/L apelin-13时间依赖性促进血管内皮细胞PI3K磷酸化,在30 min增加最为显著;PI3K抑制剂LY294002明显抑制apelin-13诱导的VCAM-1表达和单核细胞-血管内皮细胞黏附.上述结果表明,PI3K信号途径介导apelin-13促进单核细胞-血管内皮细胞黏附.     

低氧促进大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞Periostin表达及其信号转导机制

观察低氧对大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞（pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells,PASMCs）Periostin表达的影响及其相关信号转导机制。胶原酶I法原代培养PASMCs,经低氧（5％O2）分别处理PASMCs2,6,12,24h后,RT-PCR和Western blot法检测Periostin mRNA和蛋白表达。加入PI3K/Akt通路特异性抑制剂LY294002（10μmol／L）进行干预,Western blot分析比较不同条件下低氧处理24h后大鼠PASMCs中Periostin和Akt／P-Akt的蛋白表达。结果表日月,与常氧组比较,低氧处理6h组、12h组和24h纽Periostin mRNA和蛋白的表达均显著上升（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,低氧处理后的PASMCs中Periostin mRNA和蛋白的表达逐渐升高：低氧处理2h组无显著差异（P〉0．05）。用LY294002对PASMCs处理,并低氧24h后,Periostin的表达被显著抑制（P〈0．01）,细胞P-Akt的表达下调（P〈0．05）,总Akt的蛋白表达没有明显差异（P〉0．05）。推测低氧可诱导大鼠PASMCs中Periostin mRNA和蛋白的表达上调。低氧可能通过激活P13K/Akt通路促进Akt的磷酸化,进而使Periostin在PASMCs中过表达,提示Periostin在低氧性PASMCs增殖过程中可能起着重要作用。     

土槿皮乙酸通过PI3K/Akt信号通路诱导人肾癌细胞A498凋亡

目的:研究土槿皮乙酸对人肾癌细胞A498凋亡的影响,并探讨其内在的分子机制,为肾癌治疗寻找有效的新靶点和新策略。方法:人肾癌细胞A498经10、15μmol/L土槿皮乙酸处理48 h后,用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,同时通过Western印迹和实时荧光定量PCR检测凋亡相关蛋白和m RNA的表达;加入PI3K/Akt通路抑制剂LY294002或15μmol/L土槿皮乙酸处理A498细胞48 h后,Western印迹检测相关蛋白的表达。结果:经不同浓度土槿皮乙酸作用A498细胞48 h后,与未加土槿皮乙酸组细胞相比,细胞凋亡率显著上升,且呈剂量依赖性,比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);同时,Blc-2表达减少,Bax、caspase-9、caspase-3表达增多。Blc-2蛋白的表达量随LY294002或土槿皮乙酸的逐步加入而减少,而Bax、caspase-9、caspase-3的表达呈增加趋势;PI3K和Akt蛋白的表达量与是否加入LY294002或土槿皮乙酸无关,p-PI3K和Aktp-Ser473蛋白的表达量随LY294002或土槿皮乙酸的逐步加入而减少。结论:土槿皮乙酸可抑制A498细胞凋亡,其作用机制可能与PI3K/Akt通路相关。     

高糖和LY294002干预影响足细胞内Ⅳ型胶原表达

探讨高糖和PI3K/Akt通路对足细胞内Ⅳ型胶原(Col Ⅳ)表达的影响。体外培养小鼠足细胞,给予高糖(30mmol/L)处理后,分别于0,12,24,48h收集细胞,采用免疫细胞化学染色法和Western blot技术检测Col Ⅳ的表达;Western blot技术检测Akt的活化及LY294002对Col Ⅳ表达的抑制效应。结果表明,高糖诱导足细胞内Col Ⅳ蛋白表达增多,24h明显,各时间点与高糖刺激前相比均有统计学差异(P<0.05);高糖激活Akt蛋白磷酸化,p-Akt随刺激时间延长表达增多。PI3K/Akt通路抑制剂LY294002孵育细胞24h后,可减弱高糖诱导的足细胞内Col Ⅳ的表达(P<0.05)。因此,高糖可能通过激活PI3K/Akt通路上调足细胞内Ⅳ型胶原表达。     

PI3K/Akt 通路在电针预处理诱导脑缺血耐受中的机制研究

目的:通过观察电针预处理对磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白质丝氨酸苏氨酸激酶(PI3K/Akt)通路的变化以及该通路抑制剂对电针预处理的脑保护的影响,探讨电针预处理诱导脑缺血耐受的可能机制。方法:线栓法单侧阻断大脑中动脉120min,再灌注24h制备大鼠大脑局灶性缺血再灌注(I/R)模型;Western Blot检测Akt磷酸化水平的变化;侧脑室注射PI3K/Akt通路抑制剂LY294002;神经行为学评分(Garcia标准)及TTC染色检测脑梗死体积比评价脑损伤程度。结果:电针预处理使大鼠神经行为学评分增高,脑梗死体积比降低(P<0.05);可上调Akt磷酸化水平,I/R2h达高峰(P<0.05)。侧脑室注射PI3K/Akt抑制剂LY294002,拮抗电针预处理的脑保护作用(P<0.05)。结论:电针预处理增加Ak(tSer473)磷酸化水平,在缺血再灌注早期上调PI3K/Akt通路可能是诱导大鼠脑缺血耐受的产生的主要机制。     

半边旗二萜类成分PAG通过ROS诱导肝癌细胞凋亡的作用研究

探讨半边旗二萜类成分Pteisolic acid G(PAG)对人肝癌细胞HepG2增殖和凋亡的影响及作用机制。用不同浓度的PAG处理HepG2细胞后,采用MTT法检测细胞存活率;采用PI单染法检测细胞周期分布;采用Annexin V-FITC/PI双染法检测细胞凋亡率;采用RT-PCR和Western Blotting检测细胞内mRNA和蛋白表达情况;采用DCFH-DA法检测细胞内ROS水平,采用ROS抑制剂乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)评价PAG细胞增殖抑制作用对ROS的依赖性。结果表明,在24 h、48 h和72 h时,PAG可剂量依赖性地抑制HepG2细胞的增殖(p0.05),IC_(50)分别为64.8μmol/L,38.5μmol/L和24.8μmol/L;用药24 h时PAG可剂量依赖性地使HepG2细胞阻滞在G_2/M期,同时增加HepG2细胞凋亡率(p0.05);PAG可剂量依赖性地降低HepG2细胞内Bcl-2 mRNA和caspase 3、PARP、Bcl-2蛋白的表达(p0.05),增加Bax mRNA和actived-caspase 3、cleaved-PARP、Bax蛋白的表达(p0.05)。当使用1 mmol/L的ROS抑制剂NAC预处理HepG2细胞时,PAG对HepG2细胞增殖抑制作用被显著阻断。上述结果表明,半边旗二萜类成分PAG可提高Bax/Bcl-2的基因和蛋白表达比值,从而诱导肝癌细胞HepG2凋亡,该作用可能是通过升高细胞内ROS水平来实现的。     

眼镜蛇毒NGF通过PI3K/AKT信号通路对肝星状细胞的影响

为探讨PI3K/Akt信号通路在眼镜蛇毒神经生长因子(NGF)诱导肝星状细胞凋亡中的作用,本实验分别采用CCK8和流式细胞术检测NGF对HSC-T6细胞增殖及凋亡作用,从而找出NGF作用HSC-T6细胞的最小有效浓度,同时应用Western Blot法分析NGF对细胞蛋白Akt磷酸化水平的影响。结果发现NGF浓度为4μg/m L时为诱导HSC-T6细胞凋亡的最小有效浓度,并且在作用HSC-T6细胞后,P-Akt的表达水平降低,Akt的表达量却增加。将该浓度NGF与信号通路抑制剂LY294002联合使用则协同作用增强。因此,眼镜蛇毒神经生长因子诱导HSC-T6细胞凋亡作用与PI3K/Akt信号通路有关。     

PI3K信号通路通过Skp2、p27调节肝癌细胞的增殖

探讨磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)信号通路调节肝癌细胞增殖的机制.用LY294002特异性阻断PI3K信号通路后,人肝癌细胞(SMMC-7721)的增殖明显被抑制.RT-PCR及蛋白质印迹结果显示,LY294002增加了p27蛋白的表达,但不影响p27的mRNA表达.在LY294002处理的细胞中转入p27的RNAi质粒以干扰p27蛋白的表达后,肝癌细胞的增殖能力可部分恢复.放线菌酮(Chx)处理实验表明,阻断PI3K信号通路使p27蛋白的半衰期延长,稳定性增加.进一步研究发现,LY294002可抑制介导p27蛋白降解的关键分子Skp2的mRNA表达,还可缩短Skp2蛋白的半衰期,降低Skp2蛋白的稳定性.但在SMMC-7721中分别转染PI3K下游重要靶分子Akt的持续激活和失活突变体,却并不影响p27蛋白的表达.这些结果表明,PI3K信号通路在转录及翻译后水平调节Skp2的表达而影响p27蛋白的降解,从而调节肝癌细胞的增殖,但Akt并没有参与这种调节.     

抑制剂LY294002调控胞内布鲁氏菌的存活

[目的]检测PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制剂LY294002(LY)对巨噬细胞和小鼠体内羊种布鲁氏菌16M(16M)存活的影响。[方法]将抑制剂LY(20μmol/L)与细胞共同孵育1 h,并将其腹腔注射小鼠(20 mg/kg/day),然后16M感染巨噬细胞和小鼠,细菌菌落计数法计算细胞内和小鼠体内的细菌数量,MTT法检测抑制剂LY对细胞活性的影响,酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测抑制剂LY对TNF-α分泌的影响。[结果]抑制剂LY在20μmol/L浓度时不影响细胞活性,抑制剂LY显著抑制了布鲁氏菌在巨噬细胞和小鼠体内的存活(P0.05),抑制剂LY显著提高了布鲁氏菌介导的TNF-α水平(P0.01)。[结论]研究表明,PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制剂LY可调控巨噬细胞和小鼠体内羊种布鲁氏菌16M的存活,为布鲁氏菌致病机制提供科学依据。     

EGCG通过STAT3抑制血管内皮细胞炎性因子表达

[目的]研究茶多酚EGCG对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的血管内皮细胞炎性因子表达的抑制作用及其机制。[方法]利用MTT和流式检测LPS和EGCG对血管内皮细胞的毒性作用,实时荧光定量PCR检测炎性因子mRNA的水平,多重液相蛋白定量技术检测炎性因子的蛋白表达,Western Blot检测STAT3及其磷酸化水平。[结果]EGCG最大浓度(100μmol/L)对血管内皮细胞无毒性;LPS处理可显著或极显著诱导炎性因子(TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8)在mRNA和蛋白水平的表达(P<0.05或P<0.01),LPS对炎性因子的促进作用具有剂量效应;25μmol/L或50μmol/L EGCG预处理能极显著抑制LPS诱导的血管内皮细胞炎性因子的表达(P<0.01),同时抑制LPS诱导的STAT3磷酸化;STAT3抑制剂能显著增强EGCG抗炎效果。[结论]EGCG通过STAT3通路抑制LPS诱导的血管内皮细胞炎症因子的表达。     

PI3K通路抑制剂LY294002对人脑胶质瘤细胞株U87细胞衰老和凋亡的影响

目的:PI3K/Akt信号通路是与胶质瘤发生发展密切相关的核心通路之一,LY294002是该通路的特异性抑制剂。本研究通过探讨PI3K通路抑制剂LY294002对U87胶质瘤细胞系细胞衰老及凋亡的影响,从而为胶质瘤患者治疗的新策略奠定理论基础。方法:将体外培养的人脑胶质瘤U87细胞株分为DMSO处理的对照组和LY294002(100μM)处理的实验组,采用β-半乳糖苷酶染色和流式细胞术的方法,分别检测并比较两组肿瘤细胞衰老和凋亡的情况。结果:LY294002处理组U87胶质瘤细胞的衰老指数(32.20±4.46%)显著高于DMSO对照组(3.40±1.61%,t=6.254,P0.001)。另外,与DMSO对照组相比,凋亡蛋白caspase-3mRNA的表达在LY294002处理组胶质瘤细胞中显著上调(t=8.923,P0.05)。LY294002处理组肿瘤细胞的凋亡指数(80.10±4.832%)明显高于DMSO对照组(4.260±1.073%,t=8.923,P0.05)。结论:LY294002既能够诱导肿瘤细胞衰老,又能够诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,然而其诱导胶质瘤细胞凋亡的能力占据主导地位,为其发挥抗胶质瘤效应的主要途径。另外,在LY294002的持续作用下,部分衰老的肿瘤细胞或许会发生凋亡。这些结论为为临床增强胶质瘤患者的联合化疗奠定了理论基础。     

Targeting integrins and PI3K/Akt-mediated signal transduction pathways enhances radiation-induced anti-angiogenesis

The integrins and PI3K/Akt are important mediators of the signal transduction pathways involved in tumor angiogenesis and cell survival after exposure to ionizing radiation. Selective targeting of either integrins or PI3K/Akt can radiosensitize tumors. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the combined inhibition of integrin alphanubeta3 by cRGD and PI3K/Akt by LY294002 would significantly enhance radiation-induced inhibition of angiogenesis by vascular endothelial cells. Treatment with cRGD inhibited the adhesion and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The inhibitory effect was further increased when cRGD and LY294002 were applied simultaneously. Both radiation and cRGD induced Akt phosphorylation, up-regulated COX2 expression, and increased PGE2 production in HUVECs. Treatment with LY294002 effectively inhibited radiation- and cRGD-induced Akt phosphorylation and up-regulation of COX2 and increased apoptosis of HUVECs. The combined use of cRGD and LY294002 enhanced radiation-induced cell killing. The clonogenic survival of HUVECs was decreased from 34% with 2 Gy radiation to 4% with these agents combined. These results demonstrate that combined use of ionizing radiation, cRGD and LY294002 inhibited multiple signaling transduction pathways involved in tumor angiogenesis and enhanced radiation-induced effects on vascular endothelial cells.     

Insulin-like growth factor-I-induced androgen receptor activation is mediated by the PI3K/Akt pathway in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells

Although insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and androgen receptor (AR) are well known effectors of skeletal muscle, the molecular mechanism by which signaling pathways integrating AR and IGF-I in skeletal muscle cells has not been previously examined. In this study, the role of PI3K/Akt on IGF-I-induced gene expression and activation of AR in skeletal muscle cells was investigated. C2C12 cells were treated with IGF-I in the absence or presence of inhibitors of PI3K/Akt pathway (LY294002 and Wortmannin). Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway with LY294002 or Wortmannin led to a significant decrease in IGF-I-induced AR phosphorylation and total AR protein expression. Furthermore, IGF-I-induced AR mRNA and skeletal α-actin mRNA were blocked by LY294002 or Wortmannin. Confocal images showed that IGF-I-induced AR translocation from cytosol to nucleus was inhibited significantly in response to treatment with LY294002 or Wortmannin. The present results suggest that modulating effect of IGF-I on AR gene expression and activation in C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle cells is mediated at least in part by the PI3K/Akt pathway.     

Somatostatin inhibits hepatic growth hormone receptor and insulin-like growth factor I mRNA expression by activating the ERK and PI3K signaling pathways

Previously, we reported that somatostatins (SS) inhibit organismal growth by reducing hepatic growth hormone (GH) sensitivity and by inhibiting insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) production. In this study, we used hepatocytes isolated from rainbow trout to elucidate the mechanism(s) associated with the extrapituitary growth-inhibiting actions of SS. SS-14, a predominant SS isoform, stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of several endogenous proteins, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), a member the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, and protein kinase B (Akt), a downstream target of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). SS-14 specifically stimulated the phosphorylation of both ERK 1/2 and Akt in a concentration-dependent fashion. This activation occurred within 5-15 min, then subsided after 1 h. The ERK inhibitor U0126 retarded SS-14-stimulated phosphorylation of ERK 1/2, whereas the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 blocked SS-14-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt. SS-14-inhibited expression of GH receptor (GHR) mRNA was blocked by U0126 but not by LY294002. By contrast, U1026 had no effect on SS-14 inhibition of GH-stimulated IGF-I mRNA expression, whereas LY294002 partially blocked the inhibition of GH-stimulated IGF-I mRNA expression by SS-14. These results indicate that SS-14-inhibited GHR expression is mediated by the ERK signaling pathway and that the PI3K/Akt pathway mediates, at least in part, SS-14 inhibition of GH-stimulated IGF-I expression.     

IL-10 synergistically enhances GM-CSF-induced CCR1 expression in myelomonocytic cells

CC chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) has been implicated in inflammation. The present study examined the signaling mechanisms that mediate GM-CSF/IL-10-induced synergistic CCR1 protein expression in monocytic U937 cells. GM-CSF alone markedly increased both the mRNA and protein expression of CCR1. IL-10 augmented GM-CSF-induced CCR1 protein expression with no effect on mRNA expression. PD098059 and U0126 (two MEK inhibitors), and LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) inhibited GM-CSF/IL-10-induced CCR1 gene and protein expression. PD098059, U0126, and LY294002 also attenuated chemotaxis of GM-CSF/IL-10-primed U937 cells in response to MIP-1alpha. Immunoblotting studies show that GM-CSF alone induced ERK2 phosphorylation; whereas, IL-10 alone induced p70(S6k) phosphorylation in U937 cells. Neither cytokine when used alone induced PKB/Akt phosphorylation. Combined GM-CSF/IL-10 treatment of U937 cells induced phosphorylation of ERK2, p70(S6k), and PKB/Akt. PD098059 and U0126 completely abrogated ERK2 phosphorylation; whereas, LY294002 completely blocked PKB/Akt and p70(S6k) phosphorylation. Our findings indicate that IL-10 may potentiate GM-CSF-induced CCR1 protein expression in U937 cells via activation of PKB/Akt and p70(S6k).     

AKT途径在雌激素调控子宫内膜癌KLE细胞中乙二醛酶Ⅰ表达的作用

目的：探讨雌激素是否通过AKT途径调控子宫内膜癌KLE细胞中乙二醛酶Ⅰ（GlyoxalaseⅠ,GloⅠ）的表达。方法：采用RT—PCR和Western blotting检测雌激素（17-β雌二醇）处理或AKT途径抑制剂（LY294002）处理子宫内膜癌KLE细胞后GloⅠ的mRNA或蛋白的表达情况。实验分4组：Con组（对照组）;LY294002组（LY294002处理组）;E2组（17-β雌二醇处理组）;E2＋LY294002组（LY294002预处理1小时后再17-β雌二醇处理组）。结果：1、经不同浓度的17-β雌二醇（Con、10^-11、10^-10、10-9M）作用于KLE细胞24小时后,GloⅠmRNA的相对表达量分别为1,1．58±0．04,1．82±0．03,1．81±0．04,以10^-10M的浓度时最为显著（P〈0．05）。以10,lOM的17-13雌二醇作用于KLE细胞48小时后,GloⅠ蛋白的相对表达量为1．79±0．02,高于Con组。2、以LY294002抑制AKT途径后,KLE细胞中GloⅠmRNA的相对表达量为0．69±0．03,蛋白的相对表达量为0．16±0．02,均低于Con组.3、E2＋LY294002组GloⅠmRNA和蛋白的相对表达量分别为1．02±0．04、1．01±0．03,均低于E2组中GloⅠmRNA和蛋白的相对表达量,E2组分别为1．34±0．03、1．79±0．02。LY294002组GloⅠmRNA和蛋白的相对表达量分别为0．69±0．03,0．16±0．02,均低于Con组GloⅠmRNA和蛋白的相对表达量。结论：雌激素可上调子宫内膜癌KLE细胞中GloⅠmRNA和蛋白的表达。抑制AKT途径可下调子宫内膜癌KLE细胞中GloⅠmRNA和蛋白的表达。AKT途径在雌激素调控子宫内膜癌KLE细胞中GloⅠ的表达无明显作用．     

胰岛素样生长因子1（IGF-I）通过PI-3K/Akt途径对结肠癌细胞凋亡的影响

目的：探讨胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-I）通过磷酯酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B（PI-3K/Akt）信号通路对结肠癌细胞株SW480凋亡率的影响及其凋亡抑制蛋白survivin表达水平的变化。方法：培养结肠癌SW480细胞株,实验分成三组：未加IGF-I空白组、IGF-I刺激组、IGF-I＋LY294002阻断组,检测阻断剂LY294002是否阻断PI-3K/Akt通路（Western Blot检测三组P-Akt表达情况）;Western Blot及免疫荧光观察三组survivin蛋白表达变化;MTT法检测细胞增殖活性,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况。结果：Western blot结果显示LY294002可抑制IGF-I诱导的p-Akt的表达（P〈0.05）;阻断IGF-I诱导的PI-3K/Akt通路后MTT显示结肠癌细胞SW480增殖抑制率升高（P〈0.05）,流式细胞术分析显示凋亡率明显上升（P〈0.05）;Western blot及免疫荧光结果显示LY294002可抑制IGF-I诱导的survivin的表达（P〈0.05）。结论：IGF-I可通过PI-3K/Akt通路诱导survivin表达,从而抑制结肠癌细胞SW480的凋亡。     

Akt-mediated signaling is induced by cytokines and cyclic adenosine monophosphate and suppresses hepatocyte inducible nitric oxide synthase expression independent of MAPK P44/42

Cyclic AMP inhibits the expression of nitric oxide synthase (Harbrecht et al., 1995 [1]) in hepatocytes but the mechanism for this effect is incompletely understood. Cyclic AMP can activate several intracellular signaling pathways in hepatocytes including Protein Kinase A (PKA), cAMP regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factors (cAMP-GEFs), and calcium-mediated Protein Kinases. There is considerable overlap and cross-talk between many of these signaling pathways, however, and how these cascades regulate hepatocyte iNOS is not known. We hypothesized that Akt mediates the effect of cAMP on hepatocyte iNOS expression. Hepatocytes cultured with cytokines and dbcAMP increased Akt phosphorylation up to 2 h of culture. Akt phosphorylation was inhibited by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 (10 μM), farnyltranferase inhibitor FTI-276, or transfection with a dominant negative Akt. The cyclic AMP-induced suppression of cytokine-stimulated iNOS was partially reversed by LY294002 and FTI-276. LY294002 also increased NFκB nucleus translocation by Western blot analysis in nuclear extracts. Cyclic AMP increased phosphorylation of Raf1 at serine 259 which was blocked by LY294002 and associated with decreased MAPK P44/42 phosphorylation. However, inhibition of MAPK P44/42 signaling with PD98059 failed to suppress cytokine-induced hepatocyte iNOS expression and did not enhance the inhibitory effect of dbcAMP on iNOS production. A constitutively active MAPK P44/42 plasmid had no effect on cytokine-stimulated NO production. These data demonstrate that dbcAMP regulates hepatocyte iNOS expression through an Akt-mediated signaling mechanism that is independent of MAPK P44/42.