二维回转培养对MLO-Y4骨样细胞PKD2表达定位及胞内钙信号的影响

目的：PKD2（polycystin2,多囊肾病蛋白2）能够在细胞膜上形成无选择性的阳离子通道,在肾上皮细胞中PKD2与初级纤毛共定位,通过改变胞内的钙信号过程参与细胞对力学刺激的响应。本实验通过二维回转培养来模拟失重效应,旨在探讨二维回转培养对MLO-Y4骨样细胞PKD2表达定位,及胞内钙信号的影响。初步了解PKD2在小鼠骨样细胞MLO-Y4响应力学刺激过程中起的作用。方法：采用二维回转培养骨样细胞MLO-Y4,用RT-PCR和western blotting检测PKD2的表达,用荧光共聚焦显微镜检测细胞中PKD2与初级纤毛的定位及细胞内钙离子含量。结果：与对照组相比,在二维回转培养后,骨样细胞MLO-Y4的PKD2表达在mRNA和蛋白水平都有明显的下降,PKD2、PKD1（polycystin1,多囊肾病蛋白1）和乙酰化的α-tubulin共定位,同时二维回转培养降低了细胞内钙离子含量。结论：在二维回转培养下,PKD2可能通过调节自身表达来改变细胞膜上PKD通道的数目和开放情况来影响细胞内钙离子含量,参与骨细胞对细胞外应力的感受过程,其详细机制还有待进一步实验研究。这将对探讨骨细胞响应力学刺激的具体机制提供重要的理论依据。     

小鼠骨样细胞MLO-Y4转染方法的研究

为了建立质粒转染小鼠骨样细胞MLO-Y4的方法,分别采用阳离子脂质体法和电转染法将增强型绿色荧光蛋白（EGFP）质粒pEGFP-C1转染小鼠骨样细胞MLO-Y4,正常培养48h后检测并统计转染率和死亡率。结果显示,脂质体法转染,当质粒与脂质体比例为1∶4时,转染效率可达到（36.8±3.7）%,细胞死亡率为（18.4±1.9）%;电转染法转染,脉冲电压240 V,脉冲时间300μs,脉冲次数3次时,转染率最高,可达到（23.8±2.3）%,细胞死亡率为（14.1±1.1）%。而后MTT实验显示脂质体转染法相对于电转染法对MLO-Y4细胞的增殖有一定的抑制作用,但对后续实验研究影响不大。脂质体转染法转染小鼠骨样细胞MLO-Y4优于电转染法。     

模拟失重对人成骨样细胞凋亡的影响

为了探讨失重对人成骨样细胞凋亡情况的影响及对相关分子的作用,采用双向多样本回转器模拟失重效应,将培养的人成骨样细胞MG-63随机分为静止对照组、水平旋转对照组和失重实验组(用回转器模拟失重条件),在实验的12 h取细胞用流式细胞仪检测早期凋亡情况,同时检测bcf-2、NF-κB(p65)mRNA和P53的表达.结果显示,在模拟失重12 h时,MG-63细胞表现出一定的早期凋亡趋势,且bcl-2、NF-κB(p65)的表达明显降低,P53表达增加,提示失重可能通过影响这几种凋亡相关因子的表达,启动成骨细胞凋亡,从而破坏骨形成和骨吸收之间的平衡.成骨细胞凋亡的启动可能是航天员骨丢失的原因之一.     

强磁重力环境对人成骨细胞发动蛋白-2表达和定位的影响

研究强磁重力环境对人成骨细胞MG-63中发动蛋白-2表达和分布的影响.采用大梯度超导磁体模拟空间重力环境,该超导磁体可以提供3种不同的强磁重力环境(high magnetic gravi-tational environment,HMGE),即0 g(12 T),1 g(16 T)和2 g(12 T).将MG-63细胞分别在0 g(12 T)、1 g(16 T)、2 g(12 T)及对照环境(1 g,地磁)中培养24 h后,采用Real Time PCR、Western印迹以及激光扫描共聚焦显微术等方法检测HMGE对发动蛋白-2的表达及定位的影响.结果显示,与对照组相比,0 g(12 T)、1 g(16 T),2 g(12T)环境处理组MG-63细胞中发动蛋白-2在mRNA上的表达量分别上调6.43、15.57、1.29倍;在蛋白质水平上,0 g(12 T)、1 g(16 T)环境处理组细胞发动蛋白-2分别上调89%和7%,而2 g(12 T)环境处理组则下调41%;在对照组中发动蛋白-2弥散分布于细胞质中,而0 g(12 T)处理组发动蛋白-2则有从细胞边缘向核周集中的趋势.上述结果说明强磁重力环境影响了发动蛋白-2在MG-63细胞中的表达和定位.     

回转对离体大鼠成骨细胞中骨粘连蛋白及骨桥素mRNA的影响

为研究模拟失重对成骨细胞细胞外基质mRNA的影响,实验采用离体人鼠成骨细胞水平轴回转模拟失重效应,用RT-PCR技术分别检测成骨细胞中骨桥素(osteopontin,OPN)及骨粘连蛋白(osteonectin,ON)mRNA的水平,并观察细胞培养液中碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)的活性和骨钙素(osteocalcim, BGP)含量的变化。结果观察到,分别回转24、48、72h后,OPN、ON的mRNA含量及细胞培养液中BGP含量均显著下降,细胞培养液中ALP活性也呈下降趋势。上述结果表明,模拟失重后成骨细胞OPN及ON的表达下调,进而使BGP及ALP的分泌量减少,从而导致骨钙化能力降低,提示模拟失重导致的细胞外基质蛋白基因表达下降可能是模拟火重引起骨丢失的原因之一。     

体外模拟脑缺血再灌注条件下BV-2细胞TLR4信号途径对TLR2表达的影响

研究证实,TLR4和TLR2有可能作为重要炎性受体介导脑缺血再灌注炎性损伤.然而目前还不清楚在此过程中TLR2和TLR4受体之间是否存在着交叉对话可能.本研究首先利用针对TLR4基因的RNA干扰技术阻断体外模拟脑I/R条件下BV-2细胞TLR4信号传导途径,观察此时TLR2受体表达变化,初步探讨TLR4信号途径对TLR2表达的影响.然后利用NF-κB抑制剂PDTC阻断NF-κB活性来观察体外模拟脑I/R条件下BV-2细胞TLR2和TLR4受体表达变化,进一步阐明NF-κB在TLR2和TLR4交叉对话中的作用.结果表明：（1）体外模拟脑I/R条件下阻断BV-2细胞TLR4信号传导途径可以明显抑制TLR2和NF-κB表达的上调;（2）PDTC预处理后在体外模拟脑I/R条件下BV-2细胞TLR2和TLR4的表达均下调.结果提示,脑I/R损伤中TLR4受体激活后有可能通过NF-κB的介导,进一步影响TLR2的表达,从而导致炎症反应的链式放大,两者协同加重了脑损伤的过程.     

CXCR4的抑制性多肽对乳腺癌细胞CXCR4和HER-2表达及HERCEPTIN药物敏感性的影响

目的 探讨CXCR4抑制性多肽对人乳腺癌细胞株SKBR3膜受体HER-2和CXCR4的蛋白表达及其对Herceptin药物敏感性的影响.方法 抑制性多肽、Herceptin单独或联合处理乳腺癌SKBR3细胞24、48h后,用MTT法观测SKBR3细胞的增殖抑制效应;Weatern blot和免疫纽化法检测SKBR3细胞中CXCR4和HER-2蛋白表达;RT-PCR检测HER-2、CXCR4 mRNA的表达,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期的变化.结果 多肽和Herceptin可不同程度地下调人乳腺癌细胞SKBR3中CXCR4和HER-2的蛋白表达.多肽对细胞生长抑制不明显,与Herceptin联合用药后,生长抑制率高于对照组和Herceptin单独用药组(P<0.001),48h生长抑制率为57.94%±5.3,且呈时问依赖(P<0.05),Herceptin单独作用SKBR3-细胞,细胞周期阻滞于G0/GI期,并且S期的比例减少,与多肽联合作用后,细胞周期又进一步阻滞于G2/M期,S期细胞进一步降低.结论 抑制性多肽能不同程度地下调膜受体HER-2和CXCR4的表达,提高人乳腺癌细胞株SKBR3对Herceptin药物的敏感性.     

二烯丙基二硫对人白血病K562细胞增殖及Bcl-2表达的影响

目的:探讨二烯丙基二硫(DADS)对白血病K562细胞增殖的影响,以及Bcl-2表达的调节作用.方法:用DADS预处理白血病K562细胞构建细胞模型,MTT法分别检测不同DADS浓度(5 gmL-1、10 g mL-1、20 g mL-1、40 g mL-1)和不同处理时间(6h、12h、24h、48h)细胞增殖情况,IC50浓度处理白血病K562细胞之后,Western blot和RT-PCR检测Bcl-2蛋白和mRNA表达水平.结果:MTT结果显示DADS能够抑制白血病K562细胞的增殖,且呈剂量和时间依赖性;IC50浓度的DADS处理K562细胞24小时后,Bcl-2蛋白和mRNA的表达量显著减少.结论:DADS可显著抑制K562细胞增殖,而这一作用可能与Bcl-2表达下调有关.     

SFRP4抑表达对HT-29细胞侵袭能力的影响

目的:观察SFRP4对HT29细胞侵袭转移能力的影响。方法:以HT29细胞为研究对象,SFRP4 siRNA通过脂质体转染HT29细胞,western blot检测HT29细胞中Wnt、细胞核β-Catenin蛋白的表达、elisa法检测细胞培养上清MMP-2、MMP-9的含量,Transwell小室观察成的转移侵袭能力。结果:干扰SFRP4后能显著降低HT29细胞中Wnt、细胞核中β-Catenin蛋白的表达、细胞培养上清MMP-2、MMP-9的含量,(P<0.01),降低HT29细胞的转移侵袭能力(P<0.01)。结论:抑制SFRP4表达能抑制HT29细胞的转移侵袭,其机制可能与抑制HT29细胞Wnt信号通路有关。     

SFRP4抑表达对HT-29细胞侵袭能力的影响

目的：观察SFRP4对HT29细胞侵袭转移能力的影响。方法：以HT29细胞为研究对象,SFRP4siRNA通过脂质体转染HT29细胞,westernblot检测HT29细胞中wnt、细胞核β—Catenin蛋白的表达、elisa法检测细胞培养上清MMP-2、MMP．9的含量,Transwell小室观察成的转移侵袭能力。结果：干扰SFRP4后能显著降低HT29细胞中Wnt、细胞核中B—Catenin蛋白的表达、细胞培养上清MMP-2、MMP-9的含量,（P〈0．01）,降低HT29细胞的转移侵袭能力（P〈0．01）。结论：抑制SFRP4表达能抑制HT29细胞的转移侵袭,其机制可能与抑制HT29细胞wnt信号通路有关。     

川楝素对K+、Ca2+通道活动及细胞内Ca2+浓度的调控

川楝素是我国学者从驱蛔中药中分离、鉴定的一个三萜化合物,已证明具选择地影响神经递质释放,有效地对抗肉毒中毒,促进细胞分化、凋亡,抑制肿瘤增殖,抑制昆虫发育和取食,影响K 、Ca2 通道活动等多种生物效应.综述了证明川楝素抑制多种K 通道,选择地易化L型Ca2 通道和进而升高胞内Ca 浓度的研究资料,并对川楝素产生这些生物效应的机制进行了讨论.     

Culture Age, Intracellular Ca2+ Concentration, and Protein Phosphorylation in Encystment-Induced Colpoda cucullus

In Colpoda cucullus, intracellular Ca²⁺ mediates the encystment induction and protein phosphorylation that occur just prior to morphogenetic transformation into the resting form. When rapidly growing cells were stimulated to encyst, encystment was not readily induced, and the protein phosphorylation level was lower. On the other hand, in post-growing cells stimulated to encyst, the encystment rate and protein phosphorylation level were elevated. These results suggest that protein phosphorylation is closely linked to encystment induction. Why, then, are the protein phosphorylation level and encystment rate difficult to elevate in the rapidly growing cells? Fura 2 ratiometry showed that the intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration (F₃₄₀/F₃₈₀ ratio) was raised in rapidly growing cells as well as in post-growing cells when the cells were stimulated to encyst. It is presumed that the Ca²⁺-mediated signal transduction pathways for protein phosphorylation and encystment may be triggered in rapidly growing cells, but downstream certain steps may be suppressed by certain intracellular components.     

The single pore residue Asp in PKD2L1 determines Ca permeation of the PKD1L3/PKD2L1 complex

The polycystic kidney disease 1-like 3 (PKD1L3)–polycystic kidney disease 2-like 1 (PKD2L1) complex functions as a Ca²⁺-permeable, non-selective cation channel that is activated by acid and its subsequent removal; this is called an off-response. In this study, we identified a single aspartic residue in PKD2L1 that is responsible for the Ca²⁺ permeation of the PKD1L3/PKD2L1 complex. Calcium imaging analysis using point mutants of negatively charged amino acids present in the putative pore regions of PKD1L3 and PKD2L1 revealed that neutralization of the aspartic residue in PKD2L1 (D523N), which is conserved among PKD2 family members, abolished Ca²⁺ permeation, despite robust cell surface expression. In contrast, neutralization of the other negatively charged residues of PKD1L3 (D2049N and E2072Q) and PKD2L1 (D525N and D530N) as well as substitution of Asp⁵²³ with a glutamate residue (D523E) had little effect on Ca²⁺ permeation properties. These results demonstrate that Asp⁵²³ in PKD2L1 is a key determinant of Ca²⁺ permeation into the PKD1L3/PKD2L1 complex and that PKD2L1 contributes to forming the pore of the PKD1L3/PKD2L1 channel.     

Intracellular Ca2+ Concentration and Cytoplasmic Streaming in Vallisneria Mesophyll Cells

Intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration regulating the cytoplasmicstreaming in Vallisneria mesophyll cells was estimated. Theleaf segment was cut open at the middle of the mesophyll celllayers and the exposed mesophyll cells were treated with testsolutions of various Ca²⁺ concentrations in the dark. This allowedA23187 [GenBank] , a calcium ionophore, to exert its full effect on thecell membrane. The streaming was induced or maintained in solutions which containedCa²⁺ at lower than 10^–6M. However, Ca²⁺ at concentrationshigher than 10^–5M had a definite, inhibitory effect. Theinduction and cessation of streaming could be repeated by alternatelychanging the solutions. (Received March 14, 1986; Accepted May 15, 1986)     

Intracellular Ca2+ Inhibits Smooth Muscle L-Type Ca2+ Channels by Activation of Protein Phosphatase Type 2B and by Direct Interaction with the Channel

Modulation of L-type Ca²⁺ channels by tonic elevation of cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ was investigated in intact cells and inside-out patches from human umbilical vein smooth muscle. Ba²⁺ was used as charge carrier, and run down of Ca²⁺ channel activity in inside-out patches was prevented with calpastatin plus ATP. Increasing cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ in intact cells by elevation of extracellular Ca²⁺ in the presence of the ionophore A23187 inhibited the activity of L-type Ca²⁺ channels in cell-attached patches. Measurement of the actual level of intracellular free Ca²⁺ with fura-2 revealed a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 260 nM and a Hill coefficient close to 4 for Ca²⁺- dependent inhibition. Ca²⁺-induced inhibition of Ca²⁺ channel activity in intact cells was due to a reduction of channel open probability and availability. Ca²⁺-induced inhibition was not affected by the protein kinase inhibitor H-7 (10 μM) or the cytoskeleton disruptive agent cytochalasin B (20 μM), but prevented by cyclosporin A (1 μg/ ml), an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2B (calcineurin). Elevation of Ca²⁺ at the cytoplasmic side of inside-out patches inhibited Ca²⁺ channels with an IC₅₀ of 2 μM and a Hill coefficient close to unity. Direct Ca²⁺-dependent inhibition in cell-free patches was due to a reduction of open probability, whereas availability was barely affected. Application of purified protein phosphatase 2B (12 U/ml) to the cytoplasmic side of inside-out patches at a free Ca²⁺ concentration of 1 μM inhibited Ca²⁺ channel open probability and availability. Elevation of cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ in the presence of PP2B, suppressed channel activity in inside-out patches with an IC₅₀ of ∼380 nM and a Hill coefficient of ∼3; i.e., characteristics reminiscent of the Ca²⁺ sensitivity of Ca²⁺ channels in intact cells. Our results suggest that L-type Ca²⁺ channels of smooth muscle are controlled by two Ca²⁺-dependent negative feedback mechanisms. These mechanisms are based on (a) a protein phosphatase 2B-mediated dephosphorylation process, and (b) the interaction of intracellular Ca²⁺ with a single membrane-associated site that may reside on the channel protein itself.     

H2O2-Induced Platelet Aggregation and Increase in Intracellular Ca2+ Concentration Are Blocked by Inhibitors of Intracellular Signaling

Inhibitors of signaling enzymes such as guanosine-5-O-2-thiodiphosphate, aristolochic acid, aspirin, indomethacin, and trifluoperazine block H₂O₂-induced platelet aggregation and H₂O₂-induced increase in the intracellular concentration of Ca²⁺. These findings suggest that the effect of H₂O₂ on platelets is associated with activation of signal pathways responsible for increase in the concentration of intracellular Ca²⁺. On H₂O₂-induced platelet aggregation, the concentration of cAMP in the cytoplasm decreases and that of cGMP increases.     

Complex Regulation of Voltage-dependent Activation and Inactivation Properties of Retinal Voltage-gated Cav1.4 L-type Ca2+ Channels by Ca2+-binding Protein 4 (CaBP4)

Cav1.4 L-type Ca²⁺ channels are crucial for synaptic transmission in retinal photoreceptors and bipolar neurons. Recent studies suggest that the activity of this channel is regulated by the Ca²⁺-binding protein 4 (CaBP4). In the present study, we explored this issue by examining functional effects of CaBP4 on heterologously expressed Cav1.4. We show that CaBP4 dramatically increases Cav1.4 channel availability. This effect crucially depends on the presence of the C-terminal ICDI (inhibitor of Ca²⁺-dependent inactivation) domain of Cav1.4 and is absent in a Cav1.4 mutant lacking the ICDI. Using FRET experiments, we demonstrate that CaBP4 interacts with the IQ motif of Cav1.4 and that it interferes with the binding of the ICDI domain. Based on these findings, we suggest that CaBP4 increases Cav1.4 channel availability by relieving the inhibitory effects of the ICDI domain on voltage-dependent Cav1.4 channel gating. We also functionally characterized two CaBP4 mutants that are associated with a congenital variant of human night blindness and other closely related nonstationary retinal diseases. Although both mutants interact with Cav1.4 channels, the functional effects of CaBP4 mutants are only partially preserved, leading to a reduction of Cav1.4 channel availability and loss of function. In conclusion, our study sheds new light on the functional interaction between CaBP4 and Cav1.4. Moreover, it provides insights into the mechanism by which CaBP4 mutants lead to loss of Cav1.4 function and to retinal disease.     

Fibrocystin interacts with CAML, a protein involved in Ca2+ signaling

The predicted structure of the autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease protein, fibrocystin, suggests that it may function as a receptor, but its function remains unknown. To understand its function, we searched for proteins that interact with the intracellular C-terminus of fibrocystin using the yeast two-hybrid system. From the screening, we found calcium modulating cyclophilin ligand (CAML), a protein involved in Ca(2+) signaling. Immunofluorescent analysis showed that both proteins are co-localized in the apical membrane, primary cilia, and the basal body of cells derived from the distal nephron Epitope-tagged expression constructs of both proteins were co-immunoprecipitated from COS7 cells. The intracellular C-terminus of fibrocystin interacts with CAML, a protein with an intracellular distribution that is similar to that of PKD2. Fibrocystin may participate in regulation of intracellular Ca(2+) in the distal nephron in a manner similar to PKD1 and PKD2 that are involved in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.