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1.
Matthias Finkbeiner Michael Wiedemann Konrad Saur 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1998,3(3):169-178
The international standardisation of Environmental Management (EM) is documented by the ISO 14000 series. Within this series a number of Environmental Management tools are treated. Therefore, it can be seen as a “toolbox” which offers several options for sound Environmental Management practices in organisations. However, a number of questions remain because they are not treated by the standards themselves. Some examples are which of the tools should be applied to what kind of Environmental Management problem or what are the synergisms and antagonisms between these tools. To illustrate the importance of a comprehensive choice and a compatible approach towards EM-tools, Life Cycle Assessment (ISO 14040 series) is discussed in the context of Environmental Management Systems (ISO 14001). The focus of ISO 14001 are organisations, while LCA deals with products or processes. In principle, they are not compatible, since the life-cycle approach analyses one production chain from “cradle to grave” or even back to the cradle, while a management system according to ISO 14001 analyses organisations, i.e. a number of product chains, from “gate to gate”. LCAs, however, could be compiled by aggregating several “gate to gate” energy and material balances of companies. LCA can assist in prioritising and achieving the objectives of an EM-System. LCA can also help to understand the environmental impact of organisations and what share of their overall environmental burden is produced “inside the gates” or “outside the gates”, respectively. 相似文献
2.
Anna Lewandowska Alina Matuszak-Flejszman 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2014,19(11):1794-1798
Purpose
The aim of this article is to signal the changes envisaged by ISO TC/207 SC1 for introduction in the new version of ISO 14001:2015 as well as to discuss the role of eco-design and life cycle thinking (LCT) in the context of Environmental Management Systems (EMS).Methods
A review of the proposed changes to be introduced in the new version of ISO 14000:2015 with particular emphasis on those related to LCT and eco-design has been carried out. Additionally, for the purpose of this article, the guidelines with regard to ISO 14006:2011 have been analysed in the context of the role that eco-design plays in an EMS.Results
The new version of ISO 14001:2015 includes many direct and indirect references to LCT. One of the key changes is organisations adapting a wider perspective to see how their environmental impact stretch across the whole supply chain. Another key recommendation is to use eco-design for identifying and assessing the environmental aspects in relation to products. The whole life cycle of the products should be analysed, which will result in the inclusion of indirect environmental aspects that are beyond the direct control of the organisation.Conclusions
The planned changes to ISO 14001:2015 with regard to the use of LCT and eco-design should be seen as a significant piece of information by eco-designers and life cycle assessment (LCA) practitioners since they provide a real opportunity to increase interest in eco-design tools amongst the environmental managers responsible for the environmental management systems within their organisations. It seems that now is the right time to initiate information campaigns and training on eco-design and LCA tailored specifically for organisations, which have implemented environmental management systems. 相似文献3.
Junichi Kasai 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2000,5(5):313-316
Experiences with-Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in the Japanese Automotive Industry and the author’s thoughts on how to apply
LCA for automobiles are described. In this paper, LCA applications are categorized into three types:
The idea of the above mentioned categorization and distinctions of LCA applications may also be useful for assembly-based
industries other than the automotive industry. 相似文献
1. | LCA that is strictly based on ISO 14040 series standards → In Japan, this type of LCA studies is used commonly by industry-wide or nation-wide research work, |
2. | LCA that is somehow not consistent with the ISO standards → This type is internally utilized by individual business companies for the purpose of development of environmentally conscious products with discussions about their own subjective judgement and choices, and |
3. | LCA that is completely streamlined in regard to the ISO standards → This type is limited to internal improvement activities for each process or shop in a factory, based on Life Cycle considerations. |
4.
Kwame Awuah-Offei Akim Adekpedjou 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2011,16(1):82-89
Background, aim, and scope
In spite of the increasing application of life cycle assessment (LCA) for engineering evaluation of systems and products, the application of LCA in the mining industry is limited. For example, a search in the Engineering Compendex database using the keywords “life cycle assessment” results in 2,257 results, but only 19 are related to the mining industry. Also, mining companies are increasingly adopting ISO 14001 certified environmental management systems (EMSs). A key requirement of ISO certified EMSs is continual improvement, which can be better managed with life cycle thinking. This paper presents a review of the current application of LCA in the mining industry. It discusses the current application, the issues, and challenges and makes relevant recommendations for new research to improve the current situation. 相似文献5.
Helias A. Udo de Haes Geert R. de Snoo 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1996,1(3):168-170
Environmental certification of companies is a promising tool for steering the economy in a more environmentally sound direction. It can also be put in a chain perspective so that companies which constitute a production-consumption chain will conclude agreements between each other with respect to their environmental performance. A legal basis is formed by the EMS of ISO 14001 and the EMAS directive of the EU. However, apart from procedural aspects, substantive aspects should also be included. The major steering factor consists of the image of a company. This in contrast to product policy, where the major steering factor lies in the purchase behaviour of consumers. The two types of life cycle approaches should complement each other. 相似文献
6.
Warsen Jens Bauer Christian Schebek Liselotte 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2009,14(1):52-63
Background, aim and scope Renewable energy sources nowadays constitute an increasingly important issue in our society, basically because of the need
for alternative sources of energy to fossil fuels that are free of CO2 emissions and pollution and also because of other problems such as the diminution of the reserves of these fossil fuels,
their increasing prices and the economic dependence of non-producers countries on those that produce fossil fuels. One of
the renewable energy sources that has experienced a bigger growth over the last years is wind power, with the introduction
of new wind farms all over the world and the new advances in wind power technology. Wind power produces electrical energy
from the kinetic energy of the wind without producing any pollution or emissions during the conversion process. Although wind
power does not produce pollution or emissions during operation, it should be considered that there is an environmental impact
due to the manufacturing process of the wind turbine and the disposal process at the end of the wind turbine life cycle, and
this environmental impact should be quantified in order to compare the effects of the production of energy and to analyse
the possibilities of improvement of the process from that point of view. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyse the environmental
impact of wind energy technology, considering the whole life cycle of the wind power system, by means of the application of
the ISO 14040 standard [ISO (1998) ISO 14040. Environmental management—life cycle assessment—principles and framework. International Standard Organization,
Geneva, Switzerland], which allows quantification of the overall impact of a wind turbine and each of its component parts
using a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study.
Materials and methods The procedures, details, and results obtained are based on the application of the existing international standards of LCA.
In addition, environmental details and indications of materials and energy consumption provided by the various companies related
to the production of the component parts are certified by the application of the environmental management system ISO 14001
[ISO (2004) ISO 14001 Environmental management systems—requirements with guidance for use. International Standard Organization, Geneva,
Switzerland]. A wind turbine is analysed during all the phases of its life cycle, from cradle to grave, by applying this methodology,
taking into account all the processes related to the wind turbine: the production of its main components (through the incorporation
of cut-off criteria), the transport to the wind farm, the subsequent installation, the start-up, the maintenance and the final
dismantling and stripping down into waste materials and their treatment. The study has been developed in accordance with the
ISO 14044 standard [ISO (2006) ISO 14044: Environmental management—life cycle assessment—requirements and guidelines. International Standard Organization,
Geneva, Switzerland] currently in force.
Results The application of LCA, according to the corresponding international standards, has made it possible to determine and quantify
the environmental impact associated with a wind turbine. On the basis of this data, the final environmental effect of the
wind turbine after a lifespan of 20 years and its subsequent decommissioning have been studied. The environmental advantages
of the generation of electricity using wind energy, that is, the reduction in emissions and contamination due to the use of
a clean energy source, have also been evaluated.
Discussion This study concludes that the environmental pollution resulting from all the phases of the wind turbine (manufacture, start-up,
use, and dismantling) during the whole of its lifetime is recovered in less than 1 year.
Conclusions From the developed LCA model, the important levels of contamination of certain materials can be obtained, for instance, the
prepreg (a composite made by a mixture of epoxy resin and fibreglass). Furthermore, it has been concluded that it is possible
to reduce the environmental effects of manufacturing and recycling processes of wind turbines and their components.
Recommendations and perspectives In order to achieve this goal in a fast and effective way, it is essential to enlist the cooperation of the different manufacturers. 相似文献
7.
Anna Lewandowska Alina Matuszak-Flejszman Katarzyna Joachimiak Andreas Ciroth 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2011,16(3):247-257
Purpose
The paper presents a discussion on the possibilities of using LCA in identification and assessment of environmental aspects in environmental management systems based on the requirements of the international ISO14001 standard and the European Union EMAS regulation. Some modifications of LCA methodology are proposed in Part 1 while the results of a review of environmental aspects for 36 organisations with implemented EMS are presented in Part 2 of the article. 相似文献8.
Anna Lewandowska 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2011,16(2):178-186
Purpose
The paper presents a discussion on the possibilities of using life cycle assessment (LCA) in identification and assessment of environmental aspects in environmental management systems based on the requirements of the international ISO14001 standard and the European Union EMAS regulation. Some modifications of LCA methodology are proposed in part 1, while the results of a review of environmental aspects for 36 organisations with implemented environmental management systems (EMS) are presented in part 2 of the article. 相似文献9.
Conclusion It is recommended to transfer the general standard to the company-specific management systems, tools and cultures. Practical
experience is necessary to identify its limits in each case. The future development of this Technical Report to a management
system standard may not be difficult — and even necessary as shown in the paper. The problem occurs in the variety of opportunities
to be implemented. Again, the integration shall be tailored to the existing management systems, in particular ISO 9001/14001.
In addition, the design
The full version of this paper has been published in Gate to EHS/LCM (DOI: httD://dx.doi.org/10.1065/ehs2003.02.005) (DOI:
http://dx.doi.Org/10.1065/ehs2003.03.006) (DOI: http://dx.doi.Org/10.1065/ehs2003.03.007) 相似文献
10.
Harald Neitzel 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1997,2(4):241-249
The present state of worldwide discussions of how to apply LCA in environmental labelling, taking into account the current
ISO 14 020 and ISO 14 024 works, is described. There is a consensus to use LCA as a tool for more scientific environmental
labelling. The examples presented verify some practical possibilities to realise this approach. As a background to different
stages of practical labelling, results from LCA studies are already used in the German “Blue Angel” scheme, e.g. for the definition
of the scope in one product category, for the priorisation of specific life cycle phases and criteria, as a basis to establish
a scoring system or to emphasise the importance of information on how to use environmentally sound products. Practical examples
are presented in detail for hand-drying systems, paper products, milk packages, household equipment, televisions and detergents.
Some future perspectives are mentioned.
Presentation at “The Second International Conference on EcoBalance - The New Stage of LCA as a Common Language”, Nov. 18,
19 and 20, 1996 Tsukuba, Japan 相似文献
11.
Matthias Finkbeiner Atsushi Inaba Reginald Tan Kim Christiansen Hans-Jürgen Klüppel 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2006,11(2):80-85
Background, Aims and Scope The development of the international standards for life cycle assessment (ISO 14040:1997, ISO 14041:1999, ISO 14042:2000,
ISO 14043:2000) was an important step to consolidate procedures and methods of LCA. Their contribution to the general acceptance
of LCA by all stakeholders and by the international community was crucial. Currently, the process of the revision of this
first generation of LCA standards is close to completion. The paper explains the outline as well as formal and technical changes
of the coming new international standards of LCA, i.e. the new ISO 14040 and ISO 14044.
Methods The paper refers to life cycle assessment based on the international standards for LCA (ISO 14040:1997, ISO 14041:1999, ISO
14042:2000, ISO 14043:2000). The content relates to the Final Draft International Standard (FDIS) versions of the new ISO
14040 and ISO 14044.
Results and Discussion With the publication of the two new standards, ISO 14040 and ISO 14044, the existing four standards ISO 14040:1997, ISO 14041:1999,
ISO 14042:2000 and ISO 14043:2000 are technically revised, cancelled and replaced. According to the scope of the revision,
the core part of the technical contents remains unchanged. Improved readability and the removal of errors and inconsistencies
was the focus of the revision. However, despite the fact that the main technical content was confirmed to be still valid,
some relevant formal and technical changes were made. On the technical side these include e.g. the addition of principles
for LCA, the addition of an annex about applications, the addition of several definitions (e.g. product, process, etc.), clarifications
concerning LCA intended to be used in comparative assertions intended to be disclosed to the public, clarifications concerning
the critical review panel, clarifications concerning system boundary, etc. On the formal side, changes include the reduced
number of standards, a reduced number of annexes, a reduced number of pages that contain requirements, alignment of definitions
and clarification of compliance with the standards.
Conclusion The two new standards, ISO 14040 and ISO 14044, reconfirm the validity of the main technical content of the previous standards.
Errors and inconsistencies were removed and the readability was improved. The added technical content is in line with the
previous requirements and serves mainly as a clarification of the technical content. The unanimous vote on the Draft International
Standard versions proved that this was achieved on the basis of the broadest possible international consensus.
Recommendation and Outlook Currently the national member bodies undertake the final voting on the FDIS-versions of the standards. Based on the voting
results at the previous stages of the documents, a positive result is expected. The publication of the new international standards
for life cycle assessment (ISO 14040 and ISO 14044) is expected around mid-2006. For the sake of the international and stakeholder
acceptance of LCA, it is recommended that the new standards serve as core reference documents for the users and practitioners
of LCA. 相似文献
12.
Anna Lewandowska Przemyslaw Kurczewski Joanna Kulczycka Katarzyna Joachimiak Alina Matuszak-Flejszman Henrikke Baumann Andreas Ciroth 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2013,18(2):472-480
Purpose
In this two-part paper (Background and Initial Assumptions (part 1) and Results of Survey Research (part 2)), we present surveys whose main objective is to determine whether, and to what extent, the life cycle assessment (LCA) technique is used for the identification and assessment of environmental aspects in environmental management systems (EMS) and whether there are any differences in this respect between the companies and countries analysed.Methods
The survey research was carried out using the computer assisted self-administered interviewing method among selected Polish, German and Swedish organisations which implement EMS in accordance with the requirements of ISO 14001 and/or the EMAS regulation.Results
The organisations investigated, regardless of their country, are dominated by qualitative and semi-quantitative techniques of assessment and identification of environmental aspects. LCA was used sporadically, although some differences can be observed between the countries analysed.Conclusions
The environmental managers accustomed to traditional qualitative and semi-quantitative solutions have not been given preparation to enable them to understand and adopt different approaches such as LCA. On the other hand, representatives of the organisations investigated declared that they were ready to accept an even longer timescale for the identification and assessment processes relating to environmental aspects, which represents a potential opportunity for LCA. The more precise understanding and definition of environmental problems that are precisely defined in LCA would represent a novelty for environmental managers. In practice, environmental problems are defined in a general sense and rather ambiguously, as this level of detail is sufficient in the context of qualitative and semi-quantitative techniques commonly used for the identification and assessment of environmental aspects. 相似文献13.
Ole J. Hanssen 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1999,4(5):262-262
The status of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) activities in the Nordic Region (period 1995-97) is presented, based on more than 350 reported studies from industrial companies and research institutes in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Finland. A large number of industrial sectors is represented, with car components, building materials, pulp and paper products, electronic components and packaging as the most important ones. All aspects of LCA methodology are used: 90% use impact assessment, 80% impact assessment and valuation step. In most studies, more than one valuation method is used for ranking environmental impacts. LCA studies are well integrated in the business activities in many large Nordic corporations. From the early attempts, more familiar with LCA methodology, LCA has been integrated in strategy development, product development, process development and, to some extent, marketing. LCA has not only been used in the strict sense presented in the ISO 14040-43 standards. The systems approach, which is the basis for LCA, has also been modified and used in Sustainable Product Development, and in Environmental Performance Indicator and Product Declarations development. Future applications should be within Environmental Impact Assessments. 相似文献
14.
Ole J. Hanssen 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1999,4(6):315-320
The status of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) activities in the Nordic Region (period 1995-97) is presented, based on more than
350 reported studies from industrial companies and research institutes in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Finland. A large number
of industrial sectors is represented, with car components, building materials, pulp and paper products, electronic components
and packaging as the most important ones. All aspects of LCA methodology are used: 90% use impact assessment, 80% impact assessment
and valuation step. In most studies, more than one valuation method is used for ranking environmental impacts.
LCA studies are well integrated in the business activities in many large Nordic corporations. From the early attempts, more
familiar with LCA methodology, LCA has been integrated in strategy development, product development, process development and,
to some extent, marketing. LCA has not only been used in the strict sense presented in the ISO 14040-43 standards. The systems
approach, which is the basis for LCA, has also been modified and used in Sustainable Product Development, and in Environmental
Performance Indicator and Product Declarations development. Future applications should be within Environmental Impact Assessments. 相似文献
15.
Bengt A. Steen 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2006,11(1):49-54
Goal, Scope and Background The goal of the present paper is to demonstrate how environmental product declarations (EPDs) are developed based on a set
of product category rules (PCRs) in accordance with the requirements in the ISO 14025-standard. This is demonstrated by examples
from the furniture industry in Norway, where several case models are evaluated. To ease the capability of developing EPDs
in this industry, a database with specific environmental data for materials in furniture is developed. The database is used
to produce the LCA for selected furniture models, and further, the database is the backbone of a data-assistance tool used
to create the EPDs.
Methods The LCA-data are produced based on traditional LCA-methodology. The PCR is based on a stakeholder analysis and the proposed
methodology in the ISO 14025-standard. The EPDs developed so far, are results of close collaboration between companies and
research centres in the Nordic countries. For the verification of the EPDs, auditing methodologies are used as a part of the
audit of the companies' environmental management systems (EMS).
Results and Conclusion Based on a hearing of a set of suggested PCRs, a consensus document for seating accommodation is developed. This is further
the model for how to develop PCR-documents for all types of furniture, for example sleeping accommodations. Likewise, the
database shall contain the most important data for the parts of a furniture model. Within the goal of the project period,
EPDs will be developed for 80% of Norwegian furniture. The verification of the EPDs is done as a part of the certification
procedures of EMS in accordance with the ISO 14001.
Recommendation and Perspective The results presented in the paper are mainly for the pilot models in the project. However, the results will be further tested
and the data-tool will be developed as a part of a product design tool where environmental requirements will be combined with
quality requirements. The product design tool will be implemented in the furniture industry. Information on how to use EPDs
in public purchasing will also be a part of future work. 相似文献
16.
Background The critical review is an important, though not always well understood and correctly applied element of Life Cycle Assessment studies. It is the intention of this paper to analyse the relevant standards and to present personal experiences in conducting critical reviews.Results and Discussion A peer review for LCA-studies was first proposed in the SETAC guidelines ‘A Code of Practice’ (1993). The ISO standard 14040 (1997) describes three types of ‘Critical review’ which are optional in general, but mandatory ‘for LCA studies used to make a comparative assertion that is disclosed to the public’. For this purpose, the most comprehensive form according to section 7.3.3, the panel method, has to be (‘shall’ in ISO terminology) be used. From personal experience, this method is found to be the most frequently performed in practice (60%), the average panel size being three experts. Large panels with more than 4 experts are rare.Recommendation Personal experience leads to supporting the recommendation by SETAC of the accompanying or ‘interactive’ critical review, which should be preferred, over the review ‘a posteriori’, which offers considerable risks in regards to the duration and costs of an LCA study. ISO 14040, on the other hand, does not recommend one or the other way of performing the critical review. 相似文献
17.
Matthias Finkbeiner Rüdiger Hoffmann 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2006,11(4):240-246
Background, Aims and Scope Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used as a tool for design for environment (DfE) to improve the environmental performance of
the Mercedes Car Group products. For the new S-Class model a brochure including an environmental certificate and comprehensive
data for the product was published for the first time. The paper explains the use of LCA for these applications and presents
exemplary results.
Methods The environmental certificate brochure reports on processes, data and results based on the international standards for life
cycle assessment (ISO 14040, ISO 14041, ISO 14042, ISO 14043), for environmental labels and declarations (ISO 14020, ISO 14021)
and for the integration of environmental aspects into product design and development (ISO 14062), which are accepted by all
stakeholders.
Results and Discussion The compliance with these international standards and the correctness of the information contained in the certificate were
reviewed and certified by independent experts. The global warming potential (GWP 100 years) of the new S-Class vehicle was
reduced by 6%, the acidification potential by 2%, the eutrophication potential by 13% and the photochemical ozone creation
potential by 9%. In addition, the use of parts made from renewable materials was increased by 73 percent to a total of 27
parts with a weight of about 43 kilograms. A total of 45 parts with a weight of 21.2 kilograms can be manufactured using a
percentage of recycled plastics.
Conclusion The application of LCA for DfE is fully integrated as a standard function in the vehicle development process. The DfE/LCA
approach at the Mercedes Car Group was successful in improving the environmental performance of the new S-Class. It is shown
that the objective of improving the environmental performance of the new S-Class model, compared to the previous one, was
achieved.
Recommendation and Outlook Vehicles are complex products with very complex interactions with the environment. Therefore, simple solutions, e.g. pure
focus on fuel economy or light weighting or recycling or single material strategies, are bound to fail. It is a main task
of DfE and LCA to take this fact into account and come up with more intelligent solutions. The application of LCAs for DfE
and their integration as standard practice in the product development process is both the most demanding and the most rewarding.
It requires a substantial effort to acquire the know-how, the data, the experience and the tools needed to generate meaningful
results just in time. However, this is the way how LCA and DfE can add value – they have to be 'built' into the product. 相似文献
18.
Baumann Henrikke 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1996,1(3):122-126
A study of industry’s use of LCA has been performed as a special analysis of the Business Environmental Barometer (B.E.B.). The B.E.B. is an international questionnaire survey on industry’s environmental management practices (LCA included), repeated every two years. The first round in 1993 included the Nordic countries. The 1997 round will include eight European countries. This analysis intends to describe industry’s LCA use as such (e.g. active industrial sectors, applications, changes over time) and differences between companies working with LCA and those not working with LCA. The survey indicates that industry is in the process of internalising LCA knowledge, although most companies are still in the learning phase. LCA companies have more developed environmental management systems than non-LCA companies. A company’s LCA use seems to be a competitor-driven activity, judging from LCA distribution among industrial sectors. 相似文献
19.
Masataka Yano Ryohsuke Aoki Yoshihumi Nakahara Norihiro Itsubo Toshio Ohta 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2000,5(5):261-264
The Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) has launched a national project, ‘Development of Assessment Technology
of Life Cycle Environmental Impacts of Products’ (commonly known as the LCA Project). The activities of this project will
be continued for 5 yeas since fiscal 1998 with an overall budget of total 850 million yen. The LCA Project aims to develop
a highly reliable LCA database and LCA methodology which can be readily used throughout Japan. In this paper, the overall
plans and current activities of project are indicated. 相似文献
20.
N. Theresa Hoagland 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2001,6(2):110-113
LCA practice focuses on impacts resulting from the release of chemicals into the environment, but consideration of ‘non-chemical
impacts’ is as important for LCA, particularly as it relates to sustainability. Methodologies and philosophies exist for addressing
non-chemical impacts, particularly in the area of resource depletion and land use, but the problem of comparing or integrating
chemical and non-chemical impacts remains. A new approach for identifying and integrating impacts involves the use of an object-oriented
modeling and simulation platform, such as Department of Energy Argonne National Laboratory’s Dynamic Information Architecture
System (DIAS). LCA and impact categories can be described as ‘objects’ (at any level of detail or specificity) and any combination
of objects and behaviors can be brought into a DIAS analysis frame. Related models that address objects’ behavior characteristics
are linked only to their respective objects, not to each other. Thus, maximum flexibility and speed is possible. The process
of dividing LCA and impact assessment into a hierarchy of objects provides new insights into the complex mixture of dynamic
things, activities, and relationships inherent in LCA and sustainability. Ultimately, embracing the complexity of LCA may
be the way to simplify it. 相似文献