血清网膜素-1与绝经后女性冠心病的相关性

目的：网膜素是最近发现的脂肪因子,肥胖或2型糖尿病（diabetesmellitus,DM）患者血清网膜素-1较正常者明显降低。本次研究主要为观察绝经后女性血清网膜素-1水平与冠心病的相关性。方法：选取我院心内科住院有心绞痛症状,并行冠脉造影的105例绝经后女性患者。依据冠脉造影结果分为冠心病组（67例）和对照组例（3）,常规收集临床资料,包括年龄、体重指数（bodvmassindex,BMI）、吸烟史、高血压病史、糖尿病史及血液生化和血脂指标;酶联免疫吸附剂测定（enzymelinkedimmunosorbentassay,ELISA）法检测血清网膜素-1浓度。结果：冠心痛组血清网膜素-1水平显著低于对照组（205．62±73．31vs401．64±146．79．P〈0．001）。单因素logistic回归分析示吸烟、高血压痛史、糖尿病史、高脂血症史、网膜素-1水平降低是冠心病组的独立危险因素（P〈0．05）。多因素logistic回归分析示血清网膜素-1水平降低是冠心病组的独立危险因素（P〈0．001）。结论：绝经后女性血清网膜素-1水平下降是冠心痛的独立危险因素,可能可成为绝经后女性冠心病的预测指标。     

绝经后女性心血管危险因素与骨密度的相关关系

目的:本研究的目的是评估绝经后女性冠心病患者心血管危险因素与骨密度的相关关系。方法:评估216例拟行冠脉造影的绝经后女性冠心病患者的危险因素,并于冠脉造影检查前日或次日行骨密度检测,依据T值将受试者分为2组:骨量正常组(T值大于-1SD)、低骨量组(T值小于-1SD)。结果:2组患者在BMI、糖尿病、高血压及吸烟等均无显著性差异。低骨量组冠心病的发生率及年龄显著高于骨量正常组。Logistic回归分析显示绝经后女性冠心病患者年龄与骨密度独立相关(OR=1.072 CI:1.036～1.11p=0.001)。结论:年龄与绝经后女性冠心病患者骨密度负相关,心血管病危险因素或冠心病与骨量不相关。     

早发冠心病患者血清锌a2糖蛋白、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1水平与血脂的关系及其影响因素分析

摘要 目的：分析早发冠心病（PCAD）患者血清锌a2糖蛋白（ZAG）、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1）水平与血脂的关系及其影响因素。方法：收集2017年1月-2019年12月在我院经冠状动脉造影确诊的冠心病患者184例,其中PCAD 患者86例（PCAD组）,非PCAD患者98例（NPCAD组）,再选取同期男性<55岁,女性<65岁健康体检者86例作为对照组。收集所有研究对象的基线资料并检测空腹血糖(FBG) 、总胆固醇(TC) 、低密度脂蛋白(LDL) 、甘油三酯(TG) 、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、血清ZAG、MCP-1水平,采用Pearson相关性分析ZAG、MCP-1与血脂相关性。多因素Logistic回归分析PCAD的影响因素。结果：PCAD组、NPCAD组糖尿病史、高血压病史、冠心病家族史比例、体质量指数(BMI)、FPG、TG、MCP-1高于对照组,HDL、ZAG水平低于对照组（P＜0.05）,PCAD组年龄、HDL、ZAG水平低于NPCAD组,冠心病家族史、吸烟史比例高于NPCAD组（P＜0.05）。Pearson相关性分析结果表明,PCAD患者ZAG与HDL呈正相关,MCP-1与HDL呈负相关（P＜0.05）;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,高血压、吸烟史、冠心病家族史、HDL、TG、ZAG、MCP-1是PCAD的独立危险因素。结论：PCAD患者MCP-1水平升高、ZAG、HDL水平降低,MCP-1、ZAG与HDL密切相关,且是PCAD的独立危险因素。     

冠心病患者血清Alarin和Chemerin的表达水平与血管病变严重程度的相关性研究

摘要 目的：研究冠心病患者血清中Alarin和趋化素（Chemerin）表达水平和其血管病变严重程度的相关性。方法：随机选择2017年1月1日至2021年1月1日在本院接受冠状动脉造影检查的冠心病患者112作为研究对象,并选择86例健康体检者作为对照组。其中冠心病患者行冠状动脉造影检查,病变程度由Gensini评分确定,血清Alarin和Chemerin水平使用酶联免疫吸附试验测定。结果：与对照组健康受试者相比,冠心病患者的体重指数、收缩压、舒张压、总胆固醇、甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平明显升高（P<0.05）;冠心病患者血清Alarin水平明显高于对照组（0.62±0.18 vs. 0.41±0.19 μg/L,P<0.05）。另外,冠心病患者血清Chemerin水平明显高于对照组（124.7±19.3 vs. 88.6±10.9 ng/mL,P<0.05）。血清Alarin和Chemerin水平分别与Gensini评分呈显著正相关（r=0.51,P<0.05;r=0.62,P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,血清Alarin和Chemerin水平是冠脉造影冠心病的独立预测因素（OR=0.91,95%CI：0.90-0.92;P<0.05和OR=0.93,95 %CI：0.90-0.95;P<0.05）。结论：本研究显示,冠心病患者血清Alarin和Chemerin水平明显高于健康受试者,且与冠心病严重程度呈显著正相关。     

高脂血症合并高血压患者临床特征及疾病严重程度的危险因素分析

摘要 目的：分析高脂血症合并高血压患者临床特征及疾病严重程度的危险因素。方法：回顾性分析2021年12月-2022年12月我院收治的高血压和高脂症患者共532例,依据其血压和血脂水平分为高血脂组（n=240）和高血脂合并高血压组（n=292）。比较两组临床资料,采用二分类Logistic回归分析影响高脂血症合并高血压患者病情严重程度的独立危险因素。结果：高血脂合并高血压组的吸烟史、家族史、患有糖尿病史、高血脂病史一年以上人数占比及血清甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、血尿酸（UA）、C反应蛋白（CRP）水平均与高血脂组有差异（P<0.05）。高血脂合并高血压重度组有吸烟史、家族史、患有糖尿病、高血压病及血清UA、CRP水平均高于中度组（P<0.05）。二分类Logistic回归分析结果显示,有吸烟史、家族史、患有糖尿病、高血压病及血清UA、CRP水平升高是影响高脂血症合并高血压患者病情严重程度的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：吸烟史、家族史、患有糖尿病、高血压病,UA含量以及CRP水平升高是影响高脂血症合并高血压患者病情严重程度的独立危险因素,可作为临床提示高脂血症合并高血压病情发展的指标。     

冠心病患者CTA影像学特征与血浆前蛋白转化酶枯草杆菌蛋白酶9及血清可溶性ST2的相关性分析

摘要 目的：探究冠心病患者螺旋CT冠状动脉血管造影（CTA）影像学特征与血浆前蛋白转化酶枯草杆菌蛋白酶9（proprotein convrtase subtilisin/kexin 9,PCSK-9）以及血清可溶性ST2的相关性。方法：选择2015年8月到2020年8月我院接受治疗的90例冠心病患者为实验组,另选取同期于我院接受治疗的50例非冠心病患者为对照组,首先对比两组患者PCSK-9以及可溶性ST2水平,而后将实验组患者按照CTA检测结果区分为无冠脉狭窄组（13例）、轻度冠脉狭窄组（31例）、中度冠脉狭窄组（29例）以及重度冠脉狭窄组（17例）,对比四组冠心病患者PCSK-9以及可溶性ST2水平,探究冠心病患者不同冠脉狭窄程度相关因素。结果：（1）实验组患者PCSK-9以及可溶性ST2水平均明显高于对照组患者,组间差异明显（P<0.05）;（2）随着冠脉狭窄程度的升高,冠心病患者的PCSK-9以及可溶性ST2水平也呈现明显升高趋势,4组间比较差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;（3）单因素分析显示高血压、糖尿病、吸烟、PCSK-9>335 ng/mL、可溶性ST2>35 ng/mL是冠状动脉狭窄的危险因素;（4）多因素Logistic分析显示PCSK-9、可溶性ST2水平均与冠状动脉狭窄相关（P<0.05）。结论：PCSK-9以及可溶性ST2水平与冠心病患者CTA影响学特征具有一定的相关性,上述因子水平越高,冠心病患者冠脉狭窄程度越严重。     

绝经女性冠状动脉钙化积分与臂踝动脉脉搏波传导速度的相关性研究

目的:研究绝经女性中冠脉钙化积分(CACS)与臂踝动脉脉搏波传导速度(ba PWV)之间的相关性。方法:从1918名社区人群筛选出546名无冠心病病史并可以进行CACS检查的绝经女性为样本,对其进行标准化问卷调查、实验室指标检测、ba PWV及CACS测量。根据CACS将研究对象分为CACS=0组和CACS0组,并根据ba PWV四分位数进行分组,利用logistic回归分析冠脉钙化与ba PWV的相关性。结果:研究人群中CACS0组87例(15.9%),CACS=0组459例(84.1%)。其中CACS0组在年龄、BMI、高血压、收缩压、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白及糖尿病方面均高于CACS=0组。同时,CACS0组ba PWV比CACS=0组高(27.6%vs.24.2%,35.6%vs.23.1%),两组间差异有统计学意义(P=0.011),并且Logistic回归发现,绝经女性年龄(OR=1.094,95%CI 1.039-1.152,P0.001)、高血压(OR=1.933,95%CI 1.092-3.422,P=0.024)、ba PWV第三分位数(OR=2.435,95%CI1.141-5.196,P=0.021)、ba PWV第四分位数(OR=3.323,95%CI 1.594-6.930,P=0.001)是冠脉钙化的独立危险因素。结论:绝经女性ba PWV升高与CACS相关,ba PWV可以作为一种评估冠脉钙化程度和心血管风险的有效手段得以应用。     

糖尿病患者的MPV、脂联素水平与冠心病的关系

目的:研究糖尿病(Diabetes Mellitus,DM)患者血小板体积(mean platelet volume,MPV)和血清脂联素水平与冠心病的关系。方法:选取研究对象共150例分为三组,其中101名糖尿病患者根据冠脉造影结果分为:A组(糖尿病合并冠心病组)共72人,B组(糖尿病非冠心病组)共29人。对照组为排除糖尿病且冠脉造影正常者共49人。入院次日检测空腹血常规(含MPV),应用ELISA法检测各组血清脂联素水平。应用Gensini评分系统评估冠状动脉的狭窄程度。结果:A组和B组的脂联素水平均低于对照组(P0.05),且A组脂联素水平低于B组(P0.05)。A组与B组MPV水平均高于对照组(P0.05),且A组MPV水平高于B组(P0.05)。相关性分析显示Gensini评分与脂联素水平负相关(r=-0.59,P0.001),Gensini评分与MPV正相关(r=0.56,P0.001)。结论:脂联素、MPV与糖尿病合并冠心病的发生显著相关,而脂联素可能通过拮抗糖尿病患者血小板活性程度,延缓心血管并发症的发生。     

血清胆红素、NO、ET-1、VEGF水平联合检测对冠心病诊断价值

摘要 目的：探讨血清胆红素、一氧化氮（NO）、内皮素-1（ET-1）、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）水平联合检测对冠心病（CHD）的诊断价值。方法：选取2019年12月至2020年12月在我院治疗的冠心病患者65例作为观察组;另选取同期参与健康体检的60例健康人群作为对照组。对所有患者总胆红素水平（TBIL）、直接胆红素水平（DBIL）、NO、ET-1、VEGF表达水平进行检测,计算间接胆红素水平（IBIL）,采用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）下面积（AUC）比较血清胆红素、VEGF、ET-1和NO单独和联合检测对冠心病的诊断价值,采用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析法分析冠心病的影响因素。结果：与对照组相比,观察组患者血清IBIL、DBIL、TBIL、VEGF和NO检测结果均显著降低,ET-1检测结果显著升高（P＜0.05）。血清胆红素、VEGF、ET-1和NO对冠心病联合检测的AUC值显著高于单独检测值（P＜0.05）。观察组患者高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、吸烟、肥胖的发生率明显高于对照组（P＜0.05）。多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、吸烟、肥胖、血清胆红素、VEGF、ET-1和NO均可作为评估冠心病的危险因素,其中血清检测指标的关联强度依次为ET-1、VEGF、NO、胆红素（P＜0.05）。结论：冠心病患者血清胆红素代谢异常,血管内皮功能指标紊乱,是导致患者动脉粥样硬化的重要原因。血清胆红素、NO、ET-1、VEGF水平联合检测对冠心病诊断效能明显优于单个指标,且可作为冠心病发病风险的有效指标。     

冠心病病人血清脂联素与可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1的变化及意义

目的：探讨冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（CHD）病人血清中脂联素与可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1（sICAM-1）水平的变化及临床意义。方法：选择冠心病病人59例,其中急性冠脉综合征（ACS）31例,稳定性心绞痛（SAP）28例,采用ELISA法检测病人血清脂联素、sICAM-1的浓度并与20例健康对照比较。结果：ACS组病人血清脂联素的浓度显著低于SAP组和对照组（P〈0．05）．sICAM-1浓度显著高于SAP组和对照组（P〈0．05）,血清脂联素的浓度与sICAM-1水平呈负相关（r=-0．295,P〈0．05）。结论：血清脂联素与sICAM-1水平的变化与冠脉病变的稳定性有关,检测血清中脂联素与slCAM-1对于冠心病的辅助诊断、病情判断、及预防治疗有重要临床意义。     

Omentin-1 is decreased in maternal plasma, placenta and adipose tissue of women with pre-existing obesity

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine (i) the effect of maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on (i) the circulating levels of omentin-1 in cord and maternal plasma, and (ii) gene expression and release of omentin-1 from human placenta and adipose tissue. The effect of pregnancy on circulating omentin-1 levels was also determined.

Design

Omentin-1 levels were measured in maternal and cord plasma from obese and non-obese normal glucose tolerant women (NGT; n = 44) and women with GDM (n = 39) at the time of term elective Caesarean section. Placenta and adipose tissue expression and release of omentin-1 was measured from 22 NGT and 22 GDM women collected at the time of term elective Caesarean section. Omentin-1 levels were also measured in maternal plasma from 13 NGT women at 11 and 28 weeks gestation and 7 weeks postpartum.

Results

Maternal obesity was associated with significantly lower omentin-1 levels in maternal plasma; however, there was no effect of maternal obesity on cord omentin levels. Omentin-1 gene expression was lower in placenta and adipose tissue obtained from women with pre-existing obesity. In addition to this, adipose tissue release of omentin-1 was significantly lower from obese pregnant women. Omentin-1 levels were significantly lower in non-obese GDM compared to non-obese NGT women. However, there was no difference in omentin-1 levels between obese NGT and obese GDM women. There was no effect of GDM on cord omentin levels, and placental and adipose tissue omentin-1 expression. Maternal omentin-1 levels were negatively correlated with fetal birthweight and fetal ponderal index.

Conclusions

The data presented in this study demonstrate that pre-existing maternal obesity is associated with lower omentin-1 expression in placenta, adipose tissue and maternal plasma. Alteration in omentin-1 in pregnancy may influence the development of metabolic disorders in offspring later in life.     

FABP4 and omentin-1 gene expression in epicardial adipose tissue from coronary artery disease patients

Omentin-1 and fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) are adipose tissue adipokines linked to obesity-associated cardiovascular complications. The aim of this study was to investigate epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) omentin-1 and FABP4 gene expression in obese and non-obese patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Omentin-1 and FABP4 mRNA levels in EAT and paired subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) as well as adipokine serum concentrations were assessed in 77 individuals (61 with CAD; 16 without CAD (NCAD)). EAT FABP4 mRNA level was decreased in obese CAD patients when compared to obese NCAD individuals (p=0.001). SAT FABP4 mRNA level was decreased in CAD patients compared to NCAD individuals without respect to their obesity status (p=0.001). Omentin-1 mRNA level in EAT and SAT did not differ between the CAD and NCAD groups. These findings suggest that omentin-1 gene expression in adipose tissue is not changed during CAD; downregulated FABP4 gene expression in SAT is associated with CAD while EAT FABP4 gene expression is decreased only in obesity-related CAD.     

Serum omentin-1 levels are inversely associated with the presence and severity of coronary artery disease in patients with metabolic syndrome

Context: Omentin-1, an adipokine secreted from visceral adipose tissue, has been reported to be associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) and metabolic disorders.

Objective: To clarify the relationship between serum omentin-1 levels and the presence and severity of CAD in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS).

Methods: We measured serum omentin-1 levels in 175 consecutive patients with MetS and in 46 controls.

Results: Serum omentin-1 levels are inversely associated with the presence and angiographic severity of CAD in MetS patients.

Conclusions: Serum omentin-1 might be a potential biomarker to predict the development and progression of CAD in MetS patients.     

Cardioprotective Properties of Omentin-1 in Type 2 Diabetes: Evidence from Clinical and In Vitro Studies

Context

Adipokines are linked to the development of cardiovascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes (DM2). In DM2-patients, circulating levels of omentin-1, an adipokine preferentially expressed in epicardial adipose tissue, are decreased. This study investigated whether omentin-1 has a cardioprotective function.

Methods

Omentin-1 levels in plasma and cardiac fat depots were determined in DM2-patients versus controls. Moreover, the relation between omentin-1 levels and cardiac function was examined in men with uncomplicated DM2. Finally, we determined whether omentin-1 could reverse the induction of cardiomyocyte dysfunction by conditioned media derived from epicardial adipose tissue from patients with DM2.

Results

Omentin-1 was highly expressed and secreted by epicardial adipose tissue, and reduced in DM2. Circulating omentin-1 levels were lower in DM2 versus controls, and positively correlated with the diastolic parameters early peak filling rate, early deceleration peak and early deceleration mean (all P<0.05). The improved diastolic function following pioglitazone treatment associated with increases in omentin-1 levels (P<0.05). In vitro, exposure of cardiomyocytes to conditioned media derived from epicardial adipose tissue from patients with DM2 induced contractile dysfunction and insulin resistance, which was prevented by the addition of recombinant omentin.

Conclusion

These data identify omentin-1 as a cardioprotective adipokine, and indicate that decreases in omentin-1 levels could contribute to the induction of cardiovascular dysfunction in DM2.     

Prevalence of Coronary Artery Disease Evaluated by Coronary CT Angiography in Women with Mammographically Detected Breast Arterial Calcifications

To assess the correlation between breast arterial calcifications (BAC) on digital mammography and the extent of coronary artery disease (CAD) diagnosed with dual source coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) in a population of women both symptomatic and asymptomatic for coronary artery disease. 100 consecutive women (aged 34 – 86 years) who underwent both coronary CTA and digital mammography were included in the study. Health records were reviewed to determine the presence of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and smoking. Digital mammograms were reviewed for the presence and degree of BAC, graded in terms of severity and extent. Coronary CTAs were reviewed for CAD, graded based on the extent of calcified and non-calcified plaque, and the degree of major vessel stenosis. A four point grading scale was used for both coronary CTA and mammography. The overall prevalence of positive BAC and CAD in the studied population were 12% and 29%, respectively. Ten of the 12 patients with moderate or advanced BAC on mammography demonstrated moderate to severe CAD as determined by coronary CTA. For all women, the positive predictive value of BAC for CAD was 0.83 and the negative predictive value was 0.78. The presence of BAC on mammography appears to correlate with CAD as determined by coronary CTA (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient = 0.48, p<.000001). Using logistic regression, the inclusion of BAC as a feature in CAD predication significantly increased classification results (p=0.04).     

Gender disparities in the association between epicardial adipose tissue volume and coronary atherosclerosis: A 3-dimensional cardiac computed tomography imaging study in Japanese subjects

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Growing evidence suggests that epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) may contribute to the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). In this study, we explored gender disparities in EAT volume (EATV) and its impact on coronary atherosclerosis. METHODS: The study population consisted of 90 consecutive subjects (age: 63 +/- 12 years; men: 47, women: 43) who underwent 256-slice multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) coronary angiography. EATV was measured as the sum of cross-sectional epicardial fat area on CT images, from the lower surface of the left pulmonary artery origin to the apex. Subjects were segregated into the CAD group (coronary luminal narrowing > 50%) and non-CAD group. RESULTS: EATV/body surface area (BSA) was higher among men in the CAD group than in the non-CAD group (62 +/- 13 vs. 33 +/- 10 cm3/m2, p < 0.0001), but did not differ significantly among women in the 2 groups (49 +/- 18 vs. 42 +/- 9 cm3/m2, not significant). Multivariate logistic analysis showed that EATV/BSA was the single predictor for >50% coronary luminal narrowing in men (p < 0.0001). Predictors excluded were age, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. CONCLUSIONS: Increased EATV is strongly associated with coronary atherosclerosis in men.     

The lipid accumulation product is associated with increased mortality in normal weight postmenopausal women

Lipid accumulation product (LAP) is an emerging cardiovascular risk factor, which is calculated from waist circumference (WC) and triglyceride (TG) levels. The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between LAP and cardiovascular mortality as well as the presence of type 2 diabetes with respect to gender-specific differences. We determined WC and fasting TG levels and the cardiovascular and metabolic phenotypes coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus in 2,279 men and 875 postmenopausal women who were routinely referred to coronary angiography. The LAP was calculated as (WC (cm)--65) × (TG (mmol/l)) for men and as (WC (cm)--58) × (TG (mmol/l)) for women. LAP levels were independently associated with congestive heart failure mortality in all postmenopausal women and with all-cause mortality in diabetic postmenopausal women but not in men. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (with 95% confidence intervals) for all-cause, cardiovascular, and congestive heart failure mortality in the third compared to the first LAP tertile were 4.28 (1.94-9.44; P < 0.001), 3.47 (1.28-9.40; P = 0.015), and 10.77 (1.21-95.88; P = 0.033), respectively, in normal weight postmenopausal women, whereas no significant associations were found in men. LAP levels were highly associated with type 2 diabetes in all subjects, postmenopausal women, and men. High LAP values are predictive of mortality independently of other cardiovascular risk factors in normal weight and diabetic postmenopausal women but not in men. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) was highly associated with LAP in women and men. Our study validates an inexpensive and simple risk profiling that may allow identifying postmenopausal women at high cardiovascular risk.     

The association of metabolic syndrome and Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus type 1: The Persian Gulf Healthy Heart Study

Background

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death in industrialized countries and most patients with diabetes die from complications of atherosclerosis. The objective of this study was to determine the presence of diabetes mellitus and other conventional coronary heart disease risk factors (cigarette smoking, hypertension and hyperlipidemia) in patients with acute coronary events in an Iranian population.

Methods

The study included 514 patients with unstable angina or myocardial infarction (MI) out of 720 patients admitted to CCU ward of a general hospital from March 2003 to March 2005. History of diabetes, hypertension and cigarette smoking, demographic indices, coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus treatment, myocardial enzymes, serum triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol and fasting and non fasting blood glucose levels and HbA1C of diabetics were recorded of admission sheets. The data were structured to appropriate one way ANOVA, T tests, and chi square test with SPSS 13 product for windows.

Results

Out of all patients 35.8% were female, 30% were diabetics (Duration 13.4 ± 8.7 years), 42% were smoker and 91% were hypertensive. Twenty four percent had MI and 76% had unstable angina. MI was significantly higher in diabetic patients (36.4% vs. 19.2%, P < 0.001). Location and extension of MI and myocardial enzymes did not differ between diabetics and non-diabetic patients. Diabetic patients were older than non diabetics (65 ± 11.6 vs. 59.7 ± 12.5 years, p < 0.05). Five (66.7%) out of 9 patients with fatal MI were diabetics (Odds Ratio = 2.98). Age, duration of diabetes and HbA1c levels, did not differ between diabetic patients with or without MI. Hypertension and current smoking was significantly higher in patients with MI compared to patients with unstable angina (p < 0.05). Serum TG, HDL-C, LDL-C and total cholesterol level did not differ between patients with MI and unstable angina. Diabetic patients compare to non diabetic patients were more hypertensive (96% vs. 88.7%, p < 0.005) and had higher serum triglyceride (TG over 200 mg/dl, 35.1% vs. 26.4, p <0.05). Diabetes was more frequent among women than men (36.4% vs. 26.4%, p < 0.05). Women were older than men (65 ± 11.6 vs. 59.2 ± 13 years, p < 0.005) and had higher total serum cholesterol (200 ± 41.8 vs. 192 ± 42.5 mg/dl, p < 0.05) and HDL-C levels (49.7 ± 22 vs. 40 ± 13 mg/dl, p < 0.005). Ninety seven percent of all patients had at least one of cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol and low HDL-cholesterol levels).

Conclusion

In this study 19 out of 20 patients with acute coronary event have at least one of conventional cardiac risk factors. Diabetes and hypertension are leading risk factors, which may directly or indirectly interfere and predict more serious complications of coronary heart disease.