西双版纳片断热带雨林的结构,物种组成及其变经变化的研究

通过对西双版纳地区的６个“龙山”片断热主林与同样类型的原始热带雨林的比较研究,探讨了片断热主林的群落结构、种类组成、生活型构成,种群结构,植物丰富度及多样性等的变化及其规律,随着热带雨林的片断化,森林边缘效应和人为干扰加剧,热带雨林群落的结构变得不完整,植物丰富度降低。在生活型构成上,附生植物,大、中高位芽植物以及地上芽植物比例减少,藤本植物和小高效芽植物比例明显增高。在种群结构上,受轻、中度干扰     

西双版纳片断热带雨林植物获纱成分及变化趋势

本文以西双版纳地区的５个“龙山”片断热带雨林的植物物种多样性编目为基础,通过与同样类型的原妈热带雨林的比较,探讨了片断热带雨林植物区系成分的变化。随着热带雨林的片断化,森林边缘效应和人为干扰加剧,阳性先锋植物和藤本植物等的侵入,导致这些先锋植物和藤本植物所诉科属在群落中的种数增多,优势度增大。而一些含喜荫湿的荫生植物、群落顶极树种及附生植物较多的科属则在群落中的种数减小和,优势度下降。在植物属的地     

西双版纳傣族“龙山”片断热带雨林植物多样性的变化研究

本文选择了西双版纳地区６个傣族“龙山”片断热带雨林和一个同样植被类型的自然保护区原始林为研究样地,在各样地中均设置一个２５００ｍ２面积的样方,采用植物群落学与植物种类编目相结合的方法,比较研究了各“龙山”片断雨林的群落结构（层次和覆盖度）,植物丰富度（单位面积上的植物个体数）和物种多样性指数的变化情况,得出结论：随着隔离（孤立）时间的增加和人为干扰的加剧,“龙山”片断热带雨林的群落结构和植物丰富度将越趋偏离原始热带雨林,亦即群落结构变得不完整,植物丰富度降低,以及物种多样性指数显著下降,片断热带雨林中的雨林成分也将在一定程度上被先锋成分等其它植被类型成分替换。本文也对导致这些变化的原因作了探讨。     

西双版纳片断热带雨林植物区系成分及变化趋势

本文以西双版纳地区的6个“龙山”片断热带雨林的植物物种多样性编目为基础,通过与同样类型的原始热带雨林的比较,探讨了片断热带雨林植物区系成分的变化。随着热带雨林的片断化,森林边缘效应和人为干扰加剧,阳性先锋植物和藤本植物等的侵入,导致这些先锋植物和藤本植物所属的科属在群落中的种数增多,优势度增大。而一些含喜荫湿的荫生植物、群落顶极树种及附生植物较多的科属则在群落中的种数减小了,优势度下降。在植物属的地理成分构成上,片断热带雨林中全热带分布和热带亚洲—热带非洲分布成分比例相对增高,而热带亚洲成分相对减少。在种的地理成分构成上,片断热带雨林中广域分布种比例相对增高,显示了与属的地理成分类似的变化。这也是森林片断化后,由于边缘效应和林内生境在一定程度上干暖化,喜光的先锋成分增多,而先锋成分大多为一些广域分布属种所致。     

澜沧江下游/湄公河上游片断热带雨林物种多样性动态

 在澜沧江下游/湄公河上游的滇南西双版纳地区,通过样方法比较了热带雨林的连片与3个小片断的物种多样性变化趋势。与连续森林比较,片断热带雨林的植物物种丰富度和物种多样性指数都比较低,而且有相当低比例的大高位芽、中高位芽和附生等生活型植物,而藤本、小高位芽和矮高位芽等生活型植物的比例则较高;泛热带、热带亚洲至热带非洲的区系成分比例较高,而当地成分则减少;群落的上层树木比下层树木更加稳定。同样,动物的物种多样性指数和均衡度在片断热带雨林中都较低,与其密切相关的是片断热带雨林的环境质量,而不是片断的大小。此外,也探讨了片断热带雨林物种变化与森林小气候的关系,阐明了由凉湿向干暖转化的“林内效应”是其物种变化的重要原因之一。     

海南万宁青皮林群落多样性特征研究

根据样方调查,对海南万宁青皮林群落的种类组成、外貌、结构特征和物种多样性进行分析。结果表明:(1)海南万宁青皮林自然保护区有维管植物137种,隶属于62科110属,其中热带性分布种达95.5%,群落属于热带雨林植被类型中的海岸单优青皮群落。(2)群落的优势种为青皮,外貌常绿,生活型以小高位芽为主(占35.04%),青皮种群表现为增长趋势。(3)群落的物种丰富度Magarlef指数为34.30,Shannon-Wienner指数为2.31,Simpson指数为0.99,均匀度Pielou指数为1.08。(4)群落各层次的丰富度表现为乔木层>灌木层>藤本植物>草本层,Simpson指数表现为灌木层>草本层>藤本植物>乔木层,Shannon-Wienner指数表现为灌木层>藤本植物>草本层>乔木层,均匀度表现为草本层>灌木层>藤本植物>乔木层,表明乔木层的物种丰富度最高,但分布最不均匀,优势种的优势地位突出。     

西双版纳热带雨林与海南热带雨林的比较研究

西双版纳的热带雨林与海南低地热带雨林和热带季雨林有基本一致的植物区系组成,群落中优势科无论在种数百分比还是重要值排名上均较接近,显然属于同样性质的植物区系。在生态特征上,西双版纳热带雨林群落高大,分层不明显,B层为林冠层,散生巨树常见,在生活型谱上以高位芽植物占绝对优势,大、中高位芽植物相对较多,落叶树种比例小;以中叶、纸质,全缘和复叶比例较高为特征,具有最接近海南低地湿润雨林的群落垂直结构和生态外貌,其雨林特点虽不如湿润雨林浓厚,但明显强于海南的热带常绿季雨林和山地雨林,海南常绿季雨林群落高度明显较矮,小叶比例通常较高,革质叶比例亦较高,群落具遥明显的旱生特点,海南的山地雨林群落高度较矮,A层连续,成为林冠,无散生巨树,分层明显,在生活型谱上大高位芽植物比例减少,附生植物丰富,并具有相当比例的地面芽植物;叶级虽以中叶占优势,但通常革质,非全缘和单叶比例较高,明显由于热量不足的影响而带有亚热带森林特色,在物种多样性上,西双版纳热带雨林的乔木物种多样性指数似乎与海南的低地热带雨林相当,低于海南的山地雨林群落,海南的热带雨林群落种类丰富度不同人研究的结果差异较大,如果这些用于比较的数据可靠和具有可比性的话,西双版纳热带雨林的物种多样性要比海南的山地雨林低。     

鼎湖山生物圈保护区层间植物物种多样性的研究

本文研究了鼎湖山生物圈保护区的层间植物（含藤本植物和附生、寄生维管植物）的特点及其在8个自然植被类型的分布格局。结果表明,低海拔的河岸林和沟谷雨林中的层间植物不仅物种数和个体数多,而且多样性指数高。反映了层间植物与环境湿度呈正相关。季风常绿阔叶林中的藤本植物的种类和个体数最少,而且多样性指数最低,这与其郁闭度较大导致林下光照强度弱有关。就演替系列而言,附生植物物种多样性的顺序为：季风常绿阔叶林＞针阔混交林＞针叶林＞稀树灌丛。但藤本植物多样性指数的顺序排列为：稀树灌丛＞针叶林＞针阔混交林＞季风常绿阔叶林。在没有人类干扰的条件下,随着群落演替的进行,藤本植物的物种多样性逐渐减少。因此在某些地区,可以将藤本植物物种多样性的高低作为衡量森林演替阶段的一个指标。     

Studies on the characteristics of Michelia odora po- pulation and its community in south-central Jiangxi

采用样地调查法,对赣中南观光木种群及群落特征进行了研究.结果表明:观光木种群分布格局呈集群分布,径级结构为衰退型.观光木所在群落有维管植物60科94属112种,植物生活型以高位芽植物为主,占总种数的69.64%.植物区系起源古老,成分复杂,具有明显的热带性质.群落除Pielou指数较高外,其它各种多样性指数偏低,各样地间多样性指数有一定的差异;测度观光木所在群落物种多样性时,4种多样性指数未表现出相同的趋势,Simpson指数和Pielou指数在群落不同层次的变化规律为:灌木层＞草本层＞乔木层,Shannon-wiener指数和物种丰富度指数在群落不同层次的变化规律为:灌木层＞乔木层＞草本层.观光木本身的生物学特性和人类掠夺式的破坏是导致观光木种群濒危的主要原因.     

江西中南部观光木种群及所在群落特征研究

采用样地调查法,对赣中南观光木种群及群落特征进行了研究。结果表明:观光木种群分布格局呈集群分布,径级结构为衰退型。观光木所在群落有维管植物60科94属112种,植物生活型以高位芽植物为主,占总种数的69.64%。植物区系起源古老,成分复杂,具有明显的热带性质。群落除Pielou指数较高外,其它各种多样性指数偏低,各样地间多样性指数有一定的差异;测度观光木所在群落物种多样性时,4种多样性指数未表现出相同的趋势,Simpson指数和Pielou指数在群落不同层次的变化规律为:灌木层>草本层>乔木层,Shannon-wiener指数和物种丰富度指数在群落不同层次的变化规律为:灌木层>乔木层>草本层。观光木本身的生物学特性和人类掠夺式的破坏是导致观光木种群濒危的主要原因。     

西双版纳片断山地雨林蚁科昆虫群落研究

西双版纳是中国具有热带雨林的３个地区之一。采用样地调查法对西双版纳自然保护区山地雨林和３块山地雨林片断的蚂蚁群落作了比较研究。目的是揭示保护区与各片断间距离对蚂各落的影响。在４种样地中共计采集蚂蚁６亚科３５属７４种。与保护区距离不等的片断各有自己的特有种（１０－１１种）,各片断的特圾种少于自然保护区（１５种）。随着片断与自然保护区的距离增加,片断与保护区共有物种数减少（从５种、３种至２种）;最重要     

Tropical rain forest fragmentation and its ecological and species diversity changes in southern Yunnan

Three fragmented rain forests and one primary forest in southern Yunnan were plotted. The microclimate and soil conditions of these forests were also studied. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) The microclimatic differences between inside and outside forest are less in the fragmented forests than in the primary forest, which indicates that the buffer effects to climatic change have been reduced in the fragmented forests. The soil has deteriorated to some extent due to forest fragmentation. (2) In species composition, especially the abundance of some species and the dominant ranks of some families have changed with fragmentation. Barringtonia macrostachya, the most dominant species in the control primary forest, disappeared from the fragmented forests, while Antiaris toxicaria, which is a characteristic but not dominant species in the primary forest, is dominant in fragmented forests. (3) The total number of species per plot was reduced in the fragmented forests and the more seriously disturbed the fragment was, the more the species richness diminished. (4) In life form spectra, the liana and microphanerophyte species increased, but epiphyte, megaphanerophyte, mesophanerophyte and chamaephyte species decreased in the fragmented forests. (5) The plant species diversity is generally lower in the fragmented forests than in the primary forest, although for some life forms it could be higher. (6) The tree species with small populations could be lost first in the process of rain forest fragmentation. (7) The heliophilous or pioneer tree species increased and the shade-tolerant species were reduced in the fragmented forests.     

海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林群落结构及树种多样性特征的研究

 以海南岛霸王岭自然保护区1 hm2老龄原始林样地的调查材料为基础,分析了热带山地雨林群落的组成、高度结构、径级结构及有关的树种多样性特征。结果表明：霸王岭热带山地雨林树种较丰富,物种多样性指数较高。树种数和树木的密度都随高度级、径级的增加而呈负指数或负幂函数递减;热带山地雨林不同高度级、不同径级和不同小样方斑块内的树种数都与树木密度呈显著的正相关关系。热带山地雨林经过自然的演替达到老龄顶极群落后,最后进入主林层的只是少部分树种的少数个体。     

Habitat fragmentation,tree diversity,and plant invasion interact to structure forest caterpillar communities

Habitat fragmentation and invasive species are two of the most prominent threats to terrestrial ecosystems. Few studies have examined how these factors interact to influence the diversity of natural communities, particularly primary consumers. Here, we examined the effects of forest fragmentation and invasion of exotic honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii, Caprifoliaceae) on the abundance and diversity of the dominant forest herbivores: woody plant-feeding Lepidoptera. We systematically surveyed understory caterpillars along transects in 19 forest fragments over multiple years in southwestern Ohio and evaluated how fragment area, isolation, tree diversity, invasion by honeysuckle and interactions among these factors influence species richness, diversity and abundance. We found strong seasonal variation in caterpillar communities, which responded differently to fragmentation and invasion. Abundance and richness increased with fragment area, but these effects were mitigated by high levels of honeysuckle, tree diversity, landscape forest cover, and large recent changes in area. Honeysuckle infestation was generally associated with decreased caterpillar abundance and diversity, but these effects were strongly dependent on other fragment traits. Effects of honeysuckle on abundance were moderated when fragment area, landscape forest cover and tree diversity were high. In contrast, negative effects of honeysuckle invasion on caterpillar diversity were most pronounced in fragments with high tree diversity and large recent increases in area. Our results illustrate the complex interdependencies of habitat fragmentation, plant diversity and plant invasion in their effects on primary consumers and emphasize the need to consider these processes in concert to understand the consequences of anthropogenic habitat change for biodiversity.     

The effect of habitat fragmentation on the bee visitor assemblages of three Australian tropical rainforest tree species

Tropical forest loss and fragmentation can change bee community dynamics and potentially interrupt plant–pollinator relationships. While bee community responses to forest fragmentation have been investigated in a number of tropical regions, no studies have focused on this topic in Australia. In this study, we examine taxonomic and functional diversity of bees visiting flowers of three tree species across small and large rainforest fragments in Australian tropical landscapes. We found lower taxonomic diversity of bees visiting flowers of trees in small rainforest fragments compared with large forest fragments and show that bee species in small fragments were subsets of species in larger fragments. Bees visiting trees in small fragments also had higher mean body sizes than those in larger fragments, suggesting that small‐sized bees may be less likely to persist in small fragments. Lastly, we found reductions in the abundance of eusocial stingless bees visiting flowers in small fragments compared to large fragments. These results suggest that pollinator visits to native trees living in small tropical forest remnants may be reduced, which may in turn impact on a range of processes, potentially including forest regeneration and diversity maintenance in small forest remnants in Australian tropical countryside landscapes.     

Impacts of forest fragmentation on species composition and forest structure in the temperate landscape of southern Chile

Aim Few studies have explicitly examined the influence of spatial attributes of forest fragments when examining the impacts of fragmentation on woody species. The aim of this study was to assess the diverse impacts of fragmentation on forest habitats by integrating landscape‐level and species‐level approaches. Location The investigation was undertaken in temperate rain forests located in southern Chile. This ecosystem is characterized by high endemism and by intensive recent changes in land use. Method Measures of diversity, richness, species composition, forest structure and anthropogenic disturbances were related to spatial attributes of the landscape (size, shape, connectivity, isolation and interior forest area) of forest fragments using generalized linear models. A total of 63 sampling plots distributed in 51 forest fragments with different spatial attributes were sampled. Results Patch size was the most important attribute influencing different measures of species composition, stand structure and anthropogenic disturbances. The abundance of tree and shrub species associated with interior and edge habitats was significantly related to variation in patch size. Basal area, a measure of forest structure, significantly declined with decreasing patch size, suggesting that fragmentation is affecting successional processes in the remaining forests. Small patches also displayed a greater number of stumps, animal trails and cow pats, and lower values of canopy cover as a result of selective logging and livestock grazing in relatively accessible fragments. However, tree richness and β‐diversity of tree species were not significantly related to fragmentation. Main conclusions This study demonstrates that progressive fragmentation by logging and clearance is associated with dramatic changes in the structure and composition of the temperate forests in southern Chile. If this fragmentation process continues, the ability of the remnant forests to maintain their original biodiversity and ecological processes will be significantly reduced.     

Don’t miss the forest for the trees! Evidence for vertical differences in the response of plant diversity to disturbance in a tropical rain forest

Ecological studies in tropical rain forests traditionally focus on trees above a threshold diameter at breast height (dbh), since ignoring plant species of the other structural compartments is believed to be an acceptable tradeoff between exhaustiveness and effectiveness. However, the consequences of missing species below a threshold dbh value have been largely neglected so far. We evaluated whether the response of species diversity of ≥10-cm dbh trees was similar to the response of other structural ensembles (namely treelets, saplings, and terricolous herbs) in a lowland tropical rain forest, to three disturbance regimes: natural gap dynamics (control), and selective logging with and without additional thinning. We studied forest vegetation composition and diversity in a 20-yr replicated field experiment comprising nine 1 ha permanent plots established in a semi-deciduous rain forest of the Congo Basin and equally distributed among the three treatments. Once corrected by stem density, species richness was similar between logged (20 years since logging) and untouched old-growth forest stands with respect of trees, but higher with respect of treelets. As disturbance intensity increased, species richness increased within sapling layers but decreased within herb layers, while species spatial turnover (beta diversity) increased in both cases. Regarding the parameters of the partitioned rarefaction curves and relative abundance distribution curves, no correlation was found between trees and any of the other structural compartments. Whilst tree and treelet species composition was similar among treatments, the understories still reflected past disturbance intensity, with a strong response of the sapling and herb layers. These results show that ecological studies based solely on tree layers (dbh ≥ 10 cm) are misleading because their response to disturbance cannot be used as a surrogate for the response of other structural ensembles. Long-lasting effects of anthropogenic disturbance on the sapling bank and the herb layer may durably influence the long-term forest dynamics. Since overstory but not understory plant communities have recovered from human disturbances 20 years after silvicultural operations, African tropical rain forest ecosystems may not be as resilient to selective logging as previously thought.