外源激素对诱导风信子同一花被外植体不同部位细胞分化花芽的影响

本文研究了不同外源激素组合对诱导同一花被不同部位细胞分化花芽的影响,测定了花被上部、中部、下部切块离体培养前后的内部ＩＡＡ和Ｚ＋ＺＲ含量。结果表明,风信子同一花被不同部位细胞均能分化花芽,当ＭＳ培养基中附加２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ的ｚｅａｔｉｎ或６－ＢＡＰ时,随着外源ＩＡＡ浓度从０升高到１０．０ｍｇ／Ｌ,花芽分化部位由花被下部向上部移动。     

外源激素在诱导风信子花被外植体不同部位细胞再生花芽中的作用

外源激素诱导风信子（Ｈｙａｃｉｎｔｈｕｓ ｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｉｓＬ．）同一发育时期花被外植体不同部位细胞再生花芽的实验表明∶１． 诱导花被外植体细胞再生花芽,外源激素是必需的;２． 仅有细胞分裂素就可以诱导花芽再生,生长素并不是必需的;３． 花被外植体上的不同部位的细胞再生花芽时,需要不同浓度的外源激素． 单独加６－ＢＡＰ或玉米素２ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ可以诱导花被下部的细胞再生花芽;６－ＢＡＰ或玉米素２ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ和２,４－Ｄ ０．１ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ的组合有利于花被中部的细胞再生花芽;６－ＢＡＰ或玉米素２ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ和２,４－Ｄ １．０ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ的组合能促进花被上部的细胞分化花芽     

外源激素对风信子再生花芽发育的控制

外源激素在诱导再生花芽花器官发生和控制它们的数目中的关键作用被进一步证实。首先通过２ｍｇ／Ｌ ６－ＢＡ和０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ ２,４－Ｄ的激素组合诱导风信子Ｈｙａｃｉｎｔｈｕｓ ｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｉｓ Ｌ．ｃｖ．Ｗｈｉｔｅ ｐｅａｒｌ）花芽从花被外植体发生,然后保持这种激素浓度,成功地控制了１００多片花被片的连续发生（自然情况下一个风信子花芽仅有６片花被片）。改变激素浓度（２ｍｇ／Ｌ ６－ＢＡ和０～０．０     

风信子花被外植体年龄对花器官分化的影响

离体培养风信子（ＨｙａｃｉｎｔｈｕｓｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｉｓＬ．）不同年龄的花被外植体诱导花器官直接再生的实验表明：１．在ＭＳ附加６ＢＡ２ｍｇ／Ｌ、２,４Ｄ０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ的培养基上,年龄Ｖ的外植体大量衰老,基本丧失器官再生能力,处于年龄段ＩＩ～ＩＶ的外植体可发生玻璃化反应。２．玻璃化反应的外植体转移至ＭＳ附加６ＢＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ、ＮＡＡ０．００５ｍｇ／Ｌ的培养基上继续培养３０ｄ后可再生正常的花被片,表明降低培养基中外源激素浓度能够阻止玻璃化反应继续发生。３．在ＭＳ附加６ＢＡ２ｍｇ／Ｌ、２,４Ｄ０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ的培养基上,外植体形态学下部可再生雌蕊状早期结构。平均每块外植体分化雌蕊状早期结构数以年龄Ⅲ的外植体最多     

无融合生殖油菜AMR—1花托离体培养的研究

报道了不同激素浓度对无融合生殖没菜花托器官分化效果的研究,结果显示：（１）以ＭＳ为基本培养基,以带有子房和花柄的花托为外植体离体培养,花托、花柄切口部位直接芽诱导的最佳激素配比为４．０ｍｇ／Ｌ６－ＢＡ＋０．０１ｍｇ／Ｌ ＮＡＡ,频率为５８．８２％,花托、花柄部位先形成愈伤组织,继而分化出丛生芽的最佳激素配比为５．０ｍｇ／Ｌ ６－ＢＡ＋０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ ＮＡＡ,频率为８４．００％;（２）腋芽增殖的最佳     

哑特猕猴桃微繁工艺流程的研究

选用哑特猕猴桃腋芽为外植体。在不同发育阶段适宜培养基组成：芽增殖生长培养基为ＭＳ＋６－ＢＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＩＡＡ０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ（或者ＩＢＡ０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ;ＮＡＡ０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ）,其在苗基部呈辐射状萌发多个嫩枝与主茎伸长生长同步进行的繁殖特点,有利提高繁殖率。４０ｄ繁殖系数为５－７。诱导生根培养基为ＭＳ＋ＩＢＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＩＡＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ,生根率达９７．１％,培养３０ｄ,平均苗高３．５ｃｍ,     

向日葵下胚轴原生质体高频率愈伤组织形成与根发生

向日葵籽苗下胚轴原生质体,培养在含有ＢＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ,２,４－Ｄ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＮＡＡ０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ和葡萄糖０．５５ｍｇ／Ｌ的改良Ｋａｏ培养基中,２４～２８ｈ后,原生质体开始分裂。包埋在琼脂糖０．６％中的原生质体,培养５ｄ后,分裂频率达９５％以上。生长旺盛的小愈伤组织转移到含有２ｉｐ０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＩＡＡ０．０１ｍｇ／Ｌ,腺嘌呤４０ｍｇ／Ｌ和ＧＡ３０．０１ｍｇ／Ｌ的Ｔｈｏｍｐｓｏｎ液体培养基上１３ｄ后,原生质体诱导的少数愈伤组织发生根分化。     

圆柏组织培养繁殖研究

用５年生圆柏幼嫩茎段为外植体,研究植物生长调节剂对试管苗的调控作用及增殖效果。结果表明：在１／２ＭＳ＋ＢＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＩＢＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ的培养基上,试管苗分化率为９５．０％,生长发育良好。在ＭＳ｜ＢＡ１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．０１ｍｇ／Ｌ的培养基上,增殖效果较好。     

本立芦荟组织培养pH分化特性及快速繁殖的研究

以木立芦荟的叶片、叶鞘、带腋芽的茎段为外植体进行试管培养,结果叶鞘和茎段可诱导形成愈伤组织,腋芽直接萌生。经试验筛选出各增减阶段最适宜的培养基为：⑴愈伤组织诱导,ＭＳ＋ＢＡ２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．１５ｍｇｌ;⑵腋芽萌生,ＭＳ＋ＢＡ０．３－０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．１５ｍｇ／Ｌ;⑶丛生芽分化及继代,ＭＳ＋ＢＡ２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．１０ｍｇ／Ｌ;⑷生根,ＭＳ＋ＢＡ０．３－０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＩＢＡ０     

唐菖蒲球茎芽的离体培养及快速繁殖

将带１－２个芽眼的唐菖蒲球茎切块接种到附加１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ ＢＡ的ＭＳ基本培养基上可诱导休眠芽萌动。无菌芽转移至附加３．０ｍｇ／Ｌ ＢＡ的培养基上可分化产生丛生芽。丛生芽的幼代增殖宜采用附加１．５ｍｇ／Ｌ ＢＡ的培养基生根培养,以ＭＳ＋ＮＡＡ０．１－０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ或ＭＳ＋ＩＢＡ１．ｍｇ／Ｌ效果最佳。     

Infestation of coconut fruits by Aceria guerreronis enhances the pest status of the coconut moth Atheloca subrufella

The coconut mite, Aceria guerreronis (Acari: Eriophyidae) and the coconut moth, Atheloca subrufella (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae), exploit the same habitat—meristematic region underneath the coconut fruit perianth. The coconut fruit perianth, however, is a tight structure allowing free colonisation of the meristematic region of the fruit only by small arthropods such as the eriophyid and tarsonemid mites. Fruits infested by the mites develop different levels of necrosis around the perianth providing access to colonising larvae of the coconut moth, which bore the fruit under the perianth resulting in fruit abortion. Based on field observations, we hypothesise that A. subrufella will colonise coconut fruits only if they exhibit damage on the perianth such as the necrosis caused by the coconut mite. Fruits with and without necrosis were collected from different production areas located in three different states along the Brazilian Atlantic coast and inspected for infestation with coconut moth larvae. In the laboratory, coconut fruits with and without necrosis were offered to moths for oviposition preference and tested for colonisation by neonate and third instar larvae. The results showed that the moths showed no preference for fruits with or without necrosis for oviposition and, hence, neonate larvae have to go under the perianth bract to reach the meristematic region of the fruit. However, neonate larvae were unable to colonise fruits without necrosis (0%) compared to 23% and 60% of fruit colonisation success when exhibiting mite necrosis or mechanical damage, respectively. Similar results were found with respect to older coconut moth larvae. Thus, the data support the hypothesis that the indirect interaction through previous fruit colonisation and necrosis caused by the coconut mite allows the larvae of A. subrufella to be a key pest of coconut fruits.     

Role of Exogenous Hormones in Inducing Cells in different Positions of Perianth Explants to Regenerate Flower Buds in Hyacinthus orientalis

Role of the exogenous hormone in inducing different position cells of perianth explants of hyacinth to regenerate flower buds was studied. Experiments showed that (1) Exogenous hormones are necessary for inducing cells of the perianth explant to regenerate the flower buds; (2) Only cytokinine alone could induce the regeneration of the flower buds, the auxin was not necessary; (3) Exogenous hormones in different concentrations could induce cells in the different parts of the perianth explants to differentiate the flower buds: 6-BAP or zeatin 2 mg/L alone could induce cells located at the lower part of the perianth to differentiate flower buds. Combination of 6-BAP or zeatin 2 mg/L and 2, 4-D 0.1 mg/L was advantageous to cells located middle part of the perianth to regenerate the flower buds. Combination of 6-BAP or zeatin 2 mg/L and 2, 4-D 1.0 mg/L could promote cells located at the upper part of the perianth to differentiate flower buds.     

果翅对霸王种子田间萌发的影响

于2007年10月将具有果翅(具翅)和剥去果翅(去翅)的霸王种子埋于阿拉善左旗不同深度(0 cm、2 cm、5 cm)土壤中,1年内每2月取样1次,调查其萌发情况.结果表明:置于地表具翅种子田间无萌发,而去翅种子在次年6月开始萌发;2 cm埋深具翅种子在次年6月开始萌发,而去翅种子次年2月即能萌发,且其萌发均显著高于同期具翅种子(除10月外);与2 cm埋深相比,5 cm埋深种子萌发较早,其他则表现相似.随埋深的增加和埋藏时间延长,去翅种子田间萌发呈增长趋势,室内萌发率则逐渐减小,而具翅种子除6～10月外田间和室内萌发均逐渐增加.埋藏1年后,去翅种子死亡率显著高于具翅种子,去翅种子为23.0%,而具翅种子为10.0%.可见,果翅可显著抑制霸王种子在田间萌发,有利于种子的田间保存,从而避开不利环境在适宜条件下萌发以获得最佳建植率.     

Hypogynous bristles and scales in basal florets in amphicarpous Schoenoplectus species (Cyperaceae)

A perianth of bristles is known in both aerial and basal florets of the amphicarpous sedge Eleocharis minima. For the first time, a perianth is reported within basal florets of Schoenoplectus section Supini. Aerial florets of the same plants show no evidence of a perianth. In S. erectus ssp. raynalii and in S. lateriflorus ssp. lateriflorus , the perianth to the basal amphicarp consisted of two bristles with antrorse barbs. In S. articulatus, S. roylei and S. senegalensis the perianth comprised broader, smooth-margined structures interpreted as scales. In some cases these were three per floret and were set at two levels suggestive of two whorls. Other amphicarpous species of the section showed basal florets without a perianth.     

Perianth colour dimorphism is related to germination properties and salinity tolerance in Salsola vermiculata in the Arabian deserts

We investigated the dimorphic perianth colour of Salsola vermiculata and its association with seed germination percentage, interactions with temperature, light, salinity and recovery from prior salinity exposure. Seeds with and without pink and yellow perianth were incubated at three thermal regimes, two photoperiods, and five salinity levels. Germination recovery after salinity exposure was observed on seeds that failed to germinate during the salinity study. The germination percentage and rate were signi?cantly related to the perianth colour, the presence of perianth wings, thermal regimes and photoperiod. The presence of a perianth wing significantly reduced germination percentage and germination rate in both the pink and the yellow morph, but the yellow morph exhibited a higher germination percentage. Perianth wing removal increased germination in saline conditions. With the perianth removed, germination recovery was higher for the pink morph than for the yellow one. We suggest that by providing two different strategies for balancing germination with dormancy during favourable conditions, the presence of two morphs makes S. vermiculata more successful in highly unpredictable desert environments.     

Specific expression of the vacuolar iron transporter, TgVit, causes iron accumulation in blue-colored inner bottom segments of various tulip petals

Several flowers of Tulipa gesneriana exhibit a blue color in the bottom segments of the inner perianth. We have previously reported the inner-bottom tissue-specific iron accumulation and expression of the vacuolar iron transporter, TgVit1, in tulip cv. Murasakizuisho. To clarify whether the TgVit1-dependent iron accumulation and blue-color development in tulip petals are universal, we analyzed anthocyanin, its co-pigment components, iron contents and the expression of TgVit1 mRNA in 13 cultivars which show a blue color in the bottom segments of the inner perianth accompanying yellow- and white-colored inner-bottom petals. All of the blue bottom segments contained the same anthocyanin component, delphinidin 3-rutinoside. The flavonol composition varied with cultivar and tissue part. The major flavonol in the bottom segments of the inner perianth was rutin. The iron content in the upper part was less than that in the bottom segments of the inner perianth. The iron content in the yellow and white petals was higher in the bottom segment of the inner perianth than in the upper tissues. TgVit1 mRNA expression was apparent in all of the bottom tissues of the inner perianth. The result of a reproduction experiment by mixing the constituents suggests that the blue coloration in tulip petals is generally caused by iron complexation to delphinidin 3-rutinoside and that the iron complex is solubilized and stabilized by flavonol glycosides. TgVit1-dependent iron accumulation in the bottom segments of the inner perianth might be controlled by an unknown system that differentiated the upper parts and bottom segments of the inner perianth.     

More is better: the uses of developmental genetic data to reconstruct perianth evolution

The origin and evolution of the perianth remains enigmatic. While it seems likely that an undifferentiated perianth consisting of tepals arose early in angiosperm evolution, it is unclear when and how differentiated perianths consisting of distinct organs, such as petals and sepals, arose. Phylogenetic reconstructions of ancestral perianth states across angiosperms have traditionally relied on morphological data from extant species, but these analyses often produce equivocal results. Here we describe the use of developmental genetic data as an additional strategy to infer the ancestral perianth character state for different angiosperm clades. By assessing functional data in combination with expression data in a maximum likelihood framework, we provide a novel approach for investigating the evolutionary history of the perianth. Results of this analysis provide new insights into perianth evolution and provide a proof of concept for using this strategy to explore the incorporation of developmental genetic data in character state reconstructions. As the assumptions outlined here are tested and more genetic data are generated, we hope that ancestral state reconstructions based on multiple lines of evidence will converge.     

Cytokinins in the perianth, carpels, and developing fruit of Helleborus niger L

Reproductive development in the Christmas rose (Helleborus niger L.) differs from that in commonly investigated model plants in two important aspects: (i) the perianth develops a photosynthetic system, after fertilization, and persists until seed ripening; and (ii) the ripe seed contains an immature embryo which continues to mature off the mother plant. The possible roles of cytokinins in these processes are investigated here by analysing extracts of the perianth and the carpels/maturing fruit prepared during anthesis and four stages of post-floral development. trans-Zeatin, dihydrozeatin, N6-(Delta2-isopentenyl)adenine, and their ribosides were identified by tandem mass spectrometry. Single ion monitoring in the presence of deuterated internal standards demonstrated the additional presence of the corresponding riboside-5'-monophosphates, O-glucosides, and 9-glucosides, and afforded quantitative data on the whole set of endogenous cytokinins. Fruit cytokinins were mostly localized in the seeds. Their overall concentrations increased dramatically during early seed development and remained high for 6-8 weeks, until shortly before seed ripening (the last time point covered in this work). Overall cytokinin levels in the perianth did not change markedly in the period covered, but the level of N6-(Delta2-isopentenyl)adenine-type cytokinins appeared to increase slightly and transiently during the greening phase. The perianths of unpollinated or depistillated flowers, which survived, but did not pass through the complete greening process, contained significantly less cytokinins than observed in fruit-bearing flowers. This suggests that perianth greening requires defined cytokinin levels and supports the role of the developing fruit in their maintenance.     

紫花含笑花被呈色过程中色素含量与超微结构的变化特征

为了探究色素含量以及细胞结构在紫花含笑花被呈色过程中的作用机理,该研究以绿色和紫色花被为材料,测定其花被色素含量,运用逐步回归方程分析花被呈色与色素含量的关系,采用石蜡切片及超薄切片技术观察花被细胞超显微结构变化。结果表明:(1)在紫花含笑花被呈色过程中,紫色花被表面明度L^*值降低,a^*值上升,b^*值降低;花被花青素苷的积累量以及类胡萝卜素和类黄酮等含量增加,同时伴随着叶绿素的降解及其含量降低。(2)a^*与花青素、类黄酮、类胡萝卜素等色素含量以及花青素/类黄酮、花青素/叶绿素呈显著正相关关系,b^*与叶绿素含量和花青素/类胡萝卜素呈显著正相关关系。(3)在细胞结构上,随着花被由绿转紫,其上表皮细胞由扁平型向圆锥凸起型变化,单个细胞长宽比增大,细胞垂周壁出现褶皱,紫色花被上表皮结构向增加入射光吸收面积变化;液泡体积增大与叶绿体向有色体转化是主要的细胞器变化。研究发现,花被呈色是多因素作用的结果,花青素含量的产生与积累以及类胡萝卜素和类黄酮等含量增加辅助增色可能是紫花含笑呈紫色的主要...