小鼠经颈外静脉右心导管法测定心室压力的实验方法研究

目的：研究可行性高的测定小鼠右心室压力的实验方法。方法：通过自制PE导管,连接powerlab多通道生物信号记录系统,经颈外静脉插管,右心导管法测定小鼠右心室压力,并借以研究肺动脉压力变化。结果：用此方法对51只小鼠进行插管,46例成功进入心室并测压,成功率90．2％。其中33只正常小鼠中,成功30例,测得压力值：收缩压（23．4±5．7）mmHg,舒张压（3．7±2．6）mmHg,平均压（12．0±3．7）mmHg;18只肺动脉高压模型小鼠中,成功16例,测得压力值：收缩压：（32．2±2．8）mmng,舒张压（3．8±2．0）mmng,平均压（14．94±2．3）mmHg。共失败5例,经解剖发现2例进入下腔静脉,2例穿破心耳,1例穿破腋静脉进入胸壁。结论：使用自制的PE导管经颈外静脉插管,右心导管法测定右心室压具有成功率高、数据更准确、操作省时、方法易普及的优点。是一种较好的对小鼠进行右心室压力测定的方法。     

经胸右心室穿刺法测量大鼠右心室压力的研究

目的:探索一种技术简单、操作方便、重复性好、容易掌握的大鼠右心室压力测量方法。方法:取健康Sprague Dawley大鼠20只,随机分为实验组(n=10),对照组(n=10)。实验组使用一次性静脉输液针(0.45×13.5 mm)经胸直接穿刺右心室测量右心室压力,对照组使用右心导管,经颈外静脉沿右心房插入右心室测量右心室压力。比较两者操作时间、成功率、右心室压力等指标。结果:实验组从麻醉开始到成功测出右心室压力的时间5.10±1.32 min,对照组为25.21±10.30 min(P0.05)。两种方法所检测到的右心室收缩压、右心室舒张压、右心室平均压无统计学差异(P0.05)。实验组大鼠成功率100%,对照组60%(P0.05)。结论:经胸右心室穿刺法能准确、快速穿刺到右心室并能准确测量右心室压力。     

野百合碱性肺动脉高压大鼠右心功能分析

目的研究肺动脉压力演变和右心室功能演变之间的关系。方法将MCT诱导的4组肺动脉高压(pulmonary artery hypertension,PAH)模型组(每小组12只),分别在第1、2、3、4周应用右心导管测量肺动脉压力,MRI右心功能动态检测,观察肺动脉压力和MRI参数演变关系。比较对照组、PAH模型组各组间的相关各参数差异。采用SPSS 17.0统计软件,应用Pearson相关性分析,评价右心室射血分数,右室舒张末期容积,右室收缩末期容积分别与平均肺动脉压的相关性,组间比较采用完全随机分组的t检验,P0.05为差异有显著性。结果注射野百合碱后1~4周,48只模型组大鼠的右心室射血分数、右心室舒张及收缩末期容积与平均肺动脉压有很好的相关性(分别为r_(RVEF)=-0.823,r_(RVEDV)=0.732,r_(RVESV)=0.803)。注射野百合碱前两周,野百合碱组大鼠的平均肺动脉压、右心室射血分数、右室舒张末期和收缩末期容积与对照组比较差异无显著性(P0.05)。3~4周后,以上各参数与对照组比较差异有显著性(P0.05)。结论随着大鼠的肺动脉压增高,右心室射血分数逐渐降低,右心室舒张末期及收缩末期容积逐渐增加。对于大鼠慢性肺动脉高压模型的监测,MRI可以准确快速测量各项参数变化,右心室舒张末及收缩末期容积、射血分数等参数是提示肺动脉高压的敏感参数。     

兔急性肺血栓栓塞模型建立及右心室压和心电图监测

目的建立操作简便,存活率高的急性肺动脉血栓栓塞（acute pulmonary thromboembolism,APTE）模型并监测右心室压及心电图,为研究肺栓塞（pulmonary embolism,PE）的病理生理及临床诊断治疗提供实验基础。方法兔麻醉后,经右侧颈总静脉插管至右心室观察正常右心室压。然后经此导管注入4个直径2 mm、长5 mm的长柱状自体血栓栓子建立兔急性PE模型。10只PE兔监测右心室压及心电图至栓塞后80 min。过量麻醉处死动物,取肺脏固定做病理检查。结果右心室导管的插管成功率92.45%,平均右心室正常压力（32.69±8.32）mmHg。PE模型的栓塞率100%,存活率87.76%。模型建立后右心室压平均增高（6.75±6.82）mmHg,51.35%出现异常心电图波形。结论1.兔正常右心室压为（32.69±8.32）mmHg。2.自体血栓栓子经颈静脉入口右心室注入法建立兔急性PE模型存活率高,右心室压可作为判断急性PE模型成功建立的指标。3.仅部分PE出现心电图异常,心电图异常不能作为判断兔PE的指标。     

5-HD对慢性低氧肺动脉高压大鼠肺动脉平滑肌PKC-ɑ表达的作用

目的:研究线粒体ATP敏感钾通道(mitoKATP)抑制剂5-羟基癸酸盐(5-HD)对慢性低氧肺动脉高压大鼠的影响及其潜在机制。方法:雄性SD大鼠48只,随机分成4组(n=12):①正常对照组;②慢性低氧组;③慢性低氧+5-HD组;④慢性低氧+Diazoxide(mitoKATP开放剂)组;除正常对照组外,其余3组置于氧舱内(氧浓度10%±0.3%),每天低氧8 h,并接受不同的干预,共4周。干预结束后右心导管法测各大鼠肺动脉压,RT-PCR和Westernblot检测各组大鼠肺动脉PKC-ɑ蛋白和mRNA的表达。结果:①慢性低氧组肺动脉压显著高于正常组(P<0.01),同时慢性低氧+Diazoxide组与慢性低氧+5-HD组肺动脉压较慢性低氧组显著减低(P<0.01)。②慢性低氧组PKC-ɑ蛋白及mRNA的相对表达显著高于正常组(P<0.05)。结论:5-HD对慢性低氧肺动脉高压起保护作用,其机制可能是抑制线粒体ATP敏感钾通道。     

罗格列酮对低氧性肺动脉高压大鼠PPARγ和PTEN表达的影响

目的:研究罗格列酮(rosiglitazone,RSG)对低氧性肺动脉高压大鼠过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma,PPARγ)和10号染色体缺失张力蛋白同源磷酸酶基因(Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10,PTEN)表达的影响。方法:SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、低氧组、低氧+罗格利酮组,建立低氧性肺动脉高压大鼠模型,4周后测定各组大鼠右心室压力、右心肥厚指标,同时检测各实验组PPARγ、PTEN的表达和组织病理学变化。培养原代大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞,分别给与低氧、低氧+罗格列酮、低氧+GW9662处理后观察细胞增殖及PPARγ、PTEN的表达变化。结果:1与正常组相比,低氧组大鼠右心室压力、右心肥厚指标明显增加,肺小动脉管壁增厚,PPARγ、PTEN的表达明显减少。与低氧组相比,低氧+罗格列酮组大鼠右心室压力下降,右心室及肺小动脉管壁的肥厚减轻,PTEN的表达增加。2低氧下,PASMCs中PPARγ、PTEN表达明显减低,细胞增殖较常氧明显增加,给与罗格列酮后,PTEN表达增加,给与GW9662,PTEN表达减少。3罗格列酮可以抑制PASMCs低氧下的增殖,而给与GW9662后,这一抑制作用减轻。结论:早期应用罗格列酮可激活低氧性肺动脉高压大鼠PPARγ的活性,进而上调PTEN表达,改善低氧性肺动脉高压。     

不同剂量野百合碱诱导大鼠肺动脉高压模型的实验研究

目的:肺动脉高压患者的预后非常差并且目前对肺动脉高压的治疗缺乏有效的方法.因此,对肺动脉高压的研究十分迫切,而建立稳定、操作简便、稳定的肺动脉高压模型是研究肺动脉高压的基础.本实验的目的就是采用不同剂量野百合碱(monocrotaline,MCT)诱导建立SD大鼠肺动脉高压模型,探讨肺动脉高压模型的制作方法及其稳定性.方法:清洁级SD雄性大鼠75只,随机分为C组、M1、M2、M3和M4组,每组各15只.其中M1～M4组大鼠分别一次性腹腔注射MCT 30、40、50和60 mg/kg,诱导制作肺动脉高压动物模型;C组为对照组,给予相同剂量溶剂腹腔注射.腹腔注射4周后比较各组大鼠的生存率、检测平均肺动脉压力(mPAP),肺动脉收缩压(PASP),右心肥大指数(RVHI),并取肺组织行苏木素-伊红染色,观察肺的病理改变,采用肺小动脉形态计量学指标综合判断肺动脉高压模型的稳定性.结果:C组无死亡,M1～M4组大鼠的生存率分别为87％,87％,67％,40％.M1～M4各组SD大鼠平均肺动脉压、肺动脉收缩压、右心肥大指数依次增大(P＜0.05),肺小动脉形态计量学指标检测显示肺血管中膜厚度百分比依次增大(P＜0.05),而M3与M4组各测量结果无明显差异.结论:腹腔注射50 mg/kg、60 mg/kg剂量野百合碱均可引起大鼠肺动脉压力升高和肺血管重构,均可诱导稳定的肺动脉高压模型,而50 mg/kg剂量有更高的生存率.所以50mg/kg剂量野百合碱腹腔注射是成功诱导大鼠肺动脉高压模型的合适剂量.     

吴茱萸次碱对肺动脉高压大鼠右心室重构的影响

目的：观察吴茱萸次碱（Rut）对野百合碱（MCT）诱导的肺动脉高压（PH）大鼠右心室重构的作用及机制。方法：SD大鼠48只适应性喂养一周,随机分为正常对照组、Mcr组、MCT＋Rut（20mg／kg）及Mcr＋Rut（40mg／kg）剂量组（n=12）。MCT（60mg／kg）皮下注射诱导PH大鼠模型。连续给药4周后,右颈外静脉插管测定大鼠右心室收缩压（RVSP）、平均肺动脉压（MPAP）。分离大鼠右心室（RV）、左心室＋室间隔（LV＋s）并称重,剥离大鼠胫骨并测量其长度,计算av／（LV＋s）gRV／胫骨长度的比值。HE染色观察右心室病理学变化,Masson染色观察右心室胶原沉积的变化。比色法测定右心室总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、丙二醛（MDA）含量。Real time PCR、Western blot及免疫组化检测右心室NADPH氧化酶4（NOX4）mRNA和蛋白表达。结果：Rut连续给药4周后能明显降低MCT诱导的PH大鼠RVSP及mPAP,减轻RV／（Lv＋s）及RV重量／胫骨长度的比值,改善右心室病理变化,降低右心室胶原的沉积及collagenI、collagenHI的表达,提高右心室T-AOC水平,降低右心室NOX4的表达及MDA含量。结论：Rut能够缓解野百合碱诱导的PH大鼠右心室重构,其机制可能与抑制NOX4的表达,进而降低氧化应激损伤有关。     

肺动脉血流时间间期法评估肺动脉压

为评价肺动脉血流时间间期法评估肺动脉压的价值,本文观察了37例左向右分流先天性心脏病患者。在相同体位及取样容积位置下测量心室射血前期(PEP)、射血时间(ET)、加速时间(AT)、加速度(ACC)、F[F=PEP/(ATET)];计算肺动脉/主动脉血流时间间期比(FPA/FAO),并以各项比例系数与肱动脉压(BAP)的乘积作为肺动脉压的估测值。结果显示:肺动脉/主动脉血流时间间期比与右心导管估测的肺动脉收缩压(PASP)、平均压(PAMP)取得了较好的相关性(r分别为0.84、0.81);ACC次之(r分别为0.72、0.65);PEP/AT较差(r分别为0.53、0.50)。提示:肺动脉/主动脉血流时间间期比为无创定量评估肺动脉压的最佳方法。     

三七总皂甙对低氧大鼠肺动脉压和肺组织ERK1/2表达的影响

目的:观察三七总皂甙(PNS)对慢性低氧大鼠肺动脉压、肺组织细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶(ERK)表达的影响,探讨PNS预防低氧性肺动脉高压(HPH)的作用和机制。方法:将30只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组:对照组、低氧组和低氧+PNS组。以常压低氧法复制肺动脉高压模型,以微导管法测定平均肺动脉压(mPAP),测量右心室(RV)及左心室加室间隔(LV+S)的重量,以RV/(LV+S)代表右心肥厚指数。用Western blot法和逆转录PCR方法分别检测肺组织中磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶(p-ERK1/2)蛋白和细胞外信号调节激酶1(ERK1)mRNA的表达。结果:与对照组相比,低氧组大鼠mPAP、RV/(LV+S)明显升高,肺组织匀浆pERK及ERK1 mRNA含量显著升高(P<0.01)。低氧+PNS组mPAP、RV/(LV+S)、肺组织匀浆pERK及ERK1 mRNA含量明显低于低氧组(P<0.05)。结论:PNS具有显著预防HPH的作用,其机理可能与其降低ERK1 mRNA的表达有关。     

Catheterization of pulmonary artery in rats with an ultraminiature catheter pressure transducer

Utilizing new materials and miniaturization techniques, an ultraminiature catheter pressure transducer for catheterization of the pulmonary artery (PA) has been developed and applied in intact, spontaneously breathing, anesthetized rats. The catheter arrangement consists of three components: 1) an SPR-671 ultraminiature pressure transducer (measuring catheter), 2) a plastic introducer (sheath) that is slipped over the measuring catheter, and 3) an external wire mounted on the outside of the introducer for bending its tip. The measuring catheter is first inserted through the right jugular vein into the right ventricle. The introducer is then slipped over it. The tip of the introducer is bent so that there is an angle of approximately 90 degrees or less to the shaft. The measuring catheter is advanced across the pulmonary valve into the PA. Measurements of pulmonary arterial pressure were made in five male Long Evans (364 +/- 7 g body wt) and five female Sprague-Dawley (244 +/- 7 g body wt) rats under control conditions. The effects of infusion of norepinephrine (0.1 mg.kg(-1).h(-1) iv for 20-min duration) were tested in Long Evans rats. Pulmonary arterial systolic pressure measurements were 34.0 +/- 0.8 and 29.5 +/- 0.4 mmHg, and diastolic pressure values were 23.6 +/- 0.8 and 18.1 +/- 0.6 mmHg in male Long Evans and female Sprague-Dawley rats, respectively. Norepinephrine induced an increase in pulmonary arterial systolic (40.8 +/- 0.1 mmHg) and diastolic (28.6 +/- 0.4 mmHg) pressures and an elevation in pulmonary vascular resistance from a control value of 0.093 +/- 0.003 to 0.103 +/- 0.004 mmHg.kg.min.ml(-1).     

1461名老年患者血压波动与颈动脉斑块形成关系的研究

目的：除了血压水平的高低以外,血压波动也是造成人体靶器官损伤的独立危险因素。本研究以老年男性人群为研究对象,观察血压波动（BPV）与颈动脉斑块形成的关联性。方法：本研究选用1461名患有动脉硬化的老年男性患者为研究对象,将入选对象分为：非颈动脉斑块组和颈动脉斑块组,根据24小时动态血压测定（ABPM）中收缩压（SBP）、舒张N（DBP）的数据,用”个体血压波动法”测定每个患者的血压波动,分析探讨血压波动与颈动脉斑块形成之间的关联性。结果：①颈动脉斑块的形成与24小时收缩期血压波动（SBPV）密切相关（8-3±2．1mmHgVS7．9士2．0mmHg;P〈0．001）,其中与白昼（6：00．22：00）SBPV有关（8．1±2．1mmHgVS7．7土2．1mmHg：P〈0．001）,而与夜间（22：00-6：00）SBPV关系不明显（8,9±3．8mmHgVS8,6±3．7mmHg;P〉0．05）。②与24小时舒张期血压波动（DBPV）有关（5．6±1．4mmHgVS5．4±1．4mmHg;P〈0．05）,其中与白昼（6：00．22：00）舒张期血压波动有关（5．4±1．4mmHgVS5．2士1．4mmHg;P〈0．05）,而与夜间舒张期血压波动无关（6．2±2．7mmHgVS5．9±2．5mmHg;P〉0．05）。结论：在老年男性人群中,颈动脉斑块的形成与收缩期和舒张期血压波动均有关系,主要表现在白昼血压波动。     

应用同种带瓣管道重建右室流出道的危险因素分析

目的：评价采用同种带瓣管道行右室流出道重建术的临床效果,探讨影响手术效果及临床预后的因素。方法：回顾2002年11月至2010年11月期间应用同种带瓣管道行右室流出道重建患者的临床资料,分析患者手术前后的一般信息、血流动力学表现与临床预后的关系。结果：行右室流出道重建术后49例痊愈出院,5例死亡,存活率90．7％,死亡率9-3％。手术前后比较右室流出道内径较术前明显增加,右室一左室收缩压比值、右室-肺动脉压差较术前明显降低,三尖瓣反流、肺动脉瓣反流较术前加重,肺动脉瓣狭窄较术前减轻。统计分析表明患者死亡的危险因素有术后右室平均压、术后肺动脉-主动脉收缩压比值、术后二尖瓣反流。术后心胸比、术后肺动脉收缩压、术后肺动脉一主动脉收缩压比值、术后三尖瓣反流可能和术后患者ICU时间延长有关。McGoon指数、术后心胸比、术后肺动脉收缩压、术后右室平均压、术后肺动脉一主动脉收缩压比值、合并动脉导管未闭、术后三尖瓣反流可能和术后患者呼吸机时间延长有关。结论：复杂先天性心脏病患者采用同种带瓣管道重建右室流出道可以取得较满意的临床效果,术后流出道梗阻矫正满意,可以防止肺动脉返流导致的心脏损害。     

改良Nikaidoh手术治疗合并肺动脉瓣狭窄的右室双出口

目的：总结改良Nikaidoh手术治疗右心室双出口（DORV）患者的临床经验,以提高手术疗效。方法：2例先天性心脏病右心室双出口伴肺动脉瓣狭窄行改良Nikaidoh手术,游离主动脉根部及冠状动脉,重建左心室流出道,以带单瓣牛心包片补片重建肺动脉及右心室流出道。结果：术后患者紫绀消失,复查心脏彩超仅有轻度肺动脉瓣关闭不全,未发现左、右心室流出道梗阻,康复出院。结论：采用改良Nikaidoh手术治疗伴肺动脉瓣狭窄的右室双出口,术后可获得良好的血流动力学效果,早期临床结果满意。     

Congestive heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is associated with severely impaired dynamic Starling mechanism

Sedentary aging leads to increased cardiovascular stiffening, which can be ameliorated by sufficient amounts of lifelong exercise training. An even more extreme form of cardiovascular stiffening can be seen in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), which comprises ~40~50% of elderly patients diagnosed with congestive heart failure. There are two major interrelated hypotheses proposed to explain heart failure in these patients: 1) increased left ventricular (LV) diastolic stiffness and 2) increased arterial stiffening. The beat-to-beat dynamic Starling mechanism, which is impaired with healthy human aging, reflects the interaction between ventricular and arterial stiffness and thus may provide a link between these two mechanisms underlying HFpEF. Spectral transfer function analysis was applied between beat-to-beat changes in LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP; estimated from pulmonary artery diastolic pressure with a right heart catheter) and stroke volume (SV) index. The dynamic Starling mechanism (transfer function gain between LVEDP and the SV index) was impaired in HFpEF patients (n = 10) compared with healthy age-matched controls (n = 12) (HFpEF: 0.23 ± 0.10 ml·m?2·mmHg?1 and control: 0.37 ± 0.11 ml·m?2·mmHg?1, means ± SD, P = 0.008). There was also a markedly increased (3-fold) fluctuation of LV filling pressures (power spectral density of LVEDP) in HFpEF patients, which may predispose to pulmonary edema due to intermittent exposure to higher pulmonary capillary pressure (HFpEF: 12.2 ± 10.4 mmHg2 and control: 3.8 ± 2.9 mmHg2, P = 0.014). An impaired dynamic Starling mechanism, even more extreme than that observed with healthy aging, is associated with marked breath-by-breath LVEDP variability and may reflect advanced ventricular and arterial stiffness in HFpEF, possibly contributing to reduced forward output and pulmonary congestion.     

The Hemodynamic Response of the Right Ventricle Following Acute and Chronic Partial Obstruction of the Main Pulmonary Artery in Dogs

In eight adult dogs the main pulmonary artery was constricted to elevate the right ventricular peak systolic pressure to 50% of the peak aortic pressure at rest. The response of the right ventricle was assessed immediately, at 30 minutes and at six months. The right ventricle responded to acute systolic loading by complete compensation. After 30 minutes there was a reduction in the right ventricular outflow tract resistance. The cardiac output, heart rate and aortic pressure were maintained. The right ventricular systolic ejection period, end-diastolic pressure, peak pressure time, mean systolic pressure, right ventricular—main pulmonary artery mean systolic gradient, right ventricular work index, systolic work and outflow tract resistance were all increased.The right ventricle in the dog was shown to have an immediate capacity to compensate for systolic loading and retains this capacity for long periods of time. The ability to increase work is accomplished by adaptations in right ventricular physiology which increase right ventricular mean systolic pressures and prolong the right ventricular ejection period.     

Human immunodeficiency virus transgenic rats exhibit pulmonary hypertension

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a serious noninfectious disease involving an aberrant increase in pressure in the blood vessels of the lung, which leads to right ventricular (RV) heart failure and can eventually result in death. A lack of viable animal models of HIV-PAH has limited the identification of signaling pathways involved in HIV-mediated onset and progression of PAH. To determine whether the HIV-1 transgenic (HIV Tg) rat displays pathophysiological end points associated with PAH, we evaluated peak RV systolic pressure (RVSP), RV hypertrophy, pulmonary vessel remodeling, and alterations in gene expression by real-time PCR and microarray. RVSP was measured by RV catheterization via the right jugular vein in 3- and 9-mo-old HIV Tg and age-matched Fischer 344 (control) male rats while under 2% isoflurane anesthesia. RVSP was elevated in the HIV Tg rats (34.2 ± 2.5 mmHg) compared with the F344 controls (21.2 ± 2.5 mmHg), with more significant elevations in the 9-mo-old HIV Tg rats (42.5 ± 3.7 mmHg). We observed significant increases in RV wall thickness in HIV Tg rats compared with controls, both histologically and by echocardiograph measurement. HIV Tg rats also show increased thickening of the pulmonary artery and remodeling of small pulmonary arteries, as well as altered expression of gene pathways associated with PAH. These data represent the first analysis of PAH in HIV Tg rats and suggest that this model will be useful for investigating pathways and identifying potential therapies for HIV-PAH.