斜纹夜蛾抗药性及其防治对策的研究进展

斜纹夜蛾Spodopteralitura是多种作物的重要害虫 ,对有机氯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯类、拟除虫菊酯类以及Bt制剂等杀虫剂均产生抗药性。本文对斜纹夜蛾抗药性的形成与发展、抗性机理及其防治对策等方面进行了综述     

斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒分子生物学研究进展

斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒(Spodoptera lituramulticapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus,SpltMNPV)属NPV科A亚群。近几年有关该病毒的序列测定、基因结构、功能和表达调控等系统的分子生物学研究工作进展迅速,特别是对一些重要基因的结构分析,有助于筛选毒力较强的杀虫毒株,并为这一病毒杀虫剂的改良和发展以及组建昆虫杆状病毒表达载体奠定基础。综述了与SpltMNPV相关的分子生物学领域的研究进展。     

防治斜纹夜蛾的经验

我区群众在与斜纹夜蛾作斗争中,不仅有着惊人的决心,也表现了他们丰富的智慧,创造了许多有效的防治方法。 1.诱杀成虫 麻城、广济根据成虫喜吃香甜食物的特点,在羽化时采用糖醋诱杀。糖醋剂的配制:红糖、酒、醋各一两、6％666半两,先用酒、醋与糖混合,再掺入666粉搅拌均匀,装在扁平的容器内,于日落前放在离棉株顶端约一尺高的三角架上,每亩放一个即可,蛾子取食后很快醉倒中毒死亡。 2.采摘卵块 根据卵多产于生长良好高大棉株嫩绿叶背的特点,新州县8月中、下旬在全县范围内,掀     

斜纹夜蛾的生物学特性

通过室内饲养及田间调查,揭示了斜纹夜蛾生活史、各虫态发育历期及存活率;测定了各龄幼虫的取食量、成虫性比及产卯量;同时揭示了田间成虫种群消长动态。     

中国斜纹夜蛾寄生蜂名录

根据浙江大学应用昆虫学研究所收藏的寄生蜂标本和国内外报道,对我国寄生斜纹夜蛾的原寄生蜂和重寄生蜂进行系统整理研究,列出我国斜纹夜蛾寄生蜂40种,其中包括原寄生蜂29种,重寄生蜂11种.同时还以附录的形式列出了我国已报道过但有存疑的寄生蜂7种及国外已有报道但在我国还未采集到标本的寄生蜂61种.     

斜纹夜蛾的初步研究

斜纹夜蛾Prodenia litura是我国重要害虫之一,以往很少发生,1958年全国范围内大发生,以长江流域和黄河流域各省发生的密度最大(束炎南,1959)。福建省自1956年后,曾三次大发生,仅1960年福州市郊被害的蔬菜即达三万余亩,南平和厦门两市的郊区也有数千亩遭到不同程度的为害,严重地影响了城市的蔬菜供应。 笔者针对上述情况,自1958—1960年,以福州市郊蔬菜区和福建农学院农场为基地,进行了斜纹夜蛾田间发生规律的观察调查,结合室内饲养,三年来获得一些结果,现整理报导如下。 一、寄主植物及为害情况 斜纹夜蛾的食性很杂,在室内饲养的情况下,能食害99料200多种植物(章士美等,1959);在福建省的自然条件下,天然寄主有20科48种。其中以旋花科的空心菜(Ipomoca aquatica Forsk.)、甘薯(Ipomocabatatas Lam.)和天南星料的芋头(Colocasia esculenta(L.)Schott.)为主,其次是十字花料的甘蓝(Brassicaoleracea L.var.Capitata L.)和禾本科的水稻、小麦。 斜纹夜蛾幼虫主要取食寄生的叶片,间或为害幼茎、花或果实等。在虫口密度小的情况下,仅取食寄主的叶片成缺刻;大发生时,能把叶片吃光,或咬断叶柄,仅剩茎杆。1960年7、8月间,福州市郊有数千亩空心菜,叶片被食殆尽,几乎无收。为害大白菜或甘蓝时,     

斜纹夜蛾NPV对取食不同蔬菜的斜纹夜蛾幼虫的毒力差异

采用生物测定法,比较了斜纹夜蛾ＮＰＶ对取食芋叶等７科８种蔬菜的斜纹夜蛾幼虫的毒力反应差异性。结果表明ＮＰＶ对取食番茄叶的幼虫毒力最高,比取食芋叶的毒力高６．８２倍;但再经菜心饲养一代后,ＮＰＶ的毒力差异消失。     

甜菜夜蛾抗药性研究现状

就有关甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hbner)对常用杀虫剂的抗药性现状作综述。甜菜夜蛾对拟除虫菊酯类、有机磷类、氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂已产生了较高水平的抗药性,其中山东泰安抗性种群对氯氟氰菊酯的抗性高达2445.5倍;对多杀菌素等生物杀虫剂产生了中低水平的抗性;对昆虫生长调节剂如虫酰肼的敏感性也有所降低,但昆虫生长调节剂依然是比较理想的防治药剂。对交互抗性及抗性治理也作了阐述。     

斜纹夜蛾的性选择行为

【目的】为了解斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura Fabricius体重、日龄、交配经历及形态特征对其性选择行为的影响。【方法】本实验通过标记成虫后,采用观察记录的方法对其进行探究。【结果】斜纹夜蛾雌虫的体重对雄虫的性选择影响比较明显,体重较大雄虫优先选择体重较小的雌虫(71.43%),而体重较小雄虫喜欢选择体重较大的雌虫(72.00%)。体重较大和体重较小的雄虫都能获得体重较大雌虫的交配选择,但是体重较大者被选择的机会更大(70.00%),体重较小的雄虫不能获得体重较小雌虫的选择。雄虫仅选择1日龄的雌虫,而雌虫偏向选择3日龄和5日龄雄虫。交配经历影响斜纹夜蛾的性选择,未交配的雄虫优先选择未交配的雌虫(86.67%),但未交配的雌虫则优先选择已交配的雄虫(66.67%)。雄虫的形态特征(体长、翅展、腹长、复眼间距和触角长)对雌虫性选择有较明显的影响,但雌虫的形态特征除翅展的大小外,其体长、腹长、复眼间距和触角长等形态特征在雄虫选择进行交配中的作用不大。【结论】体重、日龄、交配经历及形态特征都能不同程度影响斜纹夜蛾的性选择行为。     

斜纹夜蛾的人工饲养技术

本文介绍一种斜纹夜蛾的人工饲养技术 ,室内连续饲养斜纹夜蛾 7代 ,平均蛹重达 4 0 6mg ,化蛹率、羽化率均为 90 %以上 ,该饲养方法可用于室内大量饲养斜纹夜蛾。     

斜纹夜蛾药剂防治综合决策的研究

根据不同药剂对斜纹夜蛾的防治效果、防治工本费、对天敌的影响、防治后挽回的产量损失等资料,以净收益最大作为最优防治目标,运用优化理论和多目标决策方法,对11种药剂防治措施进行了综合分析。结果表明,在11种药剂防治措施中,以每667m^2施1．8％阿维菌素乳油16．7ml最优,其次是1．8％阿维菌素乳油25ml,20％氰戊菊酯乳油25ml,2．5％功夫乳油16．7ml,2．5％功夫乳油25ml,20％氰戊菊酯乳油50ml,4．5％高效氯氰菊酯乳油50ml,4．5％高效氯氰菊酯乳油25ml,50％辛硫磷乳油50ml,10％除尽悬浮剂16．7ml,10％除尽悬浮剂25ml,为合理地选择农药和用量提供了科学依据。     

斜纹夜蛾（Spodoptera litura）的胚胎发育

本文利用实验胚胎学方法详细研究了斜纹夜蛾胚胎发育的全过程。结果表明：在２４±１℃的恒温条件下,仅需８７小时即可孵化出幼虫,同时证明了马氏管起源于外胚层。     

斜纹夜蛾天敌作用的评价

通过组建斜纹夜蛾第4代和第8代自然种群生命表,运用排除作用控制指数分析了生物因子对斜纹夜蛾种群的自然控制作用。结果表明,低龄(1～3龄)幼虫的捕食性天敌是影响斜纹夜蛾种群数量动态的重要因子。对第4代和第8代种群的排除作用控制指数分别为13.904和12.946.如果没有捕食性天敌的作用,下代种群数量将分别增长到当代的15.1206和74.678倍。病原微生物是影响第4代斜纹夜蛾种群数量的另一重要因子,其排除作用控制指数为2.4726.     

幼虫密度对斜纹夜蛾抗病能力的影响

为了阐明斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura Fabricius幼虫密度对其抗病能力的影响,在室内条件下(温度23℃±1℃,相对湿度75%)对不同幼虫密度(1、2、5、10、15头/皿(直径为12cm))饲养的斜纹夜蛾幼虫抵抗斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒侵染的能力及其免疫指标进行了研究。结果表明:幼虫密度对斜纹夜蛾幼虫接种核型多角体病毒后的存活率、存活时间及血淋巴酚氧化酶活性影响显著。随着幼虫密度的增加,接种核型多角体病毒后幼虫的存活率降低,存活时间缩短。当幼虫密度达到15头/皿时,幼虫存活率显著低于其它幼虫密度。不同幼虫密度幼虫的存活时间以1头/皿的最高,15头/皿的最低,且二者之间差异显著。幼虫血淋巴中酚氧化酶活性随幼虫密度的增加而明显降低,当幼虫密度达到5头/皿时,幼虫酚氧化酶活性显著低于1头/皿的。另外,幼虫溶菌酶活性和血细胞总数受幼虫密度影响不显著。不同密度幼虫抗病性的变化与其血淋巴中酚氧化酶活性的变化趋势较为一致。所以斜纹夜蛾幼虫抗病能力的降低可能与幼虫酚氧化酶活性的下降有关。因此,幼虫密度是影响斜纹夜蛾幼虫抗病性变化的重要因子。     

Time-of-day specific changes in pesticide detoxification ability of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Circadian clocks govern daily physiological and molecular rhythms, and putative rhythms in the expression of metabolizing xenobiotics have been described in insects. Such rhythms could have important consequences for outcomes of chemical exposures at different times of the day. The proportion of photophase (light) and scotophase (dark) also influence the enzyme activities. Several studies have been done on the mechanism of insecticide resistance in Spodoptera litura exposed to chemical insecticides. This study is aimed at understanding the circadian variations of cypermethrin detoxification mechanisms in S. litura. The toxicity of insecticide, cypermethrin exposed to three different photoperiods in 3rd instar larvae of S. litura has been investigated. Detoxification enzyme profiles of α- and β-esterases, glutathione S-transferase (GST), and cytochrome P450 (Cyt P450) were assessed. The results showed that larvae were more tolerant to cypermethrin treated larvae at 8 h L: 16 h D photoperiod as compared with two other photoperiods tested. We observed significant increases in α- and β-esterases and cyt P450 activities in 4 and 8 h at different photoperiods. GST activity was significantly changed at different photoperiods at different timings. Activities of specific detoxification enzymes fluctuated during the time, and for specific insecticides, the concentration resulting in 50% mortality varied significantly during the different photoperiods. The time of the day when chemical exposure is imposed should be an important consideration in the experimental design, and use of pesticides.     

Interaction of Xestia c-nigrum granulovirus with peritrophic matrix and Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus in Spodoptera litura

Xestia c-nigrum granulovirus (XcGV) was tested for its ability to increase Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus (SINPV) infection in larvae of S. litura (F.). The interaction of XcGV with peritrophic matrix and SINPV in S. litura also was studied to account for the synergism. In dose-response bioassays with a constant XcGV concentration of 5-mg/ ml capsules and SINPV concentration that varied from 10(3) to 10(7) polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) per larva, XcGV increased the virulence of SINPV infection in fifth instars of S. litura. The lethal concentration of 50% individuals (LC50) of SINPV combined with XcGV was 3.35 x 10(5)PIB/ml, which was significantly lower than that of SINPV alone (2.17 x 10(6)). Compared with 10(7) PIB/ml SINPV alone, the lethal time of 50% individuals (LT50) of 10(7) PIB/ml SINPV combined with XcGV was not significantly shortened. In addition, no significant improvement in the activity and killing speed of SINPV progeny was noted after propagation with XcGV, indicating that native characters of SINPV associated with viral potency were not altered by XcGV. Investigation via environmental scanning electronic microscopy showed that the peritrophic matrix (PM) of S. litura exposed to XcGV or XcGV enhancin, or the combination treatment, was markedly disrupted. The outer surface of the PM was loose, or ruptured, which potentially facilitated the passage of virions through the PM. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that the synergy between XcGV and SINPV was closely associated with the disruption of the PM in S. litura.     

斜纹夜蛾天敌作用的评价

通过组建斜纹夜蛾第４代和第８代自然种群生命表,运用排除作用控制指数分析了生物因子对斜纹夜蛾种群的自然控制作用．结果表明,低龄（１～３龄）幼虫的捕食性天敌是影响斜纹夜蛾种群数量动态的重要因子．对第４代和第８代种群的排除作用控制指数分别为１３．９０４和１２．９４６．如果没有捕食性天敌的作用,下代种群数量将分别增长到当代的１５．１２０６和７４．６７８倍．病原微生物是影响第４代斜纹夜蛾种群数量的另一重要因子,其排除作用控制指数为２．４７２６．     

几种虫生真菌对斜纹夜蛾的致病性

用布氏白僵菌、球孢白僵菌、玫烟色拟青霉、绿僵菌和莱氏野村菌5种真菌的固体培养物,对斜纹夜蛾2、3龄幼虫进行了毒力测定.结果表明：布氏白僵菌和莱氏野村菌两种菌株对斜纹夜蛾幼虫有明显的致病效果,对2龄幼虫的致死中时(LT₅₀)分别为2.95 d和4.10 d,累计校正死亡率分别为100%和95.2%;对3龄幼虫的致病力低于2龄,致死中时(LT₅₀)分别为19.67 d和19.63 d,累计校正死亡率分别为56.6%和52.2%.玫烟色拟青霉、球孢白僵菌两菌株也有一定的致病力,对2龄幼虫的致死中时(LT₅₀)分别为4.89 d 和6.34 d,累计校正死亡率分别为85.7%和71.4%.     

Chemical-based resistance of Brassica oleracea and Rorippa dubia in response to Spodoptera litura attack

A plant's chemical-based resistance against insects can be characterized by an accumulation of phytochemicals that can severely harm or deter the generalist and non-adapted specialist insects. In the absence of an herbivore threat, plants maintain a basic concentration of defensive compounds as a constitutive resistance mechanism. On the other hand, plants are capable of sharply increasing their production of defensive compounds as induced defence in response to herbivore attacks. In this study, we highlight the role of chemical-based defence by comparing the constitutive and herbivore-induced resistances of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) and yellow cress (Rorippa dubia (Persoon)) with respect to time-dependent changes of phytochemicals that directly influence the performance of the generalist herbivore insect, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius ) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The results of the study showed that both plant species were able to switch, albeit different degrees, between constitutive and induced resistances to combat herbivore attack. Brassica oleracea amassed lesser defensive compounds of constitutive resistance (trypsin inhibitor, polyphenol oxidase and sinigrin) than R. dubia. This led to a higher relative growth rate (RGR) of the S. litura larvae fed on cauliflower than in those fed on yellow cress. Brassica oleracea also demonstrated a lower induced response capability than R. dubia in its production of allelochemicals in herbivore-induced resistances. This was shown by the decrease of the RGR of larvae fed on induced foliage of the cauliflower compared to those fed on yellow cress. These results of the study proved and added to the belief that modern crop variety is not only lower in constitutive resistance but also weaker in induced resistance capability against herbivores, which is likely to be an effect of domestication even Rorippa and Brassica are relatively far from each other in Brassicaceae phylogeny.     

温度和食料对斜纹夜蛾种群的影响

用正弦模型Ｖ（Ｔ）＝Ａ＋Ｂｓｉｎ（Ｃ０＋Ｃ１ｅ＾Ｃ３Ｔ＋Ｃ２ｅ＾－Ｃ３Ｔ）拟合了斜纹夜蛾（Ｓｐｏｄｏｐｔｅｒａ ｌｉｔｕｒａ）发育与温度的关系,并用直接最优法估算了斜纹夜蛾不同发育阶段的温度阈值和所需热量。根据不同温度下的实验种群生命表资料,拟合了斜纹夜蛾不同发育阶段的存活率与温度关系的模型,卵、低龄幼虫、高龄幼虫、蛹的理论最适温度分别为２６．７、２４．７、２４．９、２５．８℃。本文研究了甘蓝、