Nitrogen Uptake During Fall, Winter and Spring Differs Among Plant Functional Groups in a Subarctic Heath Ecosystem

Nitrogen (N) is a critical resource for plant growth in tundra ecosystems, and species differences in the timing of N uptake may be an important feature regulating community composition and ecosystem productivity. We added ¹⁵N-labelled glycine to a subarctic heath tundra dominated by dwarf shrubs, mosses and graminoids in fall, and investigated its partitioning among ecosystem components at several time points (October, November, April, May, June) through to the following spring/early summer. Soil microbes had acquired 65?±?7% of the ¹⁵N tracer by October, but this pool decreased through winter to 37?±?7% by April indicating significant microbial N turnover prior to spring thaw. Only the evergreen dwarf shrubs showed active ¹⁵N acquisition before early May indicating that they had the highest potential of all functional groups for acquiring nutrients that became available in early spring. The faster-growing deciduous shrubs did not resume ¹⁵N acquisition until after early May indicating that they relied more on nitrogen made available later during the spring/early summer. The graminoids and mosses had no significant increases in ¹⁵N tracer recovery or tissue ¹⁵N tracer concentrations after the first harvest in October. However, the graminoids had the highest root ¹⁵N tracer concentrations of all functional groups in October indicating that they primarily relied on N made available during summer and fall. Our results suggest a temporal differentiation among plant functional groups in the post-winter resumption of N uptake with evergreen dwarf shrubs having the highest potential for early N uptake, followed by deciduous dwarf shrubs and graminoids.     

Glycine uptake in heath plants and soil microbes responds to elevated temperature, CO2 and drought

Temperate terrestrial ecosystems are currently exposed to climatic and air quality changes with increased atmospheric CO₂, increased temperature and prolonged droughts. The responses of natural ecosystems to these changes are focus for research, due to the potential feedbacks to the climate. We here present results from a field experiment in which the effects of these three climate change factors are investigated solely and in all combinations at a temperate heath dominated by heather (Calluna vulgaris) and wavy hair-grass (Deschampsia flexuosa).Climate induced increases in plant production may increase plant root exudation of dissolved organic compounds such as amino acids, and the release of amino acids during decomposition of organic matter. Such free amino acids in soil serve as substrates for soil microorganisms and are also acquired as nutrients directly by plants. We investigated the magnitude of the response to the potential climate change treatments on uptake of organic nitrogen in an in situ pulse labelling experiment with ¹⁵N¹³C₂-labelled glycine (amino acid) injected into the soil.In situ root nitrogen acquisition by grasses responded significantly to the climate change treatments, with larger ¹⁵N uptake in response to warming and elevated CO₂ but not additively when the treatments were combined. Also, a larger grass leaf biomass in the combined T and CO₂ treatment than in individual treatments suggest that responses to combined climate change factors cannot be predicted from the responses to single factors treatments.The soil microbes were superior to plants in the short-term competition for the added glycine, as indicated by an 18 times larger ¹⁵N recovery in the microbial biomass compared to the plant biomass. The soil microbes acquired glycine largely as an intact compound (87%), with no effects of the multi factorial climate change treatment through one year.     

Site-dependent N uptake from N-form mixtures by arctic plants,soil microbes and ectomycorrhizal fungi

Soil microbes constitute an important control on nitrogen (N) turnover and retention in arctic ecosystems where N availability is the main constraint on primary production. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbioses may facilitate plant competition for the specific N pools available in various arctic ecosystems. We report here our study on the N uptake patterns of coexisting plants and microbes at two tundra sites with contrasting dominance of the circumpolar ECM shrub Betula nana. We added equimolar mixtures of glycine-N, NH₄⁺–N and NO₃⁻–N, with one N form labelled with ¹⁵N at a time, and in the case of glycine, also labelled with ¹³C, either directly to the soil or to ECM fungal ingrowth bags. After 2 days, the vegetation contained 5.6, 7.7 and 9.1% (heath tundra) and 7.1, 14.3 and 12.5% (shrub tundra) of the glycine-, NH₄⁺- and NO₃⁻–¹⁵N, respectively, recovered in the plant–soil system, and the major part of ¹⁵N in the soil was immobilized by microbes (chloroform fumigation-extraction). In the subsequent 24 days, microbial N turnover transferred about half of the immobilized ¹⁵N to the non-extractable soil organic N pool, demonstrating that soil microbes played a major role in N turnover and retention in both tundra types. The ECM mycelial communities at the two tundras differed in N-form preferences, with a higher contribution of glycine to total N uptake at the heath tundra; however, the ECM mycelial communities at both sites strongly discriminated against NO₃⁻. Betula nana did not directly reflect ECM mycelial N uptake, and we conclude that N uptake by ECM plants is modulated by the N uptake patterns of both fungal and plant components of the symbiosis and by competitive interactions in the soil. Our field study furthermore showed that intact free amino acids are potentially important N sources for arctic ECM fungi and plants as well as for soil microorganisms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Rhizosphere effects on ion concentrations near different root zones of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and root types of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii L.) seedlings

In many temperate ecosystems, rates of atmospheric nitrogen deposition remain high over winter despite decreased agricultural activity over this season. The extent to which this nitrogen is accessible for plant growth over the following growing season may depend strongly on uptake by plants and soil microorganisms from late fall through early spring, when the majority of aboveground plant tissue has senesced. We added Ca(¹⁵NO₃)₂ (5 atom %¹⁵N) at a rate of 2 g m^?2 of N (corresponding to 100 mg ¹⁵N m^?2) to the surface of plots in a temperate old field during either late fall, winter, spring melt or early spring. We quantified the recovery of excess ¹⁵N in the soil microbial biomass and soil extracts following spring melt and in aboveground plant tissue at the peak of the plant growing season. Nitrate additions had no significant effect on total aboveground plant biomass, relative species abundance or percent tissue nitrogen. However, mean excess ¹⁵N in aboveground plant tissue varied significantly among treatments, with values of 8.1, 2.6, 0.3 and 7.3 mg m^?2 for late fall, winter, spring melt and early spring addition plots, respectively. Corresponding values of excess ¹⁵N were 3.1, 1.4 and 0.2 mg m^?2 in microbial biomass, and 0.17, 0.07 and 0.03 mg m^?2 in soil extracts, for late fall, winter and spring melt addition plots, respectively. Overall, these results indicate that nitrogen retention from late fall through early spring may depend highly on plant uptake in this system, and that only a small fraction of the nitrogen that accumulates in the winter snow pack may be available to plants.     

A landscape‐scale model for optimal management of sheep grazingin the Magellanic steppe

Abstract. Effective management of rangelands requires the development of landscape‐scale models for predicting spatial and temporal variability of forage. In the Magellanic tussock steppes, as in other cold‐temperate regions, grazing capacity is dependent on the winter season. To develop a management tool for the region, we analysed links between winter forage availability, weather, stocking rate and vegetation structure. We studied four paddocks over five years with a range of stocking rates from 0 to 1.53 sheep.ha^‐1. We sampled forb and non‐tussock graminoid biomass, vegetation structure and faecal pellet abundance at the end of each summer. Daily temperature and rainfall data were also recorded. A regression model explained the amount of winter forage as a positive function of graminoid cover, spring minimum temperature, annual precipitation and a negative function of dwarf shrub canopy, bare soil and stocking rate (R²= 0.59). Interactions of structural variables with precipitation and stocking rate were detected, indicating strong fluctuations of forage availability in lawn communities dominated by short graminoids. The most probable causes of this response would be higher utilisation and lack of canopy structure. Our results illustrate how maps of vegetation structure, obtainable from satellite images, with weather and stocking rate data could be used for predicting optimal stocking rates in large, heterogeneous sheep paddocks.ed.     

Dwarf shrubs are stronger competitors than graminoid species at high nutrient supply in peat bogs

Climate warming is likely to increase nutrient mineralization rates in bog ecosystems which may change the plant species composition. We examined the competitive relationships between two graminoid species, Eriophorum vaginatum and Rhynchospora alba, and two ericoid species, Calluna vulgaris and Vaccinium oxycoccus, at different nutrient supply rates. In a greenhouse, the plants were grown in monocultures and mixtures at four nutrient treatments: control, high N, high P, and high N + P. The results show that the ericoids responded more strongly to the nutrient treatments than the graminoids. The dwarf shrubs showed higher growth rates and reduced root:shoot ratio at high N + P supply. When grown in mixture the ericoids increased their growth, while graminoids decreased in biomass or showed signs of nutrient limitation compared to their monoculture plants. This suggests that under increased nutrient availability, bogs are more likely to turn into dwarf shrub dominated ecosystems and not grassland.     

Nitrogen uptake from prey and substrate as affected by prey capture level and plant reproductive status in four carnivorous plant species

Uptake of nitrogen from prey and substrate and partitioning of prey-derived nitrogen were studied in the carnivorous plant species Pinguicula alpina, P. villosa, P. vulgaris and Drosera rotundifolia in a subarctic environment. Efficiency in nitrogen uptake from prey was evaluated by tracing ¹⁵N from ¹⁵N-enriched Drosophila flies fed to the plants. The in situ uptake efficiency differed somewhat between species and ranged from 29 to 41% of prey N. This efficiency was not affected by different feeding levels or plant reproductive status (flowering or non-flowering). A test of the amount of N absorbed from prey caught on flower stalks of Pinguicula villosa and P. vulgaris showed that both species took up little of what was available in prey (2.5% or less). The uptake efficiency found in greenhouse grown plants was higher than in plants in situ (40–50% vs. 30–40% respectively). This could probably best be explained by the absence of rain and a higher temperature in the greenhouse. The prey-derived ¹⁵N was traced to reproductive organs and winter buds. Non-flowering individuals allocated 58–97% of the N derived from prey to their winter buds. Flowering individuals allocated 17–43% of the N income from prey to reproduction, while 34–71% were allocated to buds. Root uptake of nitrogen was stimulated by increased prey capture. This increase in uptake of nitrogen from the substrate was larger than the potential direct uptake of nitrogen from captured prey.     

Inhibition of growth,and effects on nutrient uptake of arctic graminoids by leaf extracts — allelopathy or resource competition between plants and microbes?

Previous research has shown that plant extracts, e.g. from boreal dwarf shrubs and trees, can cause reduced growth of neighbouring plants: an effect known as allelopathy. To examine whether arctic and subarctic plants could also be affected by leaching of phytochemicals, we added extracts from the commonly occurring arctic dwarf shrubs Cassiope tetragona and Empetrum hermaphroditum, and from mountain birch, Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa to three graminoid species, Carex bigelowii, Festuca vivipara and Luzula arcuata, grown in previously sterilized or non-sterilized arctic soils. The graminoids in non-sterilized soil grew more slowly than those in sterilized soil. Excised roots of the plants in non-sterilized soil had higher uptake rate of labelled P than those in sterilized soil, demonstrating larger nutrient deficiency. The difference in growth rate was probably caused by higher nutrient availability for plants in soils in which the microbial biomass was killed after soil sterilization. The dwarf shrub extracts contained low amounts of inorganic N and P and medium high amounts of carbohydrates. Betula extracts contained somewhat higher levels of N and much higher levels of P and carbohydrates. Addition of leaf extracts to the strongly nutrient limited graminoids in non-sterilized soil tended to reduce growth, whereas in the less nutrient limited sterilized soil it caused strong growth decline. Furthermore, the N and P uptake by excised roots of plants grown in both types of soil was high if extracts from the dwarf shrubs (with low P and N concentrations) had been added, whereas the P uptake declined but the N uptake increased after addition of the P-rich Betula extract. In contrast to the adverse extract effects on plants, soil microbial respiration and soil fungal biomass (ergosterol) was generally stimulated, most strongly after addition of the Betula extract. Although we cannot exclude the possibility that the reduced plant growth and the concomitant stimulation of microbial activity were caused by phytochemicals, we believe that this was more likely due to labile carbon in the extracts which stimulated microbial biomass and activity. As a result microbial uptake increased, thereby depleting the plant available pool of N and P, or, for the P-rich Betula extract, depleting soil inorganic N alone, to the extent of reducing plant growth. This chain of events is supported by the negative correlation between plant growth and sugar content in the three added extracts, and the positive correlation between microbial activity, fungal biomass production and sugar content, and are known reactions when labile carbon is added to nutrient deficient soils.     

Intact amino acid uptake by northern hardwood and conifer trees

Empirical and modeling studies of the N cycle in temperate forests of eastern North America have focused on the mechanisms regulating the production of inorganic N, and assumed that only inorganic forms of N are available for plant growth. Recent isotope studies in field conditions suggest that amino acid capture is a widespread ecological phenomenon, although northern temperate forests have yet to be studied. We quantified fine root biomass and applied tracer-level quantities of U–¹³C₂–¹⁵N-glycine, ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ and ¹⁵NO₃ ⁻ in two stands, one dominated by sugar maple and white ash, the other dominated by red oak, beech, and hemlock, to assess the importance of amino acids to the N nutrition of northeastern US forests. Significant enrichment of ¹³C in fine roots 2 and 5 h following tracer application indicated intact glycine uptake in both stands. Glycine accounted for up to 77% of total N uptake in the oak–beech–hemlock stand, a stand that produces recalcitrant litter, cycles N slowly and has a thick, amino acid-rich organic horizon. By contrast, glycine accounted for only 20% of total N uptake in the sugar maple and white ash stand, a stand characterized by labile litter and rapid rates of amino acid production and turnover resulting in high rates of mineralization and nitrification. This study shows that amino acid uptake is an important process occurring in two widespread, northeastern US temperate forest types with widely differing rates of N cycling.     

Effects of summer grazing by reindeer on composition of vegetation, productivity and nitrogen cycling

In this study, we investigated the effect of reindeer grazing on tundra heath vegetation in northern Norway. Fences, erected 30 yr ago, allowed us to compare winter grazed, lightly summer grazed and heavily summer grazed vegetation at four different sites. At two sites, graminoids dominated the heavily grazed zone completely, while ericoid dwarf shrubs had almost disappeared. In the other two areas, the increase of graminoids was almost significant. At one of the sites where graminoids dominated the heavily grazed area, we also measured plant biomass, primary production and nitrogen cycling. In this site, heavy grazing increased primary production and rate of nitrogen cycling, while moderate grazing decreased primary production. These results were inconsistent with the view that the highest productivity is found at intermediate grazing pressure. These results rather support the hypothesis that intensive grazing can promote a transition of moss-rich heath tundra into productive, graminoid-dominated steppe-like tundra vegetation. Moreover the results suggests that intermittent intensive reindeer grazing can enhance productivity of summer ranges.     

Climatic and biotic extreme events moderate long‐term responses of above‐ and belowground sub‐Arctic heathland communities to climate change

Climate change impacts are not uniform across the Arctic region because interacting factors causes large variations in local ecosystem change. Extreme climatic events and population cycles of herbivores occur simultaneously against a background of gradual climate warming trends and can redirect ecosystem change along routes that are difficult to predict. Here, we present the results from sub‐Arctic heath vegetation and its belowground micro‐arthropod community in response to the two main drivers of vegetation damage in this region: extreme winter warming events and subsequent outbreaks of the defoliating autumnal moth caterpillar (Epirrita autumnata). Evergreen dwarf shrub biomass decreased (30%) following extreme winter warming events and again by moth caterpillar grazing. Deciduous shrubs that were previously exposed to an extreme winter warming event were not affected by the moth caterpillar grazing, while those that were not exposed to warming events (control plots) showed reduced (23%) biomass from grazing. Cryptogam cover increased irrespective of grazing or winter warming events. Micro‐arthropods declined (46%) following winter warming but did not respond to changes in plant community. Extreme winter warming and caterpillar grazing suppressed the CO₂ fluxes of the ecosystem. Evergreen dwarf shrubs are disadvantaged in a future sub‐Arctic with more stochastic climatic and biotic events. Given that summer warming may further benefit deciduous over evergreen shrubs, event and trend climate change may both act against evergreen shrubs and the ecosystem functions they provide. This is of particular concern given that Arctic heath vegetation is typically dominated by evergreen shrubs. Other components of the vegetation showed variable responses to abiotic and biotic events, and their interaction indicates that sub‐Arctic vegetation response to multiple pressures is not easy to predict from single‐factor responses. Therefore, while biotic and climatic events may have clear impacts, more work is needed to understand their net effect on Arctic ecosystems.     

Initial Stages of Tundra Shrub Litter Decomposition May Be Accelerated by Deeper Winter Snow But Slowed Down by Spring Warming

The Arctic climate is projected to change during the coming century, with expected higher air temperatures and increased winter snowfall. These climatic changes might alter litter decomposition rates, which in turn could affect carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling rates in tundra ecosystems. However, little is known of seasonal climate change effects on plant litter decomposition rates and N dynamics, hampering predictions of future arctic vegetation composition and the tundra C balance. We tested the effects of snow addition (snow fences), warming (open top chambers), and shrub removal (clipping), using a full-factorial experiment, on mass loss and N dynamics of two shrub tissue types with contrasting quality: deciduous shrub leaf litter (Salix glauca) and evergreen shrub shoots (Cassiope tetragona). We performed a 10.5-month decomposition experiment in a low-arctic shrub tundra heath in West-Greenland. Field incubations started in late fall, with harvests made after 249, 273, and 319 days of field incubation during early spring, summer and fall of the next year, respectively. We observed a positive effect of deeper snow on winter mass loss which is considered a result of observed higher soil winter temperatures and corresponding increased winter microbial litter decomposition in deep-snow plots. In contrast, warming reduced litter mass loss during spring, possibly because the dry spring conditions might have dried out the litter layer and thereby limited microbial litter decomposition. Shrub removal had a small positive effect on litter mass loss for C. tetragona during summer, but not for S. glauca. Nitrogen dynamics in decomposing leaves and shoots were not affected by the treatments but did show differences in temporal patterns between tissue types: there was a net immobilization of N by C. tetragona shoots after the winter incubation, while S. glauca leaf N-pools were unaltered over time. Our results support the widely hypothesized positive linkage between winter snow depth and litter decomposition rates in tundra ecosystems, but our results do not reveal changes in N dynamics during initial decomposition stages. Our study also shows contrasting impacts of spring warming and snow addition on shrub decomposition rates that might have important consequences for plant community composition and vegetation-climate feedbacks in rapidly changing tundra ecosystems.     

Depth‐based differentiation in nitrogen uptake between graminoids and shrubs in an Arctic tundra plant community

Questions

The rapid climate warming in tundra ecosystems can increase nutrient availability in the soil, which may initiate shifts in vegetation composition. The direction in which the vegetation shifts will co‐determine whether Arctic warming is mitigated or accelerated, making the understanding of successional trajectories urgent. One of the key factors influencing the competitive relationships between plant species is their access to nutrients, depending on the depth where they take up most nutrients. However, nutrient uptake at different soil depths by tundra plant species that differ in rooting depth is unclear.

Location

Kytalyk Nature Reserve, northeast Siberia, Russia.

Methods

We injected ¹⁵N to 5 cm, 15 cm and the thaw front of the soil in a moist tussock tundra. The absorption of ¹⁵N by grasses, sedges, deciduous shrubs and evergreen shrubs from the three depths was compared.

Results

The results clearly show a vertical differentiation of N uptake by these plant functional types, corresponding to their rooting strategy. Shallow‐rooting dwarf shrubs were more capable of absorbing nutrients from the upper soil than from deeper soil. Deep‐rooting grasses and sedges were more capable of absorbing nutrients from deeper soil than the dwarf shrubs. The natural ¹⁵N abundances in control plants also indicate that graminoids can absorb more nutrients from the deeper soil than dwarf shrubs.

Conclusions

Our results show that graminoids and shrubs in the Arctic differ in their N uptake strategies, with graminoids profiting from nutrients released at the thaw front, while shrubs mainly forage in upper soil layers. Our results suggest that tundra vegetation will become graminoid‐dominated as permafrost thaw progresses and nutrient availability increases in the deep soil.     

Amino acids as a nitrogen source for tomato seedlings: The use of dual-labeled (C, N) glycine to test for direct uptake by tomato seedlings

Direct uptake of organic nitrogen (ON) compounds, rather than inorganic N, by plant roots has been hypothesized to constitute a significant pathway for plant nutrition. The aim of this study was to test whether tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Huying932) can take up ON directly from the soil by using ¹⁵NH₄Cl, K¹⁵NO₃, 1, 2-¹³C₂¹⁵N-glycine labeling techniques. The ¹³C and ¹⁵N in the plants increased significantly indicating that a portion of the glycine-N was taken up in the form of intact amino acids by the tomatoes within 48 h after injection into the soil. Regression analysis of excess ¹³C against excess ¹⁵N showed that approximately 21% of the supplied glycine-N was taken up intact by the tomatoes. Atom% excesses of ¹⁵N and ¹³C in the roots were higher than in any shoots. Results also indicated rapid turnover of amino acids (e.g., glycine) by soil microorganisms, and the poor competitive ability of tomatoes in absorbing amino acids from the soil solution. This implies that tomatoes can take up ON in an intact form from the soil despite the rapid turnover of organic N usually found under such conditions. Given the influence of climatic change and N pollution, further studies investigating the functional ecological implications of ON in horticultural ecosystems are warranted.     

High potential, but low actual, glycine uptake of dominant plant species in three Australian land-use types with intermediate N availability

The traditional view of the nitrogen (N) cycle has been challenged since the discovery that plants can compete with microbes for low molecular weight (LMW) organic N. Despite a number of studies that have shown LMW organic N uptake by plants, there remains a debate on the overall ecological relevance of LMW organic N uptake by plants across ecosystems with different N availabilities. We here report patterns of glycine N uptake by plants from three different Australian land-use types with intermediate N availability and low inherent glycine concentrations in the soil. Using ¹⁵N labeled tracers, we tested the potential of these plants to acquire glycine in ex-situ laboratory experiments and attempted to validate these results in the field by determining actual uptake of glycine by plants directly from the soil. We found in the ex-situ experiments that plants from all three land-use types were able to take up significant amounts of glycine. In contrast, glycine uptake directly from the soil was minimal in all three land-use types and ¹⁵N tracers were largely immobilized in the soil organic N pool. Our study confirms that the potential for LMW organic N uptake by plants is a widespread phenomenon. However, our in-situ experiments show that in the three land-use types tested here plants are inferior competitors for LMW organic N and rely on NH ₄ ⁺ as their main N source. In contrast to several previous studies in arctic, alpine and even temperate ecosystems, our study suggests that in ecosystems with intermediate N availability, mineral N is the plants’ main N source, while LMW organic N is of less ecological relevance to plant N nutrition.     

Foliage nitrogen turnover: differences among nitrogen absorbed at different times by Quercus serrata saplings

Background and Aims

Nitrogen turnover within plants has been intensively studied to better understand nitrogen use strategies. However, differences among the nitrogen absorbed at different times are not completely understood and the fate of nitrogen absorbed during winter is largely uncharacterized. In the present study, nitrogen absorbed at different times of the year (growing season, winter and previous growing season) was traced, and the within-leaf nitrogen turnover of a temperate deciduous oak Quercus serrata was investigated.

Methods

The contributions of nitrogen absorbed at the three different times to leaf construction, translocation during the growing season, and the leaf-level resorption efficiency during leaf senescence were compared using ¹⁵N.

Key Results

Winter- and previous growing season-absorbed nitrogen significantly contributed to leaf construction, although the contribution was smaller than that of growing season-absorbed nitrogen. On the other hand, the leaf-level resorption efficiency of winter- and previous growing season-absorbed nitrogen was higher than that of growing season-absorbed nitrogen, suggesting that older nitrogen is better retained in leaves than recently absorbed nitrogen.

Conclusions

The results demonstrate that nitrogen turnover in leaves varies with nitrogen absorption times. These findings are important for understanding plant nitrogen use strategies and nitrogen cycles in forest ecosystems.     

Attributing functions to ectomycorrhizal fungal identities in assemblages for nitrogen acquisition under stress

Mycorrhizal fungi have a key role in nitrogen (N) cycling, particularly in boreal and temperate ecosystems. However, the significance of ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) diversity for this important ecosystem function is unknown. Here, EMF taxon-specific N uptake was analyzed via ¹⁵N isotope enrichment in complex root-associated assemblages and non-mycorrhizal root tips in controlled experiments. Specific ¹⁵N enrichment in ectomycorrhizas, which represents the N influx and export, as well as the exchange of ¹⁵N with the N pool of the root tip, was dependent on the fungal identity. Light or water deprivation revealed interspecific response diversity for N uptake. Partial taxon-specific N fluxes for ectomycorrhizas were assessed, and the benefits of EMF assemblages for plant N nutrition were estimated. We demonstrated that ectomycorrhizal assemblages provide advantages for inorganic N uptake compared with non-mycorrhizal roots under environmental constraints but not for unstressed plants. These benefits were realized via stress activation of distinct EMF taxa, which suggests significant functional diversity within EMF assemblages. We developed and validated a model that predicts net N flux into the plant based on taxon-specific ¹⁵N enrichment in ectomycorrhizal root tips. These results open a new avenue to characterize the functional traits of EMF taxa in complex communities.     

Effects of field fertilizer practices on labeled ammonium-nitrogen transformations and its utilization by winter wheat

Summary Field experiments with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were conducted in two years at two locations using¹⁵N-enriched (NH₄)₂SO₄ on Smolan silt loam (Pachic Argiustoll) and Ost loam (Typic Arguistoll) soils. The objective was to relate differences in crop utilization of fertilizer to movement and transformations of the N in a complete factorial experiment having fall and spring applications, banded and broadcast, with and without nitrapyrin. Plant uptake of the 60 kg N/ha applied varied from 31% to 62% with greatest uptake when fertilizer was banded in the spring without nitrapyrin and least uptake from fall and spring broadcast treatments using nitrapyrin. Analysis of single factor effects showed greater crop contents of fertilizer N for spring than fall applications. That was related to immobilization of the applied N. Much more fertilizer N was in inorganic forms during the period of rapid wheat growth with spring applications than with fall. Banding the fertilizer at a depth of 0.05 m resulted in greater plant uptake than broadcasting or banding it on the soil surface. A significant portion of the applied N was immobilized near the point of application. That limited the downward movement of the N placed on the surface, making it less available to plant roots than the N placed 0.05 m deep where soil moisture was more favorable. Use of nitrapyrin resulted in lowered amounts of fertilizer N as NO₃-until mid-May for fall treatments and until harvest with spring treatments. That appeared to be the reason for lowered plant uptake when nitrapyrin was used. Published in memory of Professor R V Olson and over 40 years of contributions and service to agriculture and soil science (1919–1985).     

Patterns of soil and plant nitrogen isotope composition and their relationships with climate factors in Xilingol League,Inner Mongolia,China

Background: Plant and soil nitrogen stable isotope (δ¹⁵N) can integrate several fundamental biogeochemical processes in ecosystem nitrogen dynamics, and reflect characteristics of ecosystem nitrogen cycling.

Aims: We investigated how climate change influenced plant-soil nitrogen cycling by relating soil δ¹⁵N, plant δ¹⁵N and Δδ¹⁵N (difference between soil and plant δ¹⁵N) with climatic factors.

Methods: Field investigation was conducted in temperate grasslands in Inner Mongolia during August 2015. Plant δ¹⁵N, soil δ¹⁵N and Δδ¹⁵N were determined, and their relationships with climatic factors were examined by simple regression analyses and general linear models.

Results: Soil δ¹⁵N was significantly higher than plant δ¹⁵N, and there was a positive linear correlation between them. Soil and plant δ¹⁵N were negatively related with mean annual precipitation (MAP) and positively with mean annual temperature (MAT); conversely, Δδ¹⁵N was positively related with MAP and negatively with MAT.

Conclusion: Soil δ¹⁵N was dominantly controlled by MAT, while it was MAP for plant δ¹⁵N. Climate factors influenced plant δ¹⁵N not only through their effects on soil nitrogen dynamics but also strategies of plant nitrogen acquisition. Thus, compared with plant δ¹⁵N, soil δ¹⁵N can more accurately reflect soil nitrogen dynamics, while plant δ¹⁵N may integrate soil nitrogen dynamics and plant nitrogen acquisition.     

Caratteri Fondamentali della Vegetazione delle Paludi Pontine

Abstract

Observations in various microhabitats as regards the composition of different growth forms in an alpine region of Tungnath, northwestern Himalaya, were carried out. Maximum frequency was displayed by mat-forming forbs (Trachydium roylei, 100%) throughout the growing season (May–October). Maximum values for density and Importance Value Index (IVI) (452.10 plants m^?2 and 157.8, respectively) were recorded for tussock graminoids, Poa annua (L.). The IVI of different growth forms exhibited significant positive correlation with stoloniferous graminoids (KD), mat forming forbs (TR) and prostrate creeping dwarf shrubs (GT). A significant positive correlation with plant available water was also detected for mat-forming forbs (TR) and one of the plant species (CN) representing stoloniferous graminoids. The values of concentration of dominance (Cd) ranged from 0.0001 to 0.277. Diversity index (H) was highest (0.532) for tussock graminoids [Danthonia cachemyriana (Jaub &; Spach.), P. annua] indicating the relative abundance of this growth form. Overall, tussock graminoids are dominant in the region, indicating stable and moderate steepness of the slopes, the major topographic feature of Tungnath. Besides topography, grazing, anthropogenic activities and interactions among associated species are the determining factors for the phytostructure of alpine communities in Himalaya.