催乳素对佐剂关节炎大鼠滑膜组织MMP-9表达的影响

目的：探讨催乳素（PRL）对佐剂关节炎（AA）大鼠滑膜组织基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）表达的影响,为进一步阐明PRL在类风湿性关节炎（RA）发病过程中的作用机制及为RA的治疗提供实验依据。方法：雄性Wistar大鼠32只分为4组（n=10）：①正常对照组（A组）（n=10）;②佐剂关节炎对照组（B组）（n=10）;③高催乳素血症佐剂关节炎组（C组）（n=10）;④低催乳素血症佐剂关节炎组（D组）。放射免疫法测定各组血清PRL含量;明胶酶谱法测定MMP-9的活性;免疫组织化学方法检测各组滑膜组织MMP-9免疫反应变化;Western blot测定各组滑膜组织MMP-9的表达。结果：B组滑膜组织MMP-9的活性及表达明显高于A组,C组MMP-9的活性及表达最高,D组较B组有所减少,但仍高于A组。结论：PRL影响滑膜组织MMP-9分泌是其影响RA发病过程的一种作用机制。     

甘丙肽（galanin）对大鼠垂体前叶催乳素和β—内啡肽释放的调节

本工作探讨甘丙肽是否参与垂体前叶催乳素和β－内啡肽释放的调节。实验分两部分：（１）在体实验,给清醒自由活动的大鼠第三脑室内微量注射甘丙肽,用放射免疫测定法检测血浆催乳素和β－内啡肽的浓度。结果如下：每只大鼠给１μｇ或３μｇ的甘丙肽后,都显著兴奋催乳素的静息分泌,３μｇ甘丙肽对催乳素分泌的兴奋效应显著大于１μｇ的作用。两种剂量的甘丙肽都不影响限制性应激引起的催乳素的释放;对β－内啡肽的静息分泌和应激     

血管活性肠肽对清醒大鼠催乳素分泌的影响

在离体研究中发现,血管活性肠肽（ＶＩＰ）对催乳素分泌的促进作用因垂体所取自的动物模型的不同而异。本实验则以不同生理状态的大鼠为动物模型,于清醒自由活动状态下,检验ＶＩＰ的静脉注入对催乳素释放的影响。结果表明,在ＶＩＰ注入后１０ｍｉｎ时,其外周血液的浓度达到最高值（２１３２±２３３）ｎｇ／ｍｌ,并至少持续３０ｍｉｎ。在本实验的所有动物模型中,ＶＩＰ均诱导出了显著的催乳素分泌峰（Ｐ＜００５）,就其提高程度而言,雄性鼠最高（１５８０４±３７０６）ｎｇ／ｍｌ,未经吸吮刺激的哺乳母鼠最低（３１０５±４４２）ｎｇ／ｍｌ,而经过吸吮刺激的哺乳母鼠则居于两者之间（９０１０±３６００）ｎｇ／ｍｌ。ＶＩＰ在不同动物模型中所表现出的这些差异,提示其作用方式和／或作用部位可能受到整个机体内分泌环境和神经刺激的整合。     

木黄酮对人催乳素瘤细胞增殖及其凋亡影响的实验研究

目的：观察木黄酮（genistein,GST)对培养的人垂体催乳素瘤细胞增殖和凋亡的影响。方法：将CST、β-雌二醇（E2）作用于体外培养的人催乳素瘤细胞,测定MTT值及^3H-TdR掺入量,流式细胞仪测定细胞周期,并用TUNEL法观察细胞凋亡情况。结果：不同浓度的GST可抑制催乳素瘤细胞的增殖,并存在着剂量效应,10^-5mol.L^-1GST可使G1期的细胞比例从对照组的55.3%上升为90.3%;不同浓度的E2以剂量依赖方式刺激催乳素瘤细胞的增殖,并使G2期的细胞比例从对照组的15.6%上升为41.8%,GST和E2的共同作用仍可抑制催乳素瘤细胞的增殖,但抑制程度降低,不同浓度的GST均明显促进催乳素瘤细胞的凋亡,E2对GST的促凋亡作用无明显影响。结论：GST在体外能明显抑制培养人催乳素瘤细胞的增殖,并促进其凋亡,E2可部分拮抗GST的抑制增殖作用,但对其促凋亡作用无明显影响。     

三个品种家鸡催乳素基因cDNA的克隆及序列分析

从粤黄鸡、毛丝乌骨鸡及伊莎蛋鸡的垂体中快速抽提总RNA,根据国外已发表的肉用仔鸡乳素基因cDNA的序列,设计并合成了能与特定载体末端互补的1对引物,经反转录－聚合酶链式反应（RT－PCR）方法扩增获得了特异性片段。将扩增片段与线性化质粒pBSSK连接,克隆后进行序列分析,与已报道的肉用仔鸡、矮脚鸡和火鸡催乳素基因的核苷酸序列及推导的氨基酸序列进行了比较。结果表明,不同品种间核苷酸同源性介于93．97％－99．87％之间,其中丝毛乌骨鸡与矮脚鸡间的同源性最高为99．87％。推导的相应氨基酸序列的同源性在98．25％－100％之间,也是丝毛乌骨鸡与矮脚鸡间的同源性最高,为100％。在粤黄鸡、丝毛乌骨鸡和伊莎蛋鸡中,发现前两者的催乳素前体的cDNA片段推导的 氨基酸序列中信号肽裂触位点跟肉用仔鸡,矮脚鸡及火鸡的一样,为Leu-Pro-IIe-Cys,而伊莎蛋鸡的信号肽裂解位点则不一样,为Pro-Pro-IIe-Cys。此位点的差异可能导致催乳素前体翻译加工的不同,使伊莎蛋鸡无就巢性。这3个家鸡品种与国外的肉用仔鸡、矮脚鸡催乳素氨基酸序列还在以下位置出现差异：71、141、150、175。在肉用仔鸡、丝毛乌骨鸡催乳素氨基酸序列中还发现了一个肝素结合位点175－181（L－R－R－D－S－H－K）。     

催乳素对培养的绵羊睾丸间质细胞睾酮分泌的影响

在绵羊睾丸间质细胞体外无血清长期培养的条件下,研究了催乳素对睾丸间质细胞睾酮分泌的调节作用。实验结果表明,催乳素可增强细胞对人绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)刺激的反应。催乳素的这种作用呈双相调节。睾酮分泌量显著高于hCG和催乳素单独作用时的总和。在hCG存在下,不同的底物转化为睾酮的量不同。其中雄烯二酮和孕酮转化为睾酮的方式存在着双相性。脱氢表雄酮转为睾酮的量少,不存在双相性,而与其剂量成正比。催乳素在hCG存在下可调节底物转化为睾酮。低剂量的催乳素(1ng/ml)可使一定剂量的孕酮(10～30ng/ml)转化为睾酮的量明显增加,而高剂量的催乳素(>10ng/ml)却明显地抑制孕酮转化为睾酮。催乳素可明显地抑制雄烯二酮转化为睾酮,与剂量无关。可见催乳素对于孕酮和雄烯二酮这两个关键底物转化为睾酮的调节是不同的。催乳素增强hCG刺激睾酮分泌的作用可能部分是通过其促进孕酮转化为睾酮来实现的。     

催乳素及其受体样免疫活性在文昌鱼神经系统、哈氏窝和其它组织的分布

用兔抗人催乳素多克隆抗体和鼠抗人催乳索受体单克隆抗体对文昌鱼神经系统、哈氏窝和其它组织进行免疫组织化学研究。结果显示:催乳素免疫活性细胞及催乳素受体定位在文昌鱼脑泡、神经管、哈氏窝、轮器、内柱、消化管和性腺(卵巢和精巢),表明催乳素在文昌鱼有广泛分布,并且从进化观点来看,证明催乳素是一种高度保守的古老激素。双重免疫染色进一步揭示催乳素及其受体免疫反应阳性物质共存于同一卵母细胞胞膜和胞质以及精巢中精原细胞、初级与次级精母细胞和Sertoli细胞。研究结果首次证明了文昌鱼脑泡和哈氏窝以及其它组织能够合成和分泌催乳素,表明像脊椎动物一样,催乳素可能参与调节文昌鱼体内代谢和对环境的适应以及性腺发育,提示文昌鱼可能出现原始的脑泡-哈氏窝(催乳素)-靶细胞调控轴的雏形。本研究为文昌鱼哈氏窝内分泌学以及催乳素的起源与演化提供新的基础资料。     

中枢5—羟色胺能系统与下丘脑—垂体应激激素

存在于下丘脑的神经末梢所释放的５－羟色胺（５－ＨＴ）可增加ＣＲＨ和肾素释放因子、垂体前叶ＡＣＴＨ和催乳素（ＰＲＬ）、垂体后叶加压素（ＶＰ）和催产素（ＯＴ）的分泌。５－ＨＴ１和／或５－ＨＴ２受体激活介导了这些激素分泌。     

中枢5－羟色胺能系统与下丘脑－垂体应激激素

存在于下丘脑的神经末梢所释放的５－羟色胺（５－ＨＴ）可增加ＣＲＨ和肾素释放因子、垂体前叶ＡＣＴＨ和催乳素（ＰＲＵ、垂体后叶加压素（ＶＰ）和催产素（ＯＴ）的分泌。５－ＨＴ１和／或５－ＨＴ２受体激活介导了这些激素分泌。     

催乳素受体基因的研究进展

本文介绍催乳素受体的结构,催乳素受体基因的发育性表达及作用,催乳素受体基因的作用机理与分子调控,催乳素受体基因的定位以及其与繁殖性状的关系等。提示催乳素受体基因可作为繁殖性状的一个候选基因。 Abstract:This review introduced the structure of prolactin receptor,the developmental expression and function,action　mechanism and molecular regulation,mapping of prolactin receptor gene and its relationship with reproductive traits.These revealed that prolactin receptor gene could be used as a candidate gene for reproductive traits.     

草鱼催乳素抗血清的制备与鉴定

应用从草鱼垂体中分离纯化的催乳素免疫兔子制备了特异抗血清。用常规酶联免疫吸附测定法检测表明该抗血清与马哈鱼生长激素及促性腺激素完全没有交叉反应，而与草鱼生长湟级向弱交叉反应。免疫细胞化学染色表明该抗血清主要与草鱼垂体前叶催乳素细胞发生结合反应，与垂体间叶细胞有微弱染色反应，但与神经垂体琢垂体后叶细胞则完全没有免疫结合反应。     

Chemical identification of catfish growth hormone and prolactin.

Isolation and primary structure of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) from the pituitary gland of catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) are described. Alkaline extract of the pituitary glands was fractionated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on Octadecyl silica ODS. Catfish GH and PRL were identified by Western blotting with antisera against chum salmon GH and PRL. The catfish GH consists of 178 residues and is the most similar to carp GH, with sequence identity of 77%, although there is an uninterrupted deletion of 10 amino acid residues that corresponds to carp GH (90-99). The PRL is composed of 187 residues, which also exhibits the highest identity (79%) with carp PRL. Sequence identity between catfish GH and PRL is only 27%.     

鲈鱼生长激素的分离及其生物活性鉴定

运用葡聚糖凝胶Ｇ－１００过滤和反相高儿液相色谱纯化两步法,首镒从鲈鱼脑垂体中分离出鲈鱼生长激素,通过ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯凝胶电泳测得鲈鱼非还原性的和还原性的生长激素分子量分别为１９．２和２０．７ｋＤ;等电聚焦证实鲈鱼生长激素等电点为７．１５。Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ免疫印迹反应证实,鲈鱼生长激素具有与大麻哈鱼生长激素抗体发生特异性免疫交叉反应的特性,而与大麻哈鱼催乳素和生长催乳素抗体无免疫交叉反应。     

草鱼GH单克隆抗体对9种硬骨鱼的免疫细胞化学定位

研究结果表明：１）鳜和鲇的胰岛中有大量的ＧＨ免疫活性内分泌细胞存在;８种有胃硬骨鱼的消化道中均未见到阳性特异性反应。２）草鱼的中腺,前腺垂体中均发现有ＧＨ和Ｓｏｍ两种免疫活性肉发泌细胞存在。     

草鱼生长激素非竞争式酶联免疫吸附测定法的建立及鉴定

应用草鱼生长激素（ｇｃＧＨ）单克隆抗体及多价兔抗血清建立了草鱼ＧＨ非竞争式酶’联免疫吸附测定ＥＬＩＳＡ系统。用正辛酸法对腹水单抗进行了分离纯化,获得了高纯度的单抗制备物。聚丙烯酸胺凝胶电泳表明纯化的单抗由分子量分别为５５ｋＤ和２５ｋＤ的两条蛋白带组成。用纯化单抗铺底,用兔抗血清作后续抗体建立了一种测定草鱼ＧＨ的非竞争式双抗夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ方法。交叉试验表明该测定系统只与草鱼ＧＨ和基因重组鲤生长激素（ｒｃＧＨ）具有剂量依存的结合反应,而与大马哈鱼生长激素（ｓＧＨ）、牛生长激素（ｂＧＨ）、大马哈鱼促性腺激素（ｓＧｔＨ）、及黑鲢促性腺激素（ｂｓｃＧｔＨ）等均无交叉反应。该 ＥＬＩＳＡ方法的灵敏度可达０．８ｎｇ／ｍｌ,组内变异系数为 ５．９ ％,组间变异系数为７．６％,回收率达９０％以上。初步应用表明,鲤和团头鲂垂体抽提液、草鱼血清、鲤血清及鲫血清在该测定系统中有剂量依存的反应曲线,而大口鲶、黄颡鱼、中华鲟及黄鳝鱼垂体抽提液及大口鲶、胡子鲶和罗非鱼血清在该测定系统中没有交叉反应。     

Purification and characterization of alpha2-macroglobulin from grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus: cloning a segment of the corresponding gene

The plasma protein alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M) was purified by gel filtration and anion-exchange chromatography from grass carp plasma. The alpha2M consists of two different subunits of molecular weight 95 kDa and 80 kDa, respectively. The characteristics of grass carp alpha2M are similar to mammalian alpha2M, in that grass carp alpha2M exists in two forms: a fast-form and a slow-form. The former is complexed with protease. The sequence of grass carp alpha2M-conserved region and a region containing the bait region was determined by sequence analysis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The deduced amino acid sequence of the conserved region is similar to the alpha2M sequence of common carp, however, the bait region amino acid sequence is dramatically distinct from that of common carp. This may partially explain the differential ability of alpha2M of different species to inhibit different proteases. The alpha2M was able to inhibit Aeromonas hydrophila extracellular protease (AhECPase) and thus may play a role in resistance to infection by this pathogen.     

青鱼生长激素的重组表达及其多克隆抗体的制备

以含有的青鱼生长激素编码区cDNA的重组质粒pbcGHc为模板,高保真PCR扩增青鱼生长激素（GH）成熟肽cDNA序列,定向插入原核表达载体pET-28a,构建青鱼GH原核表达质粒pET-bcGH。将pET-bcGH转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导青鱼GH基因在大肠杆菌中的融合表达,SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳结果显示一条23 kDa的诱导表达重组青鱼GH带。以草鱼GH多克隆抗体为一抗,Western Blot证明,该重组青鱼GH具有免疫学活性。将经过亲和层析、透析纯化后的重组青鱼GH作为抗原,采用改进的方法对家兔进行皮下免疫注射,获得青鱼GH多克隆抗血清。以该多抗为一抗,Western Blot 可以检测出4 ng的抗原量;并且在青鱼垂体组织抽提液中和血清中检测到一种能与该抗血清作用的大小为21 kDa的蛋白质。这些结果表明本研究得到的青鱼GH多克隆抗血清具有较好的免疫特性。     

Production, characterization and applications of mouse anti-grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) growth hormone monoclonal antibodies

Mouse anti-grass carp growth hormone (gcGH) monoclonal antibody (MAb) secretors were produced by PEG-mediated fusion of NS-1 myeloma cells and splenic B-lymphocytes of gcGH hyper-immunized mice. Positive secretors were screened by direct ELISA and cloned by limiting dilution. Three positive secretors, 21D3, 22G5 and 23B3, were obtained in a single fusion trial. Anti-gcGH MAbs were produced by growing hybridomas in the peritoneal cavity of pristane-primed mouse. The three MAbs were isotyped to be IgG2a, IgG2b and IgM, respectively. IgG MAbs were purified from ascitic fluid by Hitrap protein G column and IgM MAb was purified by gel filtration chromatography. The purified MAbs were highly specific and had moderate binding affinity. The MAbs were successfully used for the purification of native gcGH from mature grass carp pituitary extract by one-step immunoaffinity chromatography, for the quantification of gcGH by competitive sandwich ELISA, and for the probing of somatotropes in grass carp pituitary by immunohistochemistry.     

Substitution of serine for non-disulphide-bond-forming cysteine in grass carp (Ctenopharygodon idellus) growth hormone improves in vitro oxidative renaturation

Native grass carp (Ctenopharygodon idellus) growth hormone, has 5 cysteine amino acid residues, forms two disulphide bridges in its mature form. Recombinant grass carp growth hormone, when over-expressed in E. coli, forms inclusion bodies. In vitro oxidative renaturation of guanidine-hydrochloride dissolved recombinant grass carp growth hormone was achieved by sequential dilution and stepwise dialysis at pH 8.5. The redox potential of the refolding cocktail was maintained by glutathione disulphide/glutathione couple. The oxidative refolded protein is heterogeneous, and contains multimers, oligomers and monomers. The presence of non-disulphide-bond-forming cysteine in recombinant grass carp growth hormone enhances intermolecular disulphide bond formation and also nonnative intramolecular disulphide bond formation during protein folding. The non-disulphide-bond-forming cysteine was converted to serine by PCR-mediated site-directed mutagenesis. The resulting 4-cysteine grass carp growth hormone has improved in vitro oxidative refolding properties when studied by gel filtration and reverse phase chromatography. The refolded 4-cysteine form has less hydrophobic aggregate and has only one monomeric isoform. Both refolded 4-cysteine and 5-cysteine forms are active in radioreceptor binding assay.     

草鱼和鲤鱼线粒体 DNA 的分离纯化及其 COI 基因的分子克隆

本文报道配合使用差速离心和DNaseI核酸酶处理等步骤,从草鱼和鲤鱼新鲜肝组织分离线粒体DNA(mtDNA)的实验方法。这种方法经济简便,纯化的mtDNA产率多,纯度高,经限制性内切酶消化后进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离,可以得到清晰的DNA片段谱带,并可直接用于构建酶切图谱和线粒体基因的分子克隆。用这样的mtDNA,我们已克隆了草鱼和鲤鱼的细胞色素氧化酶亚基I基因(COI基因)。