性早熟雌性Sprague-Dawle大鼠下丘脑Lin28a和Lin28b表达异常

目的：研究正常雌性Sprague-Dawle（SD）大鼠不同性发育阶段及雌激素诱导性早熟后下丘脑Lin28a和Lin28b的表达及意义。方法：1）于雌性SD大鼠出生后15日（postnatal day 15,PND15）、PND23、PND35荧光实时定量PCR分析下丘脑Lin28a和Lin28b mRNA的表达,同时以ELISA法检测血清黄体生成素（LH）和雌二醇（E2）水平变化;2）苯甲酸雌二醇（estradiol benzoate,EB）诱导的性早熟大鼠随机分为EB-1组和EB-2组,分别于阴道开口（vaginal opening,VO）时及PND56两个时间点处死,相应的发育阶段的大鼠用无菌芝麻油（sesame oil,OIL）作为对照分为OIL-1和OIL-2组;荧光实时定量PCR分析下丘脑Lin28a和Lin28b mRNA的表达,ELISA法检测LH和E2水平变化,并观察性早熟对大鼠阴道开口、体重、顶臀径、胫骨长等生长发育指标的影响。结果：1）PND15、PND23和PND35组下丘脑Lin28a和Lin28b mRNA表达、血清LH和E2水平无统计学差异（P〉0.05）;2）EB-1组下丘脑Lin28a和Lin28b mRNA表达高于OIL-1组（P〈0.05）,血清LH和E2水平与OIL-1组相比无统计学差异（P〉0.05）;EB-2组下丘脑Lin28a和Lin28b mRNA表达高于OIL-2组（P〈0.05）,血清LH和E2水平低于OIL-2组（P〈0.05）;3）与OIL-2组比较,EB-2组VO时间明显提前（P〈0.01）,体重、顶臀长、胫骨长差异无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论：外源性雌激素引起的性早熟可能导致下丘脑Lin28a和Lin28b表达异常。     

过表达Lin28a/Lin28b对let-7家族活性的影响

研究在HeLaS3细胞中过表达Lin28a/Lin28b对let-7家族miRNA表达水平和活性的影响。首先,构建Lin28a和Lin28b的表达载体pAAV2neo-Lin28a和pAAV2neo-Lin28b,分别转染HeLaS3细胞并筛选获得Lin28a和Lin28b的稳定表达细胞株HeLaS3/pAAV2neo-Lin28a和HeLaS3/pAAV2neo-Lin28b。然后,以pAAV2neo-Gluc-(Fluc)为基本骨架,构建并获得检测let-7家族miRNA活性的8种质粒型载体,并包装为相应的重组腺相关病毒(Recombinant adeno-associated virus,rAAV),作为检测miRNA靶序列介导的转录后抑制活性的传感器,命名为Asensor。在此基础上,以HeLaS3细胞为对照,用Western blot检测HeLaS3/pAAV2neo-Lin28a和HeLaS3/pAAV2neo-Lin28b细胞中Lin28a和Lin28b表达水平,用QRT-PCR测定let-7家族各成员表达水平,用Asensor检测let-7家族各成员活性。Western blot结果显示,HeLaS3/pAAV2neo-Lin28a和HeLaS3/pAAV2neo-Lin28b均能有效地表达Lin28a和Lin28b蛋白;QRT-PCR检测结果显示,相比于HeLaS3细胞,HeLaS3/pAAV2neo-Lin28a细胞中let-7家族各成员表达水平都下降(除let-7e外),但不同成员下降幅度存在差异;Asensor检测结果显示,let-7家族所有成员活性水平都下降,但不同成员下降幅度也存在差异,且同一成员活性水平与表达水平及其下降趋势也不一致。相比于HeLaS3细胞,HeLaS3/pAAV2neo-Lin28b细胞中let-7家族成员的表达和活性水平均明显下降,但表达水平的下降幅度比HeLaS3/pAAV2neo-Lin28a细胞大,而活性的下降幅度却与之相近。本研究建立了一种检测和比较miRNA靶序列介导的转录后抑制活性的方法,首次研究了过表达Lin28a和Lin28b对细胞中的let-7家族miRNA活性影响,并发现Lin28a和Lin28b对let-7家族miRNA表达水平的影响和对其相应活性的影响不一致性,说明在检测miRNA表达水平的同时检测miRNA活性能更全面揭示miRNA的调节功能,为进一步研究let-7家族的调控机制奠定了基础。     

转基因小鼠过表达人Lin28A/Lin28B对小鼠体重的影响

目的:Lin28是一种高度保守的RNA结合蛋白,对生物体的生命活动具有重要的调节作用.为了研究人Lin28A与Lin28B基因的功能,我们构建了分别过表达人Lin28A或Lin28B基因的两种转基因小鼠,表型分析发现小鼠体重变化,为研究Lin28A和Lin28B基因的生物学功能提供模型动物.方法:分别将人类Lin28A与Lin28B cDNA插入PCAG启动子下游,构建Lin28A与Lin28B转基因表达载体,通过显微注射方法,分别建立Lin28A转基因小鼠与Lin28B转基因小鼠.PCR鉴定转基因小鼠的基因型,筛选出人类Lin28A与Lin28B表达的小鼠,统计两种转基因小鼠体重变化.结果:①经PCR鉴定与公司测序证明Lin28A和Lin28B两种载体构建成功.②PCR鉴定小鼠基因型,筛选出可以特异性表达人Lin28A或Lin28B的转基因小鼠,并比较转基因小鼠与同窝野生型小鼠体重,发现两种转基因小鼠体重均大于同窝野生型小鼠,说明在小鼠体内过表达Lin28A或Lin28B均能引起小鼠体重增加.结论:人Lin28A与Lin28B在转基因小鼠体内能正常表达,并且能发挥生物学功能.又因为Lin28A和Lin28B在小鼠体内过表达会引起小鼠体重增加,我们推测其可能通过影响小鼠糖代谢过程引起小鼠体重改变.构建的Lin28A和Lin28B的转基因小鼠为进一步研究Lin28A和Lin28B在人新陈代谢、生长和发育过程中的作用提供了动物模型.     

小鼠Lin28基因的克隆及原核表达

目的探讨获取小鼠Lin28蛋白的方法。方法 提取8.5 d ICR小鼠胚胎mRNA后反转录为cDNA序列,用一对两端引入特定酶切位点（NcoⅠ及XhoⅠ）引物,从该cDNA中扩增出Lin28基因编码区序列;将获得的Lin28基因编码区序列克隆到pMD18-T载体上。对质粒双酶切回收其中Lin28基因片段,与pET-30a（+）载体相连接并转化Rosetta（DE3）型大肠杆菌,用IPTG诱导表达,最后采用SDS-PAGE对表达结果进行分析。结果对所克隆的Lin28蛋白编码区的DNA序列分析表明,Lin28 CDS区包括终止密码子在内为630 bp,与参照DNA（NM₁45833）相比同源性为99.37%,与参照氨基酸序列相比同源性为100%;在IPTG诱导下pET-30a（+）-Lin28重组质粒可表达与预期相符的约为27.5×103的蛋白质。结论利用克隆的小鼠Lin28基因,采用原核表达方法,成功获得小鼠Lin28蛋白,为进一步开展以重组蛋白诱导体细胞重编程研究奠定基础。     

Lin28A促进结肠癌细胞对5-FU 化疗敏感性的实验研究

目的:探讨Lin28A对结肠癌5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)化疗敏感性的影响及其分子机制。方法:免疫组化方法检测人结肠癌和正常粘膜组织中Lin28A蛋白表达情况;荧光素酶法检测HCT116细胞活性;实时荧光定量PCR方法检测HCT116细胞中Let-7表达水平。结果:73.3%人结肠癌患者Lin28A蛋白表达上调;过表达Lin28A组与对照组相比,5-FU处理后细胞活性显著降低(P_(60μg)0.01,P_(80μg)0.01),Let-7表达显著降低;过表达Let-7组与对照组相比,5-FU治疗后细胞活性显著降低(P_(40μg)0.05,P_(60μg)0.01,P_(80μg)0.01)。结论:Lin28A可增强肿瘤细胞化疗敏感性,而且这一效应不依赖Let-7。     

滋阴泻火方对性早熟模型大鼠下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的影响

目的：观察滋阴泻火方对性早熟大鼠下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴功能的影响。方法：26d雌性SD大鼠60只,随机分成正常对照（N）组、性早熟模型（P）组、亮丙瑞林（L）组、中药大剂量（C-H）组、中药中剂量（C-M）组和中药小剂量（C—L）组。除N组外,其余组建立由N-甲基-DL-天冬氨酸（NMA）诱导的性早熟大鼠模型。L组、C-H组、C-M组和C-L组在建立模型的同时,分别用L、C—H、C-M及C-L进行干预。测定各组大鼠卵巢、子宫指数,卵巢黄体出现率,下丘脑GnRHmRNA和垂体GnRH—RmRNA表达水平。结果：①与N组比较,P组、C-L组上述观察指标显著升高（P〈0．05）,而L组、C—H组和C-M组未见统计学差异（P〉0．05）。②与L组比较．C-H组、C—M组以上指标未见统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论：滋阴泻火方能抑制NMA诱导的雌性大鼠性早熟的发生,并使其维持在正常青春前期状态,其作用与亮丙瑞林相似。其干预机制可能是通过下调下丘脑GnRH和垂体GnRH-R基因的表达,从而抑制下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的功能来实现的。     

胸腺素a1／干扰素a-2b融合基因表达载体的构建与表达

通过PCR人工合成模板的方法获得牛m1基因,与含,IFNa-2b基因的pAG-IFN重组质粒,构建％1／IFNar-2b融合基因重组质粒pUCl8-Ta1／IFN,经序列分析证实,融合基因m1和,INFa-2b与GenBank登录基因的序列一致性分别为100％和98．5％,仅IFNa-2b有两处碱基发生无义突变．再将融合基因亚克隆入pBV220,构建融合表达载体pBV220-Ta1／IFN,转化到EcoliM15经IPTG诱导,实现了Ta1-1FNa-2b融合蛋白的高表达,约占菌体总蛋白的24．5％,为包涵体形式．这为研制Ta1—IFNa-2b双重活性的融合蛋白奠定了基础．     

幽门螺杆菌相关性胃疾病中miR-551b和miR-124a的表达及意义CSCD

目的 检测miR-551b、miR-124a在慢性浅表性胃炎(CSG)、慢性萎缩性胃炎(CAG)及胃癌(GC)患者胃黏膜组织中表达水平,探讨miR-551b、miR-124a与幽门螺杆菌(H.pylori)感染的关系及在胃癌发生、发展中的作用。方法 选择2018年7月-2019年8月在本院肿瘤科与消化科住院的患者120例,其中CSG患者40例,CAG患者40例,GC患者40例。采用qRT-PCR法检测各研究对象胃黏膜组织中miR-551b、miR-124a表达水平,分析miR-551b、miR-124a水平与H.pylori感染及GC患者临床病理特征的关系。结果 GC组患者胃黏膜组织中miR-551b、miR-124a表达水平低于CSG组、CAG组(P<0.05),CSG、CAG组之间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);H.pylori阳性感染GC患者胃黏膜组织中miR-551b、miR-124a表达水平低于H.pylori阴性感染患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);中低分化、TNM分期为Ⅲ~Ⅳ、浸润深度为T3-T4、有淋巴结转移的GC患者胃黏膜组织中miR-551b、miR-124a表达量低于高分化、TNM分期为Ⅰ~Ⅱ、浸润深度为T1-T2、无淋巴结转移的GC患者(P<0.05)。miR-551b、miR-124a表达与性别、年龄、肿瘤大小无关(P>0.05)。结论 miR-551b、miR-124a在GC患者胃黏膜组织中低表达,且在H.pylori阳性感染患者中低表达,检测miR-551b、miR-124a表达水平可能在H.pylori感染所致胃黏膜组织癌变过程中具有一定预测作用。     

急性低血糖应激对大鼠下丘脑orexin-A表达的影响

目的研究胰岛素诱导的急性低血糖应激对大鼠下丘脑增食欲素-A(orexin-A)的表达影响。方法通过皮下注射胰岛素建立急性低血糖大鼠模型。采用免疫组织化学染色方法观察大鼠下丘脑orexin-A和Fos双标情况,并采用ELISA方法对脑脊液中的orexin-A含量进行检测。结果禁食组、低血糖进食组和低血糖禁食组阳性神经元计数明显高于对照组(P0.05),但三组之间计数比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);Orexin-A/Fos双标细胞率(双标细胞占orexin-A阳性细胞的百分率)在低血糖禁食组最高,与禁食组和低血糖进食组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。ELISA检测结果显示,低血糖禁食组脑脊液中的orexin-A含量显著高于其它三组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论急性血糖的降低可以增强大鼠下丘脑中orexin-A的表达,而摄食行为可以抑制此调控效应。     

MicroRNA-449a/b抑制人结肠癌细胞内Fra-1的表达

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) 是一类长度约为22 nt的非编码的调控性小RNA,它们在诸多的生命活动中发挥重要作用,如参与调控细胞的增殖、分化、凋亡以及肿瘤的发生发展. MicroRNA-449a/b (miR 449a/b) 是脊椎动物中进化保守的miRNA,作为抑癌基因,参与了许多癌症的发生过程,但其在结肠癌中的作用尚不清楚. 本文利用实时荧光定量技术研究了miR-449a/b在结肠癌组织中的表达. 利用双荧光素酶报告基因检测系统及Western印迹鉴定miR-449a/b的靶基因. 应用MTS法和Transwell分别检测miR-449a/b对结肠癌细胞增殖和迁移的影响. 检测组蛋白乙酰化酶抑制剂曲古菌素A (trichostatin A, TSA) 对结肠癌细胞中miR-449a/b表达的影响. 研究结果表明：与正常结肠组织相比,miR-449a/b在结肠癌组织中低表达;miR 449a/b能够结合到FRA-1 mRNA 3′-非翻译区 (3′-untranslated region, 3′-UTR),从而抑制结肠癌细胞HCT116内源Fra 1的表达;外源转染miR-449a/b明显抑制结肠癌细胞HCT116的增殖和迁移;并且TSA处理能够诱导结肠癌细胞HCT116中miR-449a/b的表达. 以上结果提示: miR-449a/b可能通过抑制靶基因Fra-1的表达,进而抑制结肠癌细胞的增殖和迁移．     

Lin28 gene and mammalian puberty

Lin28a and Lin28b, homologs of the Caenorhabditis elegans Lin28 gene, play important roles in cell pluripotency, reprogramming, and tumorigenicity. Recently, genome‐wide association and transgenic studies showed that Lin28a and/or Lin28b gene were involved in the onset of mammalian puberty, the stage representing the attainment of reproduction capacity; however, the detailed mechanism of these genes in mammalian puberty remains largely unknown. The present paper reviews the research progress on the roles of Lin28a/b genes in the onset of mammalian puberty by analyzing the results coming from gene expression patterns, mutations, and transgenic studies, and put forward possible pathways for further studies on their roles in animal reproduction.     

Lin28a attenuates TGF-β-induced renal fibrosis

Lin28a has diverse functions including regulation of cancer, reprogramming and regeneration, but whether it promotes injury or is a protective reaction to renal injury is unknown. We studied how Lin28a acts in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced renal fibrosis following unilateral ureteral obstruction, in a mouse model. We further defined the role of Lin28a in transforming growth factor (TGF)-signaling pathways in renal fibrosis through in vitro study using human tubular epithelium-like HK-2 cells. In the mouse unilateral ureteral obstruction model, obstruction markedly decreased the expression of Lin28a, increased the expression of renal fibrotic markers such as type I collagen, α-SMA, vimentin and fibronectin. In TGF-β-stimulated HK-2 cells, the expression of Lin28a was reduced and the expression of renal fibrotic markers such as type I collagen, α-SMA, vimentin and fibronectin was increased. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of Lin28a inhibited the expression of TGF-β-stimulated type I collagen, α-SMA, vimentin and fibronectin. Lin28a inhibited TGF-β-stimulated SMAD3 activity, via inhibition of SMAD3 phos-phorylation, but not the MAPK pathway ERK, JNK or p38. Lin28a attenuates renal fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy, making its mechanism a possible therapeutic target for chronic kidney disease.     

Drosha mediates destabilization of Lin28 mRNA targets

Lin28 plays important roles in development, stem cell maintenance, oncogenesis and metabolism. As an RNA-binding protein, it blocks the biogenesis primarily of let-7 family miRNAs and also promotes translation of a cohort of mRNAs involved in cell growth, metabolism and pluripotency, likely through recognition of distinct sequence and structural motifs within mRNAs. Here, we show that one such motif, shared by multiple Lin28-responsive elements (LREs) present in Lin28 mRNA targets also participates in a Drosha-dependent regulation and may contribute to destabilization of its cognate mRNAs. We further show that the same mutations in the LREs known to abolish Lin28 binding and stimulation of translation also abrogate Drosha-dependent mRNA destabilization, and that this effect is independent of miRNAs, uncovering a previously unsuspected coupling between Drosha-dependent destabilization and Lin28-mediated regulation. Thus, Lin28-dependent stimulation of translation of target mRNAs may, in part, serve to compensate for their intrinsic instability, thereby ensuring optimal levels of expression of genes critical for cell viability, metabolism and pluripotency.     

Drosha mediates destabilization of Lin28 mRNA targets

Lin28 plays important roles in development, stem cell maintenance, oncogenesis and metabolism. As an RNA-binding protein, it blocks the biogenesis primarily of let-7 family miRNAs and also promotes translation of a cohort of mRNAs involved in cell growth, metabolism and pluripotency, likely through recognition of distinct sequence and structural motifs within mRNAs. Here, we show that one such motif, shared by multiple Lin28-responsive elements (LREs) present in Lin28 mRNA targets also participates in a Drosha-dependent regulation and may contribute to destabilization of its cognate mRNAs. We further show that the same mutations in the LREs known to abolish Lin28 binding and stimulation of translation also abrogate Drosha-dependent mRNA destabilization, and that this effect is independent of miRNAs, uncovering a previously unsuspected coupling between Drosha-dependent destabilization and Lin28-mediated regulation. Thus, Lin28-dependent stimulation of translation of target mRNAs may, in part, serve to compensate for their intrinsic instability, thereby ensuring optimal levels of expression of genes critical for cell viability, metabolism and pluripotency.     

Lin28a protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy through Mst1 inhibition

Lin28a has been found to enhance glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity. Lin28a alleviates cardiac dysfunction under various pathological conditions. However, the effects and underlying mechanisms of Lin28a on diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) are not well-understood. The aim of this study was to determine whether Lin28a protects against DCM and the potential mechanisms. Two to three days old mouse neonatal primary cardiomyocytes were randomized for treatment with adenoviruses harboring Lin28a and mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 1 (Mst1) short hairpin RNA, 48 hr before culturing in normal or high glucose medium. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis, autophagy, mitochondrial morphology, adenosine triphosphate content, and cytokine levels in the high glucose or normal conditions were observed between all groups. Either Lin28a overexpression or Mst1 knockdown alleviated mitochondrial ultrastructure impairment, decreased cytokine levels, inhibited apoptosis, and enhanced autophagy in primary neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes treated with high glucose. Importantly, the protective effects of Lin28a and Mst1 disappeared after treatment with 3-methyladenine, an autophagy inhibitor. Interestingly, in Mst1 knockdown cardiomyocytes, Lin28a overexpression failed to further enhance autophagy and alleviate high glucose-induced cardiomyocyte injury, which implies the protective roles of Lin28a counteracting high glucose-induced cardiomyocyte injury are dependent on Mst1 inhibition. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence double staining suggested that there were no direct interactions between Mst1 and Lin28a. Lin28a increased the expression of Akt, which inhibited the activation of Mst1-mediated apoptotic pathways.     

Lin28a enhances in vitro osteoblastic differentiation of human periosteum‐derived cells

Despite a capacity for proliferation and an ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, in long‐term culture and with ageing, stem cells show a reduction in growth, display a decrease in differentiation potential, and enter senescence without evidence of transformation. The Lin28a gene encodes an RNA‐binding protein that plays a role in regulating stem cell activity, including self‐renewal and differentiation propensity. However, the effect of the Lin28a gene on cultured human osteoprecursor cells is poorly understood. In the present study, alkaline phosphatase activity, alizarin red‐positive mineralization, and calcium content, positive indicators of osteogenic differentiation, were significantly higher in cultured human periosteum‐derived cells (hPDCs) with Lin28a overexpression compared with cells without Lin28a overexpression. Lin28a overexpression by hPDCs also increased mitochondrial activity, which is essential for cellular proliferation, as suggested by a reduced presence of reactive oxygen species and significantly enhanced lactate levels and ATP production. Our results suggest that, in hPDCs, the Lin28a gene enhances osteoblastic differentiation and increases mitochondrial activity. Although Lin28a is known as a marker of undifferentiated human embryogenic stem cell, there is limited evidence regarding the influence of Lin28a on osteoblastic differentiation of cultured osteoprecursor cells. This study was to examine the impact of Lin28a on osteogenic phenotypes of human periosteum‐derived cells. Their phenotypes can be similar to those of mesenchymal stem cells. Our results suggest that the Lin28a gene enhances the osteoblastic differentiation of human periosteum‐derived cells. In addition, the Lin28a gene increases mitochondrial activity in human periosteum‐derived cells.