泸州市太伏镇农村育龄妇女对产检的认知情况

目的: 通过调查泸州市太伏镇农村育龄妇女对产检的认知情况,以指导育龄妇女怀孕期间定期做产检。方法: 用随机抽样的方法对泸州市太伏镇242名农村育龄妇女进行面对面问卷调查,并对其结果进行分析。结果: 242名育龄妇女中有68.2%没有在怀孕期间定期做产检,仅有31.8%在怀孕期间定期做产检。结论: 泸州市太伏镇农村育龄妇女对产检认知情况较差,其影响因素较多,相关部门须引起重视。     

广州某药业股份有限公司423名女工妇科体检结果分析

目的:了解某药业股份有限公司女工常见妇科病的发病情况.方法:对423名已婚女工进行妇科检查、白带常规、宫颈细胞学检查、盆腔B超、乳腺B超等项目的检查.结果:参检妇女的妇女病总患病率达到86.52%,查出15种常见妇科疾病.其中前4位是:乳腺增生(62.17%)、阴道炎(44.68%)、宫颈糜烂(40.66%)和子宫肌瘤(11.82%),另检出乳腺癌1例,畸胎瘤1例,宫颈非典型磷状细胞1例.结论:妇科病的发病率高,常见妇科病种类多,定期妇科普查可早期发现各种生殖系统疾病并得到早期治疗.     

游客对低碳旅游的认知和意愿——以丽江市为例

低碳旅游是不同于传统旅游产业的一种转型产业模式,是当前旅游业发展的新趋势,同时也改变着旅游者的消费方式。采用问卷调查的方法,对丽江市的游客关于低碳旅游的认知和意愿进行了研究,结果表明:(1)低碳旅游的认知水平程度较高(68.5%),受教育程度、入住酒店星级和年平均旅游次数与认知程度显著正相关。91%的受访者认为公众意识是低碳旅游首先应被考虑的影响因素,大多数游客认为可以通过改变旅游交通(87.5%)和住宿方式(57.5%)来减少旅游业的碳排放。(2)游客对低碳旅游的意愿程度普遍较高(79.5%),入住酒店星级、年平均旅游次数和人均旅游花费与低碳旅游意愿显著负相关。定期旅行的游客对低碳旅游的认知最强,但行为的改变意愿却最弱。不经常旅行的游客则更愿意实现低碳旅游,但实际上对于旅游模式改变的影响也较小。(3)现阶段,低碳旅游的推行实际上也存在一定的难度和问题。46.5%的受访者认为目前低碳旅游流于形式和口号,76%的游客认为目前我国景区的游客普遍缺乏低碳旅游的良好习惯。(4)从政府和旅游主管部门、旅游企业、旅游者三方面提出了发展低碳旅游的相关建议。     

淮南地区农村已婚育龄妇女生殖健康现状及KAP调查

目的:了解本地区农村已婚育龄妇女生殖健康现状,知识、态度和行为,以及需求,为有效开展生殖健康教育提供科学依据.方法:用整群抽样调查的方法对淮南地区农村妇女进行妇科病普查和生殖健康知识态度行为的问卷调查.结果:被调查者妇科病患病率为33.10%,居于前3位的是:宫颈炎13.54%、细菌性阴道炎6.77%和念珠菌阴道炎4.69%;被调查者生理卫生及保健知识、避孕、性病和爱滋病等知识较为欠缺;她们对生殖健康的知识主要来自于父母、爱人和朋友,录像和书籍等;多数妇女期望定期进行妇科病查治、参加生殖健康知识讲座、获得医务人员的咨询指导.结论:本地区妇女生殖健康现状不客乐观,需要进一步加强生殖健康服务力度,加强计划生育宣传、咨询和指导力度,多途径开展性传播疾病知识宣教工作等.     

青年人群抗生素知识掌握和使用行为及其影响因素的研究

目的:研究黑龙江省青年人群抗生素知识掌握和使用行为及其影响因素。方法:随机抽取黑龙江省16~44岁之间的青年人,采用问卷调查法进行定量性的横断面研究。结果:2630名受访者中,38.62%知道抗生素可治疗细菌感染但不可治疗病毒感染,30.59%是根据医生处方选择抗生素的,有52.09%的受访者不能按疗程使用抗生素。其中,女性、自觉健康状况较差的受访者抗生素知识掌握与使用行为相对较好。结论:青年人群正确的抗生素知识和规范的抗生素使用行为的比例较低,需要加强青年人群抗生素相关知识及规范应用的教育。     

不同性别冠心病患者对于急性心肌梗死相关症状的认识现况调查

目的:了解不同性别冠心病(CAD)患者对于急性心肌梗死(AMI)相关症状的认知情况,为有效缩短AMI院前延误(PHD)提供依据。方法:于2015年10月至2016年3月在同济大学附属同济医院和上海市闸北区中心医院心内科门诊及病房,对确诊为CAD的受访者进行调查,收集受访者的一般资料,要求受访者区分胸痛、呼吸困难、出汗、恶心呕吐、晕厥是否为AMI相关症状。使用多元回归分析的方法,分析不同性别患者对上述症状的认知情况。结果:共680例CAD患者自愿接受调查,男性受访者对多数AMI相关症状的知晓率普遍高于女性。性别组间比较的多因素Logistic回归分析显示,相比较于女性,男性CAD患者对AMI相关症状出汗,恶心呕吐、晕厥认知度的OR值分别为1.41(1.04-2.41)、1.79(1.09-2.95)、1.96(1.42-2.72)。结论:不同性别患者对AMI相关症状认识水平存在差异,女性在出汗,恶心呕吐,晕厥不典型AMI相关症状认识程度较男性差。应加强对该人群的健康教育,以最大可能的缩短决策延误时间。     

新疆乌苏市育龄妇女生殖健康现况调查研究

目的:了解新疆乌苏市育龄妇女生殖健康现状,生殖保健知识水平和生殖保健意识,为提高育龄妇女的生殖健康水平提供理论依据。方法:采用单纯随机抽样的方法,选择乌苏市育龄妇女1000名,应用自填问卷并结合妇科各项相应检查进行调查分析。结果:(1)妇科健康情况:52.6%被调查者认为自身目前妇科健康状况一般;仅有14.0%的被调查者没有出现过白带异常、下身瘙痒等症状;而平时对生殖道进行日常护理的人仅占57.4%。(2)妇科常见病患病情况:妇科常见疾病按患病率高低排列分别为阴道炎(70.2%)、痛经(25.5%)、宫颈糜烂/乳腺增生(19.2%、19.1%)、子宫肌瘤(11.9%),各因素对痛经的影响均无统计学意义(P>0.05);各因素对阴道炎的影响均无统计学意义(P>0.05);但不同年龄段有宫颈疾病的患病情况差别有统计学意义(P<0.01),其中40～50岁年龄组患病率最大(65.3%),30岁以下年龄组患病率最低(37.6%);城市患病率(57.7%)高于农村(45.6%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);小学文化程度患病率(69.0%)高于其他各组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(3)求医行为:37.5%的人选择去药店买药,41.5%的人选择就医;对就医单位的选择中,75.3%的人采取就近原则选择医疗单位,9.1%的人则是通过报纸媒体广告选择相关医疗单位;选择就医单位影响因素中42.3%的人认为专家资质较重要,26.3%的人则认为有先进设备较重要。结论:乌苏市育龄妇女生殖健康水平一般,妇女患常见妇科病比率较大的为阴道炎及痛经,其次为宫颈糜烂/乳腺增生,子宫肌瘤,40～50岁、文化程度较低妇女对宫颈其他疾病的患病情况影响较大,妇女生殖保健知识较全面、自我护理较好的妇女患病率较低。乌苏市育龄妇女需要加强生殖健康宣传教育,提高自我保健意识,掌握基本的生殖保健常识,对40～50岁围绝经期妇女要加强体检力度,以降低妇女病发病率,提高妇女健康水平,改善乌苏市各年龄段的妇女生活质量为关键。     

营养保健知识宣教对妇女产褥期知识、行为干预效果研究

目的:评价营养保健知识宣教对妇女产褥期营养保健知识认知、饮食行为的效果。方法:选择青岛市孕晚期妇女作为研究对象,随机分为干预组和对照组,对干预组对象进行营养保健知识宣教。结果:干预组对象大部分营养保健知识的知晓率显著高于对照组,干预组对象从医务人员、书刊杂志获得营养保健知识的发生率(83.1%、72.3%)显著高于对照组对象(65.2%、56.0%);干预组对象薯类、鱼类、豆制品、绿叶蔬菜、坚果,膳食纤维、烟酸、钙、维生素C的每日摄入量显著高于对照组,蛋类,胆固醇的摄入量显著低于对照组。结论:针对性强的营养保健知识教育能明显提高产褥期妇女知识水平,促进健康的饮食行为,因此应推广有针对性的营养保健知识宣教。     

武汉市典型城市湖泊湿地资源非使用价值评价

城市湖泊湿地资源的非使用价值评价,不仅可为建立区域生态账户提供基础数据,还可促进政府加大城市湖泊湿地保护与治理投资力度。以武汉市典型城市湖泊为研究对象,基于条件价值评估法对城市湖泊湿地资源的非使用价值进行了货币化计量。结果表明,88.2%受访者认为武汉市城市湖泊湿地的非使用价值很重要,但41.2%受访者对武汉市城市湖泊湿地的环境质量变化情况不了解:受访者认为湖泊湿地非使用价值3种组分的重要性程度顺序为存在价值遗产价值选择价值。受访者对武汉市典型城市湖泊严东湖、东湖、紫阳湖的支付意愿率分别为70.8%、70.1%、56.9%,人均支付意愿值分别为48.4元·a-1、49.6元·a-1、44.0元·a-1,非使用价值分别为2.84×108元·a-1、2.88×108元·a-1、2.07×108元·a-1,呈现出半自然湖泊自然湖泊人工湖泊的趋势。受访者年龄、年收入、文化程度对支付意愿有显著影响,而性别、职业、职称对支付意愿无显著影响;受访者年收入、文化程度、职称对支付值有显著影响,而性别、年龄、职业对支付值无显著影响。     

干旱区绿洲城市生态文明建设公众参与意识研究——以“一带一路”沿线城市乌鲁木齐为例

生态文明是人类文明发展的新阶段,其强调人与自然的协调发展。基于公众科学理论框架,采用模型模拟方法、实地问卷调查、多元回归方法,分析了乌鲁木齐居民参与城市生态文明建设的自我感知、满意程度、参与意愿,并构建了结构方程模型(SEM),探讨了居民参与城市生态文明意愿的可行路径,分析了居民参与城市生态文明建设的意愿与其相关因素间的关系,揭示了居民参与城市生态文明建设主要限制因素。结果表明:(1)居民自我感知与城市生态文明建设参与意愿呈显著正相关,满意程度与参与意愿呈显著负相关;(2)45.36%的受访者表示非常愿意参与城市生态文明建设;(3)居民主体意识和支持度占比分别为72.92%、72.04%,生态认知、生态关注及参与信心占比分别为43.08%、64.33%和55.14%;(4)受访者对城市生态文明建设状况满意度的平均偏效应为2.32,各项满意度均值情况为:城市绿化状况(2.51)政府环境信息公开程度(2.41)城市空气状况(2.35)城市垃圾处理与分类状况(1.99)。研究成果以期为建立和推进城市生态文明建设提供科学参考。     

Ethiopian women's breast cancer self-examination practices and associated factors. A systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundBreast neoplasm is the most frequently diagnosed and the leading cause of cancer death in the vast majority of the countries. Breast cancer self-examination is a check-up of a woman does at home to look for changes or problems in the breast tissue. The benefit of early recognition is for early treatment that is more effective, higher long-term survival rates and better quality of life. The aim of this review was to determine the pooled prevalence of breast cancer self-examination practice and identify its associated factors among Ethiopian women.MethodsGoogle Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, web of science, and Cochrane Library were used for search of articles. This review includes thirty four articles conducted in Ethiopia between 2011 and 2020. The review contains 14,908 women to determine the ever pooled prevalence of breast cancer self-examination practice. Health workers and students made up 28.35% of the total participants. Data were extracted using a standardized data extraction format prepared in Microsoft Excel and analyzed with Stata 14. To assess heterogeneity I² test were used. A random effect meta-analysis model was used to estimate the pooled breast cancer self-examination (BCSE) practice of Ethiopian women. Moreover associated factors were also assessed.ResultsIn Ethiopian women, the overall ever and regular pooled breast cancer self-examination practice was 36% (95% CI: 28, 43) and 16% (95% CI: 28, 43) respectively. The ever pooled prevalence for health workers or students was 53% (95% CI: 41, 65), whereas for other participants it was 25% (95% CI: 19, 30). Good knowledge about breast self-examination (AOR: 3.69: 95% CI: 2.70, 5.05), positive attitude towards BCSE (AOR: 2.72: 95% CI: 1.74, 4.24), Getting to know people with breast cancer(AOR: 2.77: 95% CI: 1.51, 5.09), family history of breast cancer (AOR: 2.49: 95% CI: 1.60, 3.88) and personal history of breast cancer (AOR: 2.26: 95% CI: 1.70, 3.01) were associated factors to BCSE practice among Ethiopian women. All of the studies included in this review were conducted in a cross-sectional design was a limitation of this review and meta-analysis.ConclusionThis review and meta-analysis showed the ever and regular pooled prevalence of BCSE among Ethiopian women. More than one third of Ethiopian women ever practiced BCSE. We recommend that awareness creation should be perform in order to tackle the risk of breast cancer.     

Age as a factor in breast cancer knowledge,attitudes and screening behaviour.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there are age-related differences in knowledge, attitudes and behaviour with respect to breast cancer and whether the differences reflect the age-specific Canadian recommendations on breast cancer screening. DESIGN: Telephone survey. SETTING: Two cities and five towns and their surrounding areas in Alberta. PARTICIPANTS: The age-specific, randomly selected sample comprised 1284 women aged 40 to 75 years who did not have breast cancer. Of the 1741 eligible women who were contacted, 1350 (78%) agreed to participate; 66 were excluded because of age ineligibility or a history of breast cancer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Frequency of knowledge, attitudes and behaviour with respect to breast cancer, by age group. RESULTS: Knowledge of breast cancer risk factors was generally low and decreased with age. Few women were aware of the Canadian recommendations on breast self-examination, physical examination of the breasts by a health care practitioner and mammographic screening. Older women believed they were less susceptible to breast cancer than younger women and were less likely to have positive attitudes toward screening. Self-examination was performed 9 to 15 times per year by 424 women (33%), and 810 (63%) had been examined by a health care professional in the past year. Although 664 (52%) had undergone mammography, the proportion decreased with age after age 59. The main barriers to mammography were lack of physician referral and the woman''s belief that the procedure is unnecessary if she is healthy. CONCLUSIONS: Education is needed to increase breast cancer knowledge, promote the Canadian recommendations for early detection of breast cancer and decrease negative beliefs about the disease. Changes in the behaviour of women and physicians are needed to increase the use of breast self-examination, clinical breast examination by a health care professional and mammographic screening. Reaching women in the upper range (60 to 69 years) of the target group for mammographic screening should be a focus in promoting early detection of breast cancer.     

Early diagnosis of breast cancer: experience in a consultant breast clinic.

Of 2839 women referred to a consultant breast clinic for clinical, mammographic and thermographic examination, 480 underwent biopsy and 126 were found to have cancer. Ten percent of the tumours were occult and were classified as very early biologic disease; they were identified by routine mammography in women whose breasts were clinically normal. Biopsy of solid mass lesions non-suspicious on mammography identified 20% of the cancers; half these lesions, classified as early biologic disease, were discovered by doctors at routine annual clinical breast examination, though the earliest cancers were detected by women who were confident and competent in monthly self-examination of the breasts. Biopsy of solid mass lesions suspicious on mammography identified 70% of the cancers; these were classified as late biologic disease. Skin or nipple dimpling or retraction was evident in two thirds of the patients; their lesions seemed to be later biologically than the lesions of the patients without clinical signs, and 75% had discovered the lesions themselves accidentally.     

Maternal Obesity and Breast‐feeding Practices Among White and Black Women

Despite the increase in obesity among women of reproductive ages, few studies have considered maternal obesity as a risk factor for breast‐feeding success. We tested the hypothesis that women who are obese (BMI = 30–34.9) and very obese (BMI ≥35) before pregnancy are less likely to initiate and maintain breast‐feeding than are their normal‐weight counterparts (BMI = 18.5–24.9) among white and black women. Data from 2000 to 2005 South Carolina Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) were used. The overall response rate was 71.0%; there were 3,517 white and 2,846 black respondents. Black women were less likely to initiate breast‐feeding and breast‐fed their babies for a shorter duration than white women. Compared to normal‐weight white women, very obese white women were less likely to initiate breast‐feeding (odds ratio: 0.63; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.42, 0.94) and more likely to discontinue breast‐feeding within the first 6 months (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.89; 95% CI: 1.39, 2.58). Among black women, prepregnancy BMI was neither associated with breast‐feeding initiation nor with breast‐feeding continuation within the first 6 months. Because very obese white women are less likely to initiate or continue breast‐feeding than other white women, health professionals should be aware that very obese white women need additional breast‐feeding support. Lower rates of breast‐feeding among black women suggest that they should continue to be the focus of the programs and policies aimed at breast‐feeding promotion in the United States.     

Breast self-examination: importance of technique in early diagnosis.

Shortly after diagnosis of breast cancer 416 patients were interviewed about their use of screening procedures and the method of tumour detection. Although 72% reported that they performed breast self-examination (BSE), only 12% actually inspected and palpated their breasts monthly. BSE was not significantly associated with tumour size or involvement of the lymph nodes; however, thorough inspection was associated with smaller tumours, and careful palpation with the absence of palpable nodes. Of those who no longer or never had examined their breasts 40% reported having annual breast examinations by their physician and had significantly smaller tumours than did the others. Most of the women (86%) reported having detected their own tumours, and BSE did not significantly increase the likelihood of self-detection. The frequency of use of screening procedures was similar in a sample of women without breast cancer.     

Effect of breast self-examination techniques on the risk of death from breast cancer

OBJECTIVE: To measure the effect of breast self-examination (BSE) technique and frequency on the risk of death from breast cancer. DESIGN: Case-control study nested within the Canadian National Breast Screening Study (NBSS). SETTING: The Canadian NBSS, a multicentre randomized controlled trial of screening for breast cancer in Canadian women. SUBJECTS: The case subjects were 163 women who had died from breast cancer and 57 women with distant metastases. Ten control subjects matched by 5-year age group, screening centre, year of enrolment and random allocation group were randomly selected for each case subject. EXPOSURE MEASURES: Self-reported BSE frequency before enrolment in the NBSS, annual self-reports of BSE frequency during the program and annual objective assessments of BSE technique. OUTCOME MEASURES: Odds ratios (ORs) associated with BSE practice were estimated by conditional multiple logistic regression modelling, which permitted control of covariates. RESULTS: Relative to women who, when assessed 2 years before diagnosis, examined their breasts visually, used their finger pads for palpation and examined with their 3 middle fingers, the OR for death from breast cancer or distant metastatic disease for women who omitted 1, 2 or 3 of these components was 2.20 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30 to 3.71, p = 0.003). The OR for women who omitted 1 of the 3 components was 1.82 (95% CI 1.00 to 3.29, p = 0.05), for those who omitted 2 of the 3 components, 2.84 (95% CI 1.44 to 5.59, p = 0.003), and for those who omitted all 3 components, 2.95 (95% CI 1.19 to 7.30, p = 0.02). The results remained unchanged after adjustment for potential confounders. CONCLUSION: The results, obtained with the use of prospectively collected data, suggest that the performance of specific BSE components may reduce the risk of death from breast cancer.     

Variability in the Practice of Fertility Preservation for Patients with Cancer

Fertility is important to women and men with cancer. While options for fertility preservation (FP) are available, knowledge regarding the medical application of FP is lacking. Therefore we examined FP practices for cancer patients among reproductive endocrinologists (REs). A 36 item survey was sent to board-certified REs. 98% of respondents reported counseling women with cancer about FP options. Oocyte and embryo cryopreservation were universally offered by these providers, but variability was noted in reported management of these cases—particularly for women with breast cancer. 86% of the respondents reported using letrozole during controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) in patients with estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer to minimize patient exposure to estrogen. 49% of respondents who reported using letrozole in COS for patients with ER+ breast cancer reported that they would also use letrozole in COS for women with ER negative breast cancer. Variability was also noted in the management of FP for men with cancer. 83% of participants reported counseling men about sperm banking with 22% recommending against banking for men previously exposed to chemotherapy. Overall, 79% of respondents reported knowledge of American Society for Clinical Oncology FP guidelines—knowledge that was associated with providers offering gonadal tissue cryopreservation (RR 1.82, 95% CI 1.14–2.90). These findings demonstrate that RE management of FP in cancer patients varies. Although some variability may be dictated by local resources, standardization of FP practices and communication with treating oncologists may help ensure consistent recommendations and outcomes for patients seeking FP.     

Management of women at increased risk for breast cancer: preliminary results from a new program

OBJECTIVE: To examine the characteristics of malignant tumours that develop in women undergoing surveillance for increased risk for breast cancer and to identify presentation patterns in order to determine the respective roles of mammography, clinical breast examination (CBE) and breast self-examination (BSE). SETTING: Breast Diagnostic Clinic and Familial Breast Cancer Clinic at Toronto-Sunnybrook Regional Cancer Centre. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1044 women evaluated for breast cancer risk from Oct. 1, 1990, to Dec. 31, 1996, of whom 381 were categorized as being at high risk, 204 as being at moderate risk, 401 as being at slightly increased risk and 58 as being at no appreciably increased risk. PROGRAM COMPONENTS: Comprehensive review and discussion of risk factors, clinical assessment, surveillance recommendations that include mammography, CBE and BSE, genetics consultation (Familial Breast Cancer Clinic) and psychosocial support. Data are captured prospectively, updated at each visit and audited every 3 to 6 months. PROGRAM OUTCOMES: During the study period breast cancer was diagnosed in 24 patients, 12 in the high-risk group, 4 in the moderate-risk group and 8 in the group at slightly increased risk. The mean age at diagnosis was 47 (range 32 to 82) years. Ten cases of cancer were diagnosed during surveillance (incident cancer), 5 in women under age 50. The mean length of time from initial assessment to diagnosis was 28.6 (range 12 to 51) months. Of the 24 women, 17 reported a family history of breast cancer. The mean age at diagnosis in this cohort was 45.5 years, and the diagnosis was made under age 50 in 10 patients (59%). The mean earliest age at which breast cancer was diagnosed in a family member was 42.5 years. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary results suggest that surveillance of women at increased risk for breast cancer may be useful in detecting disease at an early stage. The regular performance of mammography, CBE and BSE appears necessary to achieve these results.     

Does genetic counseling have any impact on management of breast cancer risk?

Despite there being an increasing literature on the impact of cancer genetic counseling on risk perception and mental health, there is a lack of data describing impact on risk management. Genetic counseling and testing for cancer predisposition genes aims to improve the future health of those at high risk through appropriate surveillance and screening. However, management of breast cancer risk in women with a family history of this disease is an area of controversy. Counseling services may recommend specific risk management options to women, who then rely on their local screening service to make provision. This study investigated the impact of genetic counseling on management of breast cancer risk in women attending Cancer Family Clinics. A total of 293 women attending four genetic clinics were enrolled. Rates of breast self-examination, clinical breast examination, mammography, biopsy, detected cancers, and other screenings were documented. Participants' perceived benefits and barriers to mammography were assessed along with cancer worry. Results show that rates of mammography, clinical breast examination, and breast self-examination were increased following clinic attendance (p < 0.001). Women in the under 35 age-group had limited access to screening. Rates for biopsy and detected cancers were low. Women reported positive attitudes to mammography, with few reported barriers. Contrary to previous studies, there was no evidence that anxiety about breast cancer impedes uptake of health surveillance methods. Genetic counseling had a positive impact on management of breast cancer risk. Whether this translates into future health gains remains to be established.