中国隆线隐翅虫属一新种记述(鞘翅目,隐翅虫科)

记述采自中国贵州省梵净山自然保护区的隆线隐翅虫属Lathrbium 1新种--贵州隆线隐翅虫Lathrobium guizhouensis sp.nov..新种与Watanabe(1992)记载于中国浙江省的Lathrobium imadatei Watanabe,在颜色和外部形态上较相似,但根据雄性第6、7腹板无修饰毛区,第8腹板后缘凹陷明显较浅,阳茎的中叶和侧叶愈合等特征不难与后者区分.正模♂,贵州省梵净山自然保护区,23-07-2003,李利珍采.副模:2♂♂,4♀♀,同正模;3♂♂,2♀♀,采集时间和地点同正模,汤亮、胡佳耀采.模式标本保存在上海师范大学生物系昆虫标本室.     

中国四齿隐翅虫属一新种记述(鞘翅目,隐翅虫科,毒隐翅虫亚科)

记述我国贵州省梵净山四齿隐翅虫属Nazeris 1新种,即贵州四齿隐翅虫Nazeris guizhouensis sp.nov..新种与发现于我国云南的Nazeris alpinus Watanabe较相似,但根据雄性第7腹板后缘不凹入,雄性第8腹板后缘的凹入较宽而浅,阳茎中叶端半部明显狭窄且侧叶较直(侧面观)等特征可与后者区分.正模♂,贵州省梵净山,2003-07-23,李利珍采.副模:8♂♂,4♀♀,同正模;5♂♂,3♀♀,采集时间、地点同正模,胡佳耀、汤亮采.模式标本存放在上海师范大学生命与环境科学学院生物系昆虫标本室.     

中国四川巨须隐翅虫属一新种(鞘翅目,隐翅虫科,巨须隐翅虫亚科)

记述中国四川巨须隐翅虫属Oxyporus Fabricius 1新种,拟狭巨须隐翅虫Oxyporus(Oxyporus)simlangustatus sp.nov.,提供了它的体形、第8腹板和雄性外生殖器的彩图和线条图.这个种采自四川马边县大风顶自然保护区和峨边县黑竹沟森林公园的菌中.模式标本保存在西华师范大学生命科学学院.拟狭巨须隐翅虫,新种Oxyporus(Oxyporus)simlangustatus sp.nov.(图1～9)本种与来自四川的狭巨须隐翅虫O.(O.)angustatus Zheng很相似,但这个种前胸中线上的黑带较狭窄,后胸腹板的侧部褐黄色,雄性外生殖器中叶的端缘中部稍凹缘,以及侧叶端部仅有1根微毛,与后者有别.正模♂,四川美姑县大风顶自然保护区,2006-09-11,邱光辉采.副模1♀,四川峨边县黑竹沟森林公园,2006-08-06,采集者同上.词源:新种种名源自与狭巨须隐翅虫O.(O.)angustatus Zheng很相似.     

中国圆胸隐翅虫属一新种记述（鞘翅目：隐翅虫科：尖腹隐翅虫亚科）

记述采自我国四川省九寨沟和湖北省神农架自然保护区的圆胸隐翅虫属Tachinus,圆胸隐翅虫亚属Tachinus 1新种——东洋圆胸隐翅虫Tachinus(Tachinus)parasibiricus,sp．nov．。该新种与分布于古北区的Tachinus(Tachinus)sibiricusSharp,1888在颜色和外部形态上很相似,但根据雄性生殖器侧叶近端部无缢痕,端部l／3处明显变厚;雌性第8背板中叶之间凹入明显较浅等特征可与后者区分。正模：♂,四川省九寨沟,2001-Ⅶ-27,李利珍、赵梅君采。副模：7♂♂9♀♀,同正模;2♂♂,湖北省神农架金猴岭,2002-Ⅷ-04,李利珍、汤亮采。模式标本保存在上海师范大学生命与环境科学学院生物系昆虫标本室。     

中国毛角隐翅虫属一新种(鞘翅目,隐翅虫科,毛角隐翅虫亚科)(英文)

记述了中国毛角隐翅虫属TrichophyaMannerheim1新种,片口毛角隐翅虫Trichophya piankousp.nov.;首次提供了细点毛角隐翅虫Trichophya teniusZheng的雄性特征。片口毛角隐翅虫,新种Trichophya piankousp.nov.(图1~7)新种与四川峨眉山和卧龙自然保护区的细点毛角隐翅虫Trichophya teniusZheng很相似,区别为:体较短,体色黑褐,前胸和鞘翅的细粒更明显,雄性外生殖器形状不同。正模♂,四川北川县片口自然保护区,2005-09-24,王翠翠采。副模:13♂♂,16♀♀,采集记录同正模。词源:种名出自模式产地(片口自然保护区)的中文名称,"片口"。细点毛角隐翅虫Trichophya tenuuisZheng,雄性(图8~13)本种的雄性与雌性相似,但前跗第1~4节中等膨大,第8腹板后缘宽深弓形凹缘,与之有别。检视标本:2♀♀(模式标本),四川峨眉山和汶川县卧龙自然保护区。2♂♂,四川峨眉山,1983-07-25~26,卢英采;2♂♂,1♀,四川汶川县卧龙自然保护区,王萍采。     

中国毛须隐翅虫属一新种记述(鞘翅目,隐翅虫科,尖腹隐翅虫亚科)

记述了我国毛须隐翅虫属Ischnosoma 1新种,太白毛须隐翅虫Ischnosoma taibaiensis sp.nov..对该种的形态特征进行了描述,并对雄性成虫的性特征进行了记述.新种属于I.spelaeum种组,该种组在我国尚属首次记载.新种与分布于西班牙的I.spelaeum相似,但根据鞘翅稀有不规则无毛刻点,雄性第8腹板后缘具粗大刚毛,阳茎侧叶背面具12根刚毛等特征可与后者区别.模式标本存放在上海师范大学生命与环境科学学院生物系昆虫标本室.正模♂,陕西太白山,2 350～2 750 m,2004-07-14,胡佳耀、汤亮和朱礼龙采.副模2♀♀,同正模.     

中国粪隐翅虫属一新种(鞘翅目,隐翅虫科,异形隐翅虫亚科)

报道中国粪隐翅虫属的3个种,记述1新种,新疆粪隐翅虫Coprophilus(Zonyptilus)xinjiangensis sp.nov.,首次记录分布中国大陆的2个种,奇异粪隐翅虫C.(Z.)difformis Smetana和台湾粪隐翅虫C.(Coprophilus)formosanus Shibata.编制了该属的中国种检索表.模式标本保存在西华师范大学生命科学学院.新疆粪隐翅虫,新种Coprophilus(Zonyptilus)xinjiangensis sp.nov.(图1～10)本种与来自塔吉克斯坦和哈萨克斯坦的双斑粪隐翅虫C.(Z.)bimaculatus Luze很相似,但通过它的鞘翅黄色至黄色显红、无端斑,以及雄性外生殖器侧叶的不同形态可以区分.新种与来自中国台湾的奇异粪隐翅虫C.(Z.)difformisSmetana也相似,但它的身体较小,前胸无性二型,雄性腹部第8腹板后缘中部近弓形突出,以及雄性外生殖器的不同形态,与之有别.正模♂,中国新疆,1995-08,新疆八一农学院采.副模2♀♀,采集记录同正模.词源:新种种名源自模式产地地名.     

中国四川寡节隐翅虫属一新种(鞘翅目,隐翅虫科,寡节隐翅虫亚科)

记述中国四川寡节隐翅虫属Micropeplus Latreille 1新种,肖氏寡节隐翅虫Micropeplus xiaoae sp.nov.,提供了它的体形、头部、前胸、鞘翅、后胸腹板,腹部第3～7背板、第8腹板和雄性外生殖器的彩图.新种采自四川冕宁县的冶勒自然保护区的已死杂草中.编制了这个属的中国种检索表.模式标本保存在西华师范大学生命科学学院.肖氏寡节隐翅虫,新种M切印峥如xiaoae sp.nov.(图1～13)新种与来自台湾的Micropeplus spinatus Campbell很相似,但这个种的前胸中部有16个由脊范围的室,后胸腹板的中凹稍宽并超过后胸腹板长度之半,肩脊和伪缘脊之间无刻点,雄性外生殖器的侧叶端部仅有1根短刚毛.这个种也与日本的M.hiromasai Watanabe甜Shibata相似,但新种的前胸有16室,鞘翅刻点粗,肩脊和伪缘脊之间无刻点,以及雄性外生殖器内囊的结构不同,与之有别.正模♂,四川冕宁县冶勒自然保护区,2005-07-19 ～ 20,肖凡、周敏、宋甸远采.副模：21♂♂,15♀♀,采集记录同正模.词源：新种种名源自正模采集者肖凡的姓氏.     

中国圆胸隐翅虫属一新种记述(鞘翅目,隐翅虫科,尖腹隐翅虫亚科)

记述我国四川省蛾眉山自然保护区圆胸隐翅虫属Tachinus、圆胸隐翅虫亚属Tachinus 1新种——峨嵋圆胸隐翅虫Tachinus (Tachinus)emeiensis sp.nov.。新种与Tachi-nus(Tachinus)licenti Bernhauer在颜色和外部形态上较相似,但根据体形较大,雄性第8背板中叶之间凹入浅,雄性第7腹板后缘中间几乎呈横切状,且颗粒区宽大,以及雄性生殖器侧叶顶端明显变细等特征可与后者区分。模式标本存放在上海师范大学生命与环境科学学院生物系昆虫标本室。     

中国颊脊隐翅虫属三新种(鞘翅目,隐翅虫科,隐翅虫亚科)

记述中国四川冕宁县冶勒自然保护区颊脊隐翅虫属Quedius 3新种,其中,尤隐翅虫群(The Euryalus group)1新种,冶勒尤隐翅虫Qudius(Microsaurus)yeleensis sp.nov.,穆隐翅虫群(The Mukuensis group)1新种,郭氏穆隐翅虫Q. (M.)guoi sp.nov.,四川隐翅群(The Szechuanus group)1新种,凉山隐翅虫Quedius(Microsaurus)liangshanensis sp.nov..冶勒尤隐翅虫与来自甘肃的欧隐翅虫Q.(M.)erythras Smetana最接近,但第8腹板每侧各有4根长刚毛,雄性外生殖器侧叶中部窄缩、末端有宽深凹缘,侧叶下面凹缘两侧各有3或5个黑色感觉瘤,与后者有别.郭氏穆隐翅虫与同样来自甘肃的伊隐翅虫Q.(M.)epytus很相似,但雄性外生殖器中叶端部稍扩大,侧叶中部不窄缩、末端3曲,侧叶下面的感觉瘤群各由4至5个小黑瘤组成,与后者不同.凉山隐翅虫与来自云南的艾隐翅虫Q.(M.)amicorum Smetana最接近,但体较大,头部和前胸稀布微刻点,雄性第8腹板每侧各有3根长刚毛,第10背板在或接近端缘有1根长的和少数长短不一的刚毛,以及雄性外生殖器中叶端部的不同形态,与后者有别.     

Two new Lesteva Latreille (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Omaliinae) from Longwangshan Mountain, East China

Two new species of Lesteva Latreille are described and illustrated from Longwangshan Mountain, East China, viz. Lesteva cala Ma & Li, sp. n. and Lesteva erythra Ma & Li, sp. n. The latest key to Chinese Lesteva is modified to include the species described from continental China since 2000.     

Review: Gastric cancer: Basic aspects

Gastric cancer is still one of the most prevalent and deadliest cancers in the world. Although our knowledge about the disease has progressed extraordinarily, this has not been accompanied by our capacity to effectively treat the disease. In the last years, immunotherapy made its way into the cancer field and was responsible for major changes in the treatment success rates for several cancer types. Although gastric cancer was not among the first successful targets of this type of therapy, the relationship between this type of cancer, immunosurveillance and immunotherapy is now being actively researched. In this article, we review the literature of the past year regarding the relationship between gastric cancer, its immune microenvironment and response to immunotherapy. Published data indicate that the immune microenvironment influences the clinical behaviour of gastric cancer, and is correlated with its histologic and molecular subtypes with an emphasis on the microsatellite‐ and EBV‐positive tumour subgroups. Although the literature regarding response to immunotherapy is scarce, there is good evidence that patient stratification for immunotherapy is going to become a reality in gastric cancer.     

Focus: Rare Disease: Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis: A Brief Review

Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CPA) is a destructive pulmonary disease caused by a fungal infection, affecting mainly individuals with prior or concurrent pulmonary conditions. It has a global prevalence of 42 per 100,000 population, but in the US and Europe, prevalence is less than 1 per 100,000. The clinical definition of CPA is based on various factors accounting for comorbidities, clinical presentation, and duration. It may be categorized into five subtypes that the disease may evolve between over time. Based on global consensus covering the spectrum of low-resource to high-resource settings, diagnosis is a multi-factorial process that involves a combination of clinical presentation persisting over 3 months, radiological findings, positive culture growth, and serological tests. CPA remains underdiagnosed due to a lack of awareness and is often misdiagnosed due to the comorbidities present. Treatment options are limited due to a lack of research. Furthermore, associated comorbidities and drug interactions further complicate treatment plans. Follow-up throughout treatment should be based on understanding the predictors of mortality. Identification of potential relapse or resistance to antifungal therapy is crucial to limit the low long-term survival rate. Awareness surrounding this devastating disease needs to be raised further to enable earlier identification, improve understanding of patient factors associated with prognosis, and the future potential for targeted therapies. This review aims to raise awareness of this rare condition among practitioners, by providing an overview of common risk factors influencing the prevalence and incidence of the disease. We further discuss current approaches and recent advancements in CPA diagnosis and treatment.     

Hormone interactions and regulation of PsPK2::GUS compared with DR5::GUS and PID::GUS in Arabidopsis thaliana

The putative pea PINOID homolog, PsPK2, is expressed in all growing plant parts and is positively regulated by auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin. Here, we studied hormonal regulation of PsPK2::GUS expression compared with DR5::GUS and PID::GUS in Arabidopsis. PsPK2::GUS, DR5::GUS, and PID::GUS expression in Arabidopsis shoots is mainly localized in the stipules, hydathodes, veins, developing leaves, and cotyledons. Unlike DR5::GUS, PsPK2::GUS, and PID::GUS are weakly expressed in root tips. Both DR5::GUS and PsPK2::GUS are induced by different auxins and are more sensitive to methyl indole acetic acid, 4-chloro-indole acetic acid, and α-naphthalene acetic acid than others. GA(3) has no significant effect on GUS activity in DR5::GUS-transformed seedlings compared to the control, but induction by auxin and gibberellin in combination is synergistic. Cytokinin increases auxin transport in Arabidopsis seedlings. Auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin all increase GUS activity in shoots of PsPK2::GUS transformed plants compared to the control. However, only auxin and gibberellin increase GUS activity in PID::GUS shoots. In conclusion, auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin positively regulate PsPK2 expression in shoots, but not in roots. Auxin and gibberellin also upregulate AtPIN1 and LEAFY expression, which is similar to PsPIN1 and Uni in pea. With minor exceptions, the orthologous genes from both species are regulated similarly.     

Focus: Personalized Medicine: Bygiene: The New Paradigm of Bidirectional Hygiene

The pervasive dogma surrounding the evolution of virulence — namely, that a pathogen’s virulence decreases over time to prevent threatening its host — is an archaic assertion that is more appropriately cast as an optimization of virulence cost and benefit. However, the prevailing attitudes underlying practices of medical hygiene and sanitization remain entrenched in these passé ideas. This is true despite the emergence of evidence linking those practices to mounting virulence and antimicrobial resistance in the hospital. It is, therefore, our position that just as the microbe has sought an optimized balance in virulence, so should we seek such an optimized balance in vigilance, complementing warfare with restoration. We call this approach “bygiene,” or bidirectional hygiene.     

Phylogeny of Bembidion and related ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae: Bembidiini: Bembidiina)

The phylogeny of the large genus Bembidion and related genera is inferred from four nuclear protein-coding genes (CAD, wingless, arginine kinase, and topoisomerase I), ribosomal DNA (28S and 18S), and the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI). 230 of the more than 1200 species of Bembidion are sampled, as well as 26 species of five related genera, and 14 outgroups. Nuclear copies (numts) of COI were found sparsely scattered through sampled species. The resulting phylogeny, based upon individual gene analyses and combined analyses using maximum likelihood and parsimony, is very well supported at most nodes. Additional analyses explored the evidence, and corroborate the phylogeny. Seven analyses, each with one of the seven genes removed from the combined matrix, were also conducted, and yielded maximum likelihood bootstrap trees sharing over 92% of their nodes with the original, well-resolved bootstrap trees based on the complete set of seven genes. All key nodes were present in all seven analyses missing a single gene, indicating that support for these nodes comes from at least two genes. In addition, the inferred maximum likelihood tree based on the combined matrix is well-behaved and self-predicting, in that simulated evolution of sequences on the inferred tree under the inferred model of evolution yields a matrix from which all but one of the model tree's clades are recovered with bootstrap value >50, suggesting that internal branches in the tree may be of a length to yield sequences sufficient to allow their inference. All likelihood analyses were conducted under both a proportion-invariable plus gamma site-to-site rate variation model, as well as a simpler gamma model. The choice of model did not have a major effect on inferred phylogenies or their bootstrap values. The inferred phylogeny shows that Bembidarenas is not closely related to Bembidiina, and Phrypeus is likely distant as well; the remaining genera of Bembidiina form a monophyletic group. Lionepha, formerly considered a subgenus of Bembidion, is shown to be outside of the clade of Asaphidion+Bembidion, and is separated as its own genus. B. (Phyla) obtusum is quite isolated within Bembidion, and there is some evidence that the remaining Bembidion form a clade. Within Bembidion, there are three large clades that are well-supported, the Bembidion, Odontium, and Ocydromus Series. The Bembidion Series contains Bembidion (s. str.), Notaphus, Furcacampa, Emphanes, Trepanedoris, Diplocampa, and related Holarctic species; all species from South America, Australia, New Zealand; and most species from southern Africa and Madagascar. All species in South America, except for members of Notaphus and Nothocys, form a clade, the Antiperyphanes Complex, which has independently radiated into body forms and niches occupied by multiple, independent Northern-Hemisphere forms. All species from New Zealand, including Zecillenus, and Australian species formerly placed in Ananotaphus together form a clade. Bembidion (s. str.) and Cyclolopha are in a clade with the Old World, Southern Hemisphere lineages Notaphocampa, Sloanephila, and Omotaphus. The large subgenus Notaphus appears to have originated in South America, with all Northern Hemisphere Notaphus arising from within a south-temperate grade. All major variation in frontal furrows on the head is contained within the Bembidion Series. The Odontium Series contains subgenera Hirmoplataphus and Hydriomicrus, which together are the sister clade of Odontium, Bracteon, Ochthedromus, Pseudoperyphus, and Microserrullula. The very large Ocydromus Series, dominant in the Holarctic region, includes the Ocydromus Complex, with many subgenera, including Hypsipezum and Leuchydrium; the phylogeny within this group is notably at odds with the current classification. Also included in the Ocydromus Series are Nepha and Bembidionetolitzkya, as well as the Princidium Complex, in which the intertidal B. (Cillenus) laterale falls. Outside these three series are a number of smaller groups, including the Plataphus Complex (containing Blepharoplataphus, Plataphus, the latter including Plataphodes); the Hydrium Complex (Metallina, Chlorodium, and Hydrium, which contains Eurytrachelus), whose sister group might be subgenus Andrewesa; Trechonepha and Liocosmius, which might be sisters; and B. (Melomalus) planatum, which is not close to Plataphus. There is some evidence that these groups plus the Ocydromus and Odontium Series form a clade. A few enigmatic groups were harder to place. The sister group of the pair Philochthus plus Philochthemphanes might be B. wickhami; Eupetedromus is well outside the three major series and not related to Notaphus; the high-elevation Asian group Hoquedela is a very isolated lineage. Notaphiellus is removed from synonymy with Nothocys, and placed in synonymy with Notaphus; Plataphodes is synonymized with Plataphus, as Plataphus is paraphyletic otherwise; Eurytrachelus is synonymized with Hydrium. A new subgenus, Lindrochthus, is described to house the distinctive B. wickhami. The implications of the inferred phylogeny for some morphological characters used in Bembidiina systematics are explored, and some of the most widely used (e.g., location of discal seta ed3 on the elytron, and shape of the shoulder) are shown to be notably homoplastic. For example, the location of elytral seta ed3 has undergone at least nine transitions between two states.     

The ant-lions of southern Africa: genus Pamexis Hagen (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini)

Abstract. Pamexis Hagen, 1866, is revised. Myrmeleon luteum Thunberg is designated as type species. A key is provided for the five species comprising the genus. Pamexis luteus (Thunberg, 1784), P.bifasciatus (Olivier, 1811) and P.contaminatus (Hagen, 1887) are redescribed: P.karoo and P.namaqua are new species. All are endemic to the Cape Province of South Africa.     

The life cycle of Hydrichthys tnirus (Gnidaria: Hydrozoa: Anthomedusae: Pandeidae)

The previously unknown life cycle of the parasitic hydroid Hydrichthys mirus is described. The adult medusa has 5–6 tentacles and could be referred to Leuckartiara. Another species of Hydrichthys has previously been shown to have a Stomotoca -like medusa, characterized by the possession of two tentacles. It is proposed that Hydrichthys originated from the Leuckartiara lineage and that, through paedomorphosis in at least one species, the medusa retained the two-tentacle state of the newly-released medusa of all pandeids, thus becoming referable to Stomotoca. It is suggested that Stomotoca has hitherto constituted a polyphyletic taxon, embracing parallel lineages of pandeids, each retaining juvenile features. An additional genus, Larsonia , is introduced to accommodate species with Stomotoca-like medusae and Hydrichthys -like hydroids.     

Focus: Addiction: How Menthol Alters Tobacco-Smoking Behavior: A Biological Perspective

Mentholated cigarettes gained popularity in the 1950s and were often marketed as “healthy” cigarettes, attributable to their pleasurable mint flavor and cooling sensation in the mouth, lungs, and throat. While it is clear that nicotine is the primary psychoactive component in tobacco cigarettes, recent work has suggested that menthol may also play a role in exacerbating smoking behavior, despite original health claims. Recent evidence highlights four distinct biological mechanisms that can alter smoking behavior: 1) menthol acts to reduce the initially aversive experiences associated with tobacco smoking; 2) menthol can serve as a highly reinforcing sensory cue when associated with nicotine and promote smoking behavior; 3) menthol''s actions on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors may change the reinforcing value of nicotine; and 4) menthol can alter nicotine metabolism, thus increasing nicotine bioavailability. The purpose of this review is to highlight and evaluate potential biological mechanisms by which menthol can alter smoking behavior.     

Review: Gastric malignancies: Basic aspects

Gastric cancer is the third deadliest cancer in the world, and the absolute number of cases is increasing every year due to aging and growing of high‐risk populations. This disease is a consequence of the complex interaction of microbial agents, with environmental and host factors, resulting in the dysregulation of multiple oncogenic and tumor‐suppressing signaling pathways. Despite the advances in our understanding of carcinogenesis, there are still reduced therapeutic options for patients with gastric cancer. In recent years, genomic analyses of gastric tumors have emphasized their molecular heterogeneity. The distinction of gastric cancer molecular subtypes may be a key to identify novel therapeutic targets, to predict patient outcome and response to therapy, and to guide early diagnosis strategies. In this review, we summarize the most recent updates on the relationship between microbial agents and gastric cancer, in particular, Helicobacter pylori, the non‐H pylori microbiome, and Epstein‐Barr virus. We also highlight the main advances made in the past year regarding the molecular characterization of gastric cancer, especially the signatures with potential clinical utility.