大肠杆菌系统中外源蛋白分泌的研究

要使基因工程产物达到工业化生产的规模,不仅要解决基因的高表达,还需要解决产物的分泌问题。 大肠杆菌系统中外源蛋白分泌的主要障碍是外膜,从遗传和生化两方面研究入手,通过定点突变、基因融合、构建分泌型载体等方法将可能阐明分泌的机制并找到有效的应用途径。     

利用毕赤酵母表达外源蛋白的研究

综述了毕赤酵母表达系统的优越性、表达受体菌和表达载体、酵母转化、分泌信号、翻译后加工和修饰等特点,以及广泛的医用、商业用途,在理论研究特别是蛋白质结构与功能：疗面的潜在应用价值。     

外源蛋白表达系统及利用植物表达外源蛋白的特点与优势

比较了大肠杆菌,酵母,昆虫细胞/杆状病毒,哺乳动物细胞,动物乳腺以及植物等不同受体作为外源蛋白表达系统的优缺点。论述了植物外源蛋白表达系统的特点,阐述利用植物生产外源蛋白的潜在优势。     

信号肽对外源蛋白分泌效率的影响

信号肽在引导外源蛋白分泌过程中具有重要作用,从信号肽疏水性结构、构建分泌型载体以及分泌增强子、定位信号等几个方面介绍了信号肽对外源蛋白分泌效率的影响,在大量生产以酵母为表达栽体的治疗性蛋白方面具有广泛的应用前景。     

外源蛋白在芽孢杆菌中分泌表达的研究进展

芽孢杆菌是很有潜力的分泌型基因工程宿主菌。本文概述了利用芽孢杆菌分泌表达外源基因时,影响目的蛋白产率的一些主要因素,如蛋白酶水解作用、缺乏适宜的分子伴侣、信号肽的选择不当等,并讨论了相应的解决对策。     

甲醇酵母表达系统

近年来,甲醇酵母作为一种新的蛋白表达系统,已得到越来越广泛的应用。本文对这一系统作一简要概述,主要描述了甲醇酵母的优点,甲醇酵母的生物学及其转化等方面。     

外源蛋白在芽孢杆菌中分泌表达的研究进展

芽孢杆菌是很有潜力的分泌型基因工程宿主菌。本文概述了利用芽孢杆菌分泌表达外源基因时,影响目的蛋白产率的一些主要因素,如蛋白酶水解作用、缺乏适宜的分子伴侣、信号肽的选择不当等,并讨论了相应的解决对策。     

用于药用蛋白生产的外源表达系统

种表达系统在重组蛋白生产上将长期共存.而通过遗传改造、基因组学、蛋白质组学等研究方法不断改进各种外源蛋白表达系统的性能,不断建立更加优越的外源蛋白表达系统则是大家共同努力的目标.     

毕赤酵母蛋白表达系统研究进展

选择合适的蛋白表达系统是外源基因能否成功表达的关键.毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)蛋白表达系统是近些年来发展起来的一种真核表达系统,与其他表达系统相比,该系统所具有的诸多优势使其研究价值和应用价值越来越广泛,已经成功表达了多种蛋白质.简要综述其特点、表达宿主菌、表达载体以及其元件、外源蛋白的表达及其影响因素等方面的基础研究和最新进展.     

新的重组蛋白表达系统——植物根分泌和叶分泌

多种基因工程抗体、酶、激素、血浆蛋白和疫苗等都已在植物的叶、茎、根、果实、种子以及植物细胞和器官中得到表达 ,然而提取和纯化始终是大规模利用植物生产重组蛋白的主要障碍 .Ｂｏｒｉｓｊｕｋ和Ｋｏｍａｍｙｔｓｋｙ等 (1999年和 2 0 0 0年 )依据内质网和内质网信号肽在蛋白质合成中的作用 ,把 3种重组蛋白 ,嗜热细菌来源的木聚糖酶、水母的绿色荧光蛋白和人胎盘分泌的碱性磷酸酶 (ＳＥＡＰ) ,定位到质外体中 ,通过植物根分泌和叶分泌途径获得表达 ,从而建立了 2种新的重组蛋白表达系统———植物根分泌和叶分泌 ,简化了分离和纯化程…     

Isolation of a cytotoxin from L-form Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract A cytotoxin protein was isolated from the sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-solubilized extract of the stable L forms of Salmonella typhimurium by ion-retardation chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing and gel filtration. The purified toxin, with a molecular mass of 32 kDa and with isoelectric point of 6.4, was thermolabile and trypsin-sensitive. Against mouse macrophages, its cytolytic effect was detectable in vitro at concentrations higher than 0.7 μg/ml, with a complete lysis obtained at 5 μg/ml. In contrast, it stimulated C3H/HeJ macrophages in the dose range of 0.1–0.5 μg/ml to allow the cell to respond to endotoxin, resulting in the significant production of tumor necrosis factor α. By Northern blot analysis, this effect was detectable at a dose as low as 0.01 μg/ml. These findings suggest that the transformation of bacillary S. typhimurium into L forms in vivo may induce alterations in host resistance against murine typhoid.     

胃癌组织中幽门螺杆菌L型感染及骨桥蛋白检测的意义

目的通过检测胃癌组织中幽门螺杆菌L(HP-L)型感染以及OPN的表达情况,探讨Hp-L型感染对胃癌侵袭、转移生物学行为的影响及可能机制。方法①应用革兰染色及免疫组化(SP)法检测120例胃癌组织中的Hp-L型感染情况;②应用免疫组化(SP)法检测胃癌组织中的OPN的表达。分析Hp-L型感染与OPN表达的关系以及和临床病理因素之间的关系。结果①120例胃癌组织中有88例革兰染色检出Hp-L型,其阳性率为73.3%(88/120);免疫组化Hp-L型抗原表达阳性率为70.8%(85/120),革兰染色Hp-L型检出和Hp-L型抗原表达同时阳性的病例有82例(两者同时阳性者为Hp-L型阳性),其阳性率为68.3%(82/120)。②胃癌组织中Hp-L型阳性组的OPN表达阳性率分别为70.73%(58/82),高于Hp-L型阴性组表达率,且有统计学意义(P<0.005)。经四格表资料χ2检验,胃癌组中Hp-L型阳性与OPN阳性表达呈正相关(r=0.27,P<0.001)。③胃癌中Hp-L型阳性与肿瘤的大小、癌细胞的血管侵袭、浸润深度及淋巴结转移具有相关性(P<0.001-P<0.05)。结论 Hp-L型感染是引起胃癌...     

泌尿系细菌L型感染致病性临床研究

目的探讨泌尿系反复感染致病菌的发病特点及细菌L型感染的致病性,为临床诊治提供科学依据。方法将127例清洁中段尿培养确诊的反复发作肾盂肾炎患者,根据致病菌分为细菌型组、细菌伴L型组和细菌L型组,健康体检者为对照组,分析4组患者尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、尿视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)水平变化。结果泌尿系感染各组尿NAG和尿RBP较正常对照组均有不同程度升高,差异有非常显著性(P0.01),单纯细菌L型感染患者较细菌型及细菌伴L型患者稍低,但细菌型、细菌伴L型及细菌L型3组之间差异无显著性(P0.05)。结论细菌L型在泌尿道感染反复发作中占重要地位,泌尿系细菌L型感染具有致病性。     

蛇肌肌酸激酶cDNA的克隆,表达及同源性比较

构建了蛇肌ｃＤＮＡ文库,用抗体筛库,克隆了肌酸激酶的ｃＤＮＡ,测定了其核苷酸序列,并将完整的ｃＤＮＡ克隆到ｐＥＴ１１表达质粒,在大肠杆菌中获得高诳表达。纯化的重组肌酸激酶,与组织酶的动力学性质表现出高度的一致性。同时,比较了蛇肌酸激酶与其他种属Ｍ型肌酸激酶的同源性,确定了在爬行动物中肌酸激酶存在Ｍ型。     

Locking TolC entrance helices to prevent protein translocation by the bacterial type I export apparatus

The periplasmic entrance of the TolC channel tunnel is sealed by close-packing of inner and outer coiled-coils, and it has been proposed that opening of the entrance is achieved by an iris-like realignment of the inner coiled-coils. This is supported by experimental disruption of the key links connecting them, which effects transition to the open state in TolC inserted into planar lipid bilayers. Here we provide in vivo evidence for this "twist to open" mechanism by constraining the coiled coils with disulphide bonds, either self-locking or bridged by a chemical cross-linker, and reconstituting the resulting TolC variants into the type I protein export system in Escherichia coli. Introducing an intermonomer disulphide bridge between Ala159 and Ser350 caused a fivefold reduction in export, and when the coiled coils were cross-linked at the entrance constriction, between Asp374 of adjacent monomers or between Asn156 and Ala375, TolC-dependent export was abolished. In vivo cross-linking showed that the locked non-exporting TolC variants were still recruited to assemble the type I export apparatus. The data show that untwisting the entrance helices is essential for the export function of TolC in E.coli, specifically to allow access and passage of substrates engaged at the inner membrane translocase.     

Evolution of protein superfamilies and bacterial genome size

We present the structural annotation of 56 different bacterial species based on the assignment of genes to 816 evolutionary superfamilies in the CATH domain structure database. These assignments have enabled us to analyse the recurrence of specific superfamilies within and across the genomes. We have selected the superfamilies that have a very broad representation and therefore appear to be universally distributed in a significant number of bacterial lineages. Occurrence profiles of these universally distributed superfamilies are compared with genome size in order to estimate the correlation between superfamily duplication and the increase in proteome size. This distinguishes between those size-dependent superfamilies where frequency of occurrence is highly correlated with increase in genome size, and size-independent superfamilies where no correlation is observed. Consideration of the size correlation and the ratio between the mean and the standard deviations for all the superfamily profiles allows more detailed subdivisions and classification of superfamilies. For example, within the size-independent superfamilies, we distinguished a group that are distributed evenly amongst all the genomes. Within the size-dependent superfamilies we differentiated two groups: linearly distributed and non-linearly distributed. Functional annotation using the COG database was performed for all superfamilies in each of these groups, and this revealed significant differences amongst the three sets of superfamilies. Evenly distributed, size-independent domains are shown to be involved primarily in protein translation and biosynthesis. For the size-dependent superfamilies, linearly distributed superfamilies are involved mainly in metabolism, and non-linearly distributed superfamily domains are involved principally in gene regulation.     

Chaperone and foldase coexpression in the baculovirus-insect cell expression system

Conclusions The BEVS has become widely utilized for production of recombinant proteins. However, protein aggregation and inefficient processing often limit yields, especially for secreted and membrane proteins. Since many proteins of pharmaceutical interest require similar posttranslational processing steps, engineering the folding, assembly, and secretion pathway may enhance the production of a wide variety of valuable complex proteins. Efforts should be undertaken to coexpress the relevant chaperones or foldases at low levels in concert with the final product to ensure the ideal folding and assembly environment. In the future, expression of oligosaccharide modifying enzymes and secretion factors may further improve secretion rates of assembled proteins and provide heterologous proteins with altered glycoforms. Also significant is the use of BEVS as an in vivo eucaryotic laboratory to study the fundamental roles of differnt chaperones, foldases, and secretion factors. The coexpression of chaperones and foldases will complement other approaches such as the development of alternative insect cell lines, promoters, and signal peptides to optimize the baculovirus-insect cell expression system for generating high yields of valuable proteins.Abbreviations BEVS Baculovirus expression vector system - BiP immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein - ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - ER Endoplasmic reticulum - GRP Glucose regulated protein - Hsp Heat shock protein - IgG Immunoglobulin G - PDI Protein Disulfide Isomerase - PPI Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase - Sf-9 Spodoptera frugeperda     

EZH2在胃癌组织中的表达及与Hp-L型感染关系的探讨

目的探讨EZH2在胃癌组织中表达的意义及与幽门螺杆菌L型(Helicobacter pylori-L,Hp-L)感染的关系。方法 (1)应用免疫组织化学Elivision法和革兰染色法检测80例胃癌组织及30例癌旁组织(对照组)中EZH2蛋白的表达和Hp-L型的感染情况;(2)采用逆转录多聚酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术检测30例新鲜胃癌组织及对应切缘正常胃黏膜组织(对照组)中EZH2的mRNA表达。结果胃癌组EZH2蛋白表达的阳性率高于对照组(P<0.05),且EZH2表达水平升高与肿瘤大小、浸润深度、淋巴结转移和TNM分期有关(P<0.05),与性别、年龄无关(P>0.05);RT-PCR显示,肿瘤组织、远端正常对照组织的EZH2表达量差异明显(P<0.01)。胃癌组Hp-L型检出率78.8%(63/80)与对照组23.3%(7/30)有显著性差异(P<0.05),与免疫组化Hp-L型抗原表达率73.8%(59/80)无显著性差异(P>0.05),Hp-L检出阳性率为71.3%(57/80);癌组中Hp-L型感染阳性组的EZH2表达阳性率高于Hp-L型阴性组(P<0.05),且Hp-L型阳性率和EZH2蛋白的表达呈正相关(r=0.250,P<0.05)。结论 EZH2蛋白和mRNA在胃癌中的表达增加,且与胃癌的浸润、转移相关,其机制可能与幽门螺杆菌L型(Hp-L型)感染有关。     

PG27 is a novel membrane protein essential for a Porphyromonas gingivalis protease secretion system

Porphyromonas gingivalis secretes endopeptidase gingipains, which are important virulence factors of this bacterium. Gingipains are transported across the inner membrane via the Sec system, followed by transport across the outer membrane via an unidentified pathway. The latter transport step is suggested to be mediated via a novel protein secretion pathway. In the present study, we report a novel candidate as an essential factor for the latter transport step. The PG0027 gene of P. gingivalis W83 encodes novel protein PG27. In a PG0027 deletion mutant (83K10), the activities of Arg-gingipain and Lys-gingipain were severely reduced, while the activities of secreted exopeptidases DPPIV, DPP-7, and PTP-A were unaffected. Protein localization was investigated by cell-surface biotinylation, subcellular fractionation, and immunoblot analysis. In the wild-type W83, Arg-gingipains in membrane fraction were detected as cell surface proteins. In contrast, in 83K10, Arg-gingipains were trapped in the periplasm and hardly secreted into an extracellular milieu. PG27 was suggested to be exposed to the cell surface by a cell surface biotinylation experiment; however, PG27 was detected in both inner and outer membrane fractions by subcellular fractionation experiments. Taken together, we suggest that PG27 is a unique membrane protein essential for a novel secretion pathway.