多杀霉素及其混配制剂对蜜蜂和赤眼蜂的安全性评价

为明确生物杀虫剂多杀霉素及其3种混剂对蜜蜂和赤眼蜂Trichogrammatid spp的毒性，采用摄入法、接触法和药膜法分别测定4种制剂对意大利工蜂Apis mellifera L成蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae成峰的毒性。结果表明：摄入法测定，25 g/L多杀霉素悬浮剂、4%阿维菌素·多杀霉素水乳剂、3%甲阿维·多杀霉素悬浮剂、6%甲阿维·多杀霉素水分散粒剂，对蜜蜂半致死浓度LC50(48 h)分别为593、145×10-1、304×10-1、466×10-1 aimg/L。25 g/L多杀霉素悬浮剂对蜜蜂摄入毒性为高毒，其余为剧毒；接触法测定，4种制剂半致死剂量LD50(48 h)分别为00887、0289、00046、00053 aiμg/蜂，对蜜蜂的接触毒性均为高毒；药膜法测定，4种制剂对玉米螟赤眼蜂成蜂的半致死浓度LC50(24 h)分别为012、0097、022、033 aimg/L，安全性评价结果表明，4种制剂对玉米螟赤眼蜂成蜂均为极高风险性。     

噻虫胺及其混配制剂对意大利蜜蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂的急性毒性

【目的】明确新烟碱类杀虫剂噻虫胺及其2种混剂对意大利蜜蜂 Apis mellifera ligustica 和玉米螟赤眼蜂 Trichogramma ostriniae 的毒性。【方法】采用摄入法、接触法和药膜法分别测定3种制剂对意大利蜜蜂成年工蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂成蜂的急性毒性。【结果】急性毒性测定结果表明,30%噻虫胺悬浮剂、30%吡蚜酮·噻虫胺悬浮剂和20%醚菊酯·噻虫胺悬浮剂对意大利蜜蜂成年工蜂的急性摄入毒性均为剧毒,LC₅₀ 值(48 h)分别为0.0200（0.0143~0.0272）, 0.084（0.0658~0.1157）和0.1594（0.1200~0.2056） mg a.i./L;3种制剂对意大利蜜蜂成年工蜂急性接触毒性均为高毒,LD₅₀ 值(48 h)分别为0.0155（0.0114~0.0197）, 0.0426（0.0335~0.0539）和0.1122（0.0796~0.1385）μg a.i./蜂。药膜法测定3种制剂对玉米螟赤眼蜂成蜂的LD₅₀ 值(24 h)分别为0.0232（0.0180~0.0295）, 0.1050（0.0940~0.1170）和0.0059（0.0054~0.0065） mg a.i./L;安全性评价结果表明,3种制剂对玉米螟赤眼蜂成蜂均存在极高风险性,安全系数分别为5.95×10^-4, 2.69×10^-3和9.50×10^-5。【结论】噻虫胺及其混剂对意大利蜜蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂均存在较高的毒性风险,在害虫综合治理中应谨慎使用。     

新型杀菌剂啶氧菌酯对香蕉叶斑病的防治效果

【目的】香蕉叶斑病是香蕉产业的重要病害,化学防治仍然是当前最为有效的防治手段。于2015—2016年连续2年开展香蕉叶斑病的田间化学防治试验,为生产上推广应用新型杀菌剂啶氧菌酯提供依据。【方法】试验设22.5%啶氧菌酯悬浮剂125、150和187.5 mg·kg~(-1),对照药剂250 g·L-1吡唑醚菌酯乳油125 mg·kg~(-1),以及空白对照共5个处理,3次药后第12或13天调查正常叶数、病叶数及病级,计算平均病指及平均防效。【结果】22.5%啶氧菌酯悬浮剂(有效成分用量125、150和187.5 mg·kg~(-1))2015年的防治效果分别为64.70%、68.16%和71.29%,2016年防治效果分别为68.44%、72.36%和76.29%。此外,在试验期间香蕉嫩叶未见药害现象,叶片生长均正常。【结论】22.5%啶氧菌酯悬浮剂是防治香蕉叶斑病的优良药剂,对香蕉比较安全,值得在香蕉产区推广应用。     

23种农药对松毛虫赤眼蜂的急性毒性及安全性评价

采用管测药膜法测定了23种常用杀虫剂、杀菌剂和除草剂对松毛虫赤眼蜂的急性毒性,并参考各药剂的田间推荐剂量进行了安全性评价。结果表明,在供试的7种杀虫剂中,噻唑膦、噻虫胺、虫螨腈、硫双威、啶虫脒和烯啶虫胺对松毛虫赤眼蜂成蜂均表现为极高风险性,多杀菌素为高风险性,在田间放蜂期应避免喷洒上述杀虫剂。供试的10种杀菌剂和6种除草剂对松毛虫赤眼蜂的风险普遍低于杀虫剂。其中,仅杀菌剂代森锰锌和戊唑醇对松毛虫赤眼蜂表现为高风险性;杀菌剂乙嘧酚磺酸酯、氰霜唑、百菌清和除草剂氟唑磺隆、五氟磺草胺、草甘膦异丙胺盐具有中等风险性;杀菌剂甲基硫菌灵、苯醚甲环唑、啶氧菌酯、氟啶胺、粉唑醇和除草剂氯氟吡氧乙酸异辛酯、高效氟吡甲禾灵、甲基二磺隆具有低风险性,但在生产应用中仍需谨慎操作,以减轻对天敌昆虫的杀伤作用并保护生态平衡。     

注射用奥沙利铂制剂安全性评价

目的:评价注射用奥沙利铂冻干粉针制剂的安全性。方法:血管刺激性实验:主要观察家兔耳缘静脉注射注射用奥沙利铂后48 h和2周的耳局部血管变化;溶血性实验:观察本品在4h内有无溶血和聚集现象;全身过敏性实验:四组豚鼠隔日腹腔注射注射用奥沙利铂、5%卵蛋白或5%葡萄糖溶液,每大组随机分成二小组,第一组于首次注射后第14天,第二组于首次注射后第21天,静脉注射本品,观察30 min内动物的变化。结果:注射用奥沙利铂对家兔血管无刺激作用,家兔红细胞无溶血现象,豚鼠未见过敏反应。结论:实验结果表明注射用奥沙利铂安全可靠。     

四种杀菌剂对玉米螟赤眼蜂酚氧化酶活性的影响

为明确杀菌剂对玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen毒性大小及其成蜂体内酚氧化酶（phenoloxidase, PO）活性影响, 本实验通过测定三唑酮（triadimefon）、 肟菌脂（trifloxystrobin）、 咪鲜胺（prochloraz）、 申嗪霉素（phenazino-1-carboxylic acid）4种杀菌剂对玉米螟赤眼蜂的急性毒性, 并分别测定活体和离体条件下各杀菌剂处理后酚氧化酶的比活性。结果表明, 各药剂对赤眼蜂的急性毒性大小为： 三唑酮＞咪鲜胺＞肟菌酯＞申嗪霉素, 其LC₅₀值分别为3.27, 6.46, 4.06和 9.72 mg/L, 其安全系数依次为0.07, 0.10, 0.20和1.47, 其中申嗪霉素为中等风险性, 其余3种药剂为高风险性, 且杀菌剂明显激活了PO的活性。活体条件下亚致死剂量处理得到的PO比活力高于离体处理, 且三唑酮处理组具有明显的剂量效应。本实验为研究杀菌剂对赤眼蜂的毒性及对PO的影响作了初步的探索, 为进一步研究赤眼蜂对杀菌剂的抗性及免疫能力奠定基础。     

短棒状杆菌外用制剂安全性的评价

研究短棒状杆菌外用剂型,为体外用药开辟新途径。将短棒状杆菌接种在适宜培养基上,连续扩增传代,培养终液稀释成不同浓度。依照新药管理办法,在动物体内进行各种安全性试验。结果显示:经急性毒性试验、长期毒性试验、生殖毒性试验,皮肤光敏试验、局部刺激试验等测定,在动物体内未见到毒性反应。该试验为短棒状杆菌外用制剂的开发提供了安全性依据。     

三唑类杀菌剂对三种赤眼蜂成蜂的急性毒性及风险评估

【目的】明确三唑类杀菌剂对天敌赤眼蜂Trichogramma spp.的影响。【方法】在室内采用药膜法测定了其对稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead、亚洲玉米螟赤眼蜂T. ostriniae Pang et Chen和拟澳洲赤眼蜂T. confusum Viggiani成蜂的急性毒性,并进行了风险评估。【结果】急性毒性测定结果表明,在测定的6种三唑类药剂中,氟环唑急性毒性最高,对稻螟赤眼蜂、拟澳洲赤眼蜂和亚洲玉米螟赤眼蜂的LC₅₀分别为12.38(11.34~13.60),12.34 (10.34~15.07) 和41.12 (37.75~45.05) mg a.i/L;其次为苯醚甲环唑和种菌唑,这两种药剂对上述3种赤眼蜂的LC₅₀在507.14 (464.79~556.48)~2 246.93 (1 866.65~2 755.12) mg a.i/L之间;而环丙唑醇、戊唑醇和己唑醇对3种赤眼蜂的毒性最低,其LC₅₀在5 970.03 (5 062.21~7 093.93)~11 712.34(9 941.23~14 026.12) mg a.i/L之间。氟环唑对3种赤眼蜂为低风险性,安全性系数为0.10~0.34。苯醚甲环唑对拟澳洲赤眼蜂为中等风险性,安全性系数为3.96;而该药剂对稻螟赤眼蜂和亚洲玉米螟赤眼蜂却均为低风险性,安全性系数分别为8.13和7.69。环丙唑醇、己唑醇、戊唑醇和种菌唑对测定的3种赤眼蜂成蜂均为低风险,其安全性系数在7.31~107.74之间。【结论】一些三唑类杀菌剂对赤眼蜂具有急性毒性潜力,在害虫综合治理中应谨慎使用三唑类杀菌剂,尤其是氟环唑,以免对赤眼蜂造成不良影响及危害。     

氨基甲酸酯杀虫剂灭蚜威及其与阿维菌素的混配制剂对美洲斑潜蝇的防治效果

田间试验表明 ,氨基甲酸酯新杀虫剂灭蚜威单剂与生物农药阿维菌素混剂对美洲斑潜蝇Liro myzasativae防治效果优良。 5 0 %灭蚜威可湿粉使用剂量 2 5g(a .i.) 667m2 的 3～ 1 1d校正防效为85 2 8%～ 86 3 9% ,1 8 75g(a.i.) 667m2 相应药效为 83 0 1 %～ 84 0 4%。 3种不同配比的灭蚜威与阿维菌素混剂使用剂量 1 0g(a .i.) 667m2 ,药后 3～ 1 1d防效为 85 90 %～ 90 3 3 % ,7 5g(a .i.) 667m2 相应药效为 83 48%～ 88 5 2 %。     

常用杀虫剂噻虫嗪及其4种混配制剂对中华蜜蜂的生存风险分析

噻虫嗪及其混配制剂是防治刺吸式口器害虫的常用药剂,但对中华蜜蜂的生存风险尚未明确。在实验室条件下通过模拟中华蜜蜂授粉期间农药暴露的3种方式(蜂体接触、取食接触、植株接触),评估了噻虫嗪及其4种混配制剂,在田间最高推荐剂量下对中华蜜蜂采集蜂的毒性。结果表明,无论哪种暴露方式,噻虫嗪及其混配制剂均显著影响中华蜜蜂采集蜂的生存,且噻虫嗪混配制剂毒性高于单剂。在直接喷洒蜂体处理中,25%噻虫嗪·异丙威可湿性粉剂表现出最高毒性,其致死中时间(LT_(50)值)为1.23 h;在摄入和接触植株残留处理中,40%氯虫·噻虫嗪水分散粒剂和25%噻虫嗪·异丙威可湿性粉剂均表现出最高毒性,LT_(50)值分别为2.09、6.75 h和2.15、6.77 h。在3种暴露方式下,25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂的LT_(50)值分别为6.50、17.24和8.90 h,明显低于对照。因此建议蜜蜂授粉期间禁止施用噻虫嗪及其混配制剂,为更好地推进蜜蜂授粉与绿色防控技术的研究与示范提供安全保障。     

不同赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾卵的偏好性比较

在实验室条件下,利用不同种类和品系的赤眼蜂Trichogramma spp.对灰白蚕蛾Ocinnara varians选择性和灰白蚕蛾对其适合性的差异,筛选防治灰白蚕蛾的有效蜂种和品系,结果表明,在供试的8种赤眼蜂中,松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi、短管赤眼蜂Trichogramma pretiosum、舟蛾赤眼蜂Trichogramma closterae、暗黑赤眼蜂Trichogramma euproctidis和拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichogramma confusum 5种赤眼蜂较其它3种赤眼蜂更偏好寄生灰白蚕蛾的卵,每雌蜂在灰白蚕蛾卵上的接触次数、寄生卵数都相对较多,且羽化率也都较高.广赤眼蜂Trichogramma evanescens对灰白蚕蛾卵的接触次数最多,为6.60次/雌,但寄生卵数却很少,为4.55粒/雌,羽化率也很低,为27.86%.玉米螟赤眼蜂寄生灰白蚕蛾的卵比较多,为14.35粒/雌,但对灰白蚕蛾卵的接触次数很少,仅1.20次/雌,羽化率也很低,为24.17%.卷蛾分索赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾卵的接触次数和寄生卵数最少的,分别为0.60次/雌和2.20粒/雌,且被寄生卵全部不能发育成功.综合分析结果表明,松毛虫赤眼蜂是最适合寄生灰白蚕蛾卵的赤眼蜂种,可作为其生物防治的潜在寄生蜂.     

Behavioural variations among strains of Trichogramma spp.: Host-age selection

Host-age selection by several Trichogramma spp. strains was examined in laboratory choice-tests, in order to use this as a criterion to select a candidate strain for inundative releases against lepidopterous pests of cabbage in the Netherlands. The behaviour of individual females toward combinations of host eggs of two different ages (zero vs 2 and 1 vs 3-day-old) of the host species Mamestra brassicae, Pieris brassicae and P. rapae was observed directly. Host age generally did not appear to affect contact or acceptance of eggs of either host species, except that oviposition was generally lower in the oldest M. brassicae eggs. The duration of the oviposition behaviour was sometimes influenced by host-age. All strains were able to discriminate between parasitized and unparasitized hosts by external or internal examation. The lack of variation among the strains suggests that the host-age selection pattern of a given host-Trichogramma combination is predominantly dependent on the host species. The results are discussed in relation to optimal foraging theory.

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Résumé Afin de sélectionner une souche candidate de Trichogramma sp. pour des lâchés inondatifs contre les Lépidoptères, pestes du chou aux Pays-Bas, la sélection hôte-âge de plusieurs souches de Trichogramma spp., issues d'un éventail de 60 souches, a été examinée en laboratoire par des tests de choix. Le comportement de femelles individuelles, mises en présence de combinaisons d'oeufs-hôtes d'âges différents (zero ou 2 jours et 1 ou 3 jours) des espèces-hôtes Mamestra brassicae, Pieris brassicae et P. rapae, a été observé directement. En général, l'âge de l'hôte ne semble pas affecter le contact et l'acceptation des oeufs quelque soit l'espèce-hôte. La ponte diminue généralement dans les oeufs les plus âgés de M. brassicae, mais pas chez les autres espèces. La durée du comportement de ponte est parfois influencée par l'âge de l'hôte. Toutes les souches ont montré la capacité de discriminer entre les hôtes parasités et nonparasités, a l'examen externe ou interne et ceci, indépendamment de l'âge de l'hôte. Le manque de variation parmi les souces suggère que le mode de sélection hôte-âge est surtout caractéristique de l'espèce-hôte. Les resultats sont discutés en relation avec la théorie de fourrage optimal.

     

Selectivity evaluation of insecticides used to control tomato pests to Trichogramma pretiosum

The effects of the insecticides abamectin, acetamiprid, cartap and chlorpyrifos on larvae, pupae (within the host egg) and adults of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) were evaluated under laboratory conditions, using three standard tests described by IOBC. When sprayed on the immature stages of this parasitoid, cartap and chlorpyrifos proved to be the most harmful insecticides, affecting both the emergence success and parasitism capacity of this parasitoid, whereas abamectin and acetamiprid were selective. Abamectin was harmful to adults (residue test on glass plates), slightly harmful to larvae, and moderately harmful to pupae (sprayed on the immature stages within host eggs Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller)); acetamiprid was moderately harmful to adults, harmless to larvae, and slightly harmful to pupae; cartap was harmful to adults, moderately harmful to larvae and harmful to pupae; chlorpyrifos to adults, harmless to larvae and harmful to pupae.     

The prospects for cryopreservation of noctuid eggs in the mass production of Trichogramma spp.

BioControl - Successful long-term cryopreservation of lepidopteran eggs for the mass production of parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) requires a more...     

不同赤眼蜂品系ISSR-PCR条件优化及分子鉴定

赤眼蜂Trichogramma不同品系在寄生能力等生物学特性上存在差异,而这些差异可能被用于优良品系的筛选。通过优化影响赤眼蜂不同品系ISSR-PCR的主要参数,建立适于鉴别赤眼蜂不同品系的ISSR-PCR反应体系和扩增程序。在20μL反应体系中,各反应物的最适含量为10×PCR Buffer 2.0μL,MgCl22.0μL（25mmol/L）,dNTPs1.6μL（2.5mmol/Leach）,正反向引物各1μL（25μmol/L）,DNA模板1.0μL,Taq酶0.4μL（2.5U/μL）,和ddH2O。ISSR-PCR的扩增程序为：95℃预变性5min,94℃变性50s,52℃退火1min,72℃延伸1min20s,35个循环,72℃延伸10min。结果表明,在上述优化条件下,采用ISSR-PCR可实现对7个赤眼蜂优良品系的分子鉴定。该研究对于赤眼蜂优良品系的筛选具有潜在的应用价值。     

Variation in biological parameters of Trichogramma spp. purchased from commercial suppliers in the United States

The efficacy of biological controlobtained through releases of commerciallysupplied Trichogramma is influenced by bothabiotic conditions in the field during andfollowing release and an array of biologicalattributes of the released Trichogramma. Thisstudy was undertaken to assess the degree ofvariation that existed among commerciallysupplied Trichogramma in an array of biologicalparameters that potentially may influence thelevel of control that can be expected in aTrichogramma release program. Shipments ofTrichogramma were obtained from 12 commercialsuppliers of beneficial insects over a 2-yearperiod and the following parameters weremeasured: percentage of emergence duringshipping, total percentage of emergence,percentage of females, percentage ofbrachypterous females, percentage ofbrachypterous males, adult female longevity,and species composition. In addition, weestimated the percentage of macropterousfemales that had not emerged prior to the timethe shipment was received, based on the firstfour parameters. Results indicate a high levelof variation in each of these parameters amongsuppliers of Trichogramma and among shipmentsby individual suppliers. The proportion ofnon-emerged macropterous female wasps was lowfor all suppliers (range 2.5–27.7%). Thiswas primarily attributable to the highincidence of brachyptery among female wasps. However, variation among suppliers in theincidence of emergence during shipping and theproportion of female wasps in a shipment alsocontributed to the low proportion ofnon-emerged macropterous female wasps. Inaddition, in 11 of 24 shipments received duringthe 2-year study, the Trichogramma speciesdiffered from that specified by the shipper orthe shipment contained a mixture ofTrichogramma species.     

Effects of cold storage on field and laboratory performance of Trichogramma carverae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and the response of three Trichogramma spp. (T. carverae, T. nr. brassicae, and T. funiculatum) to cold

Delaying emergence of Trichogramma spp. is critical for commercial production. Here, diapause induction was considered for three species (Trichogramma nr. brassicae Bezdenko, Trichogramma carverae Oatman & Pinto, and Trichogramma funiculatum Carver), and the effect of storage temperature (4 degrees C, 8 degrees C, and 10 degrees C) and time (1-8 wk) was investigated for T. carverae. For all species, percentage of emergence was lowered after an initial diapause induction period (28 d at 14 degrees C and a photoperiod of 8:16 [L:D] h) and lowered further after 1-mo storage at 3 degrees C and a photoperiod of 0:24 (L:D) h. No wasps emerged after 2 mo of storage, suggesting that true diapause was not induced. The effect of 1-8-wk storage on wasp quality was investigated for T. carverae both in the laboratory and the field. Initial fieldwork suggested that this species could be successfully stored at 10 degrees C under continuous light (after 5-d development at 25 degrees C and a photoperiod of 16:8 [L:D] h) without reducing the ability of wasps to parasitize eggs in the field. In a second experiment, storage temperatures lower than 10 degrees C and storage times 3 wk or longer had a negative impact on emergence and longevity, and effects were not additive. Negative effects may partly reflect size changes, because size decreased in response to storage time, and there was an interaction between time and temperature effects on size. Storage time was the major factor influencing fecundity and field success; both fitness measures were reduced after storage of 3 wk or longer. T. carverae can therefore be successfully stored for up to 2 wk without detrimental effects, and 10 degrees C is the preferred storage temperature. T. carverae seems to survive unfavorable temperature conditions by entering a state of quiescence.