增温对土壤N2O和CH4排放的影响与微生物机制研究进展

全球变暖已引起人们的广泛关注,大气温室效应气体浓度增加是导致全球变暖的主要因素之一,土壤是温室效应气体的主要来源.反过来,全球变暖对土壤温室气体的排放具有反馈作用.温度升高不仅会影响植物、动物、微生物的生长及其相互作用,还会影响土壤的物质(尤其是氮、碳)循环过程,从而影响土壤温室效应气体的排放.本文主要总结了增温对土壤...     

Effect of ammonium and nitrate application on the NO and N2O emission out of different soils

The effect of nitrate and ammonium application (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg N kg^-1 soil) was studied in an incubation experiment. Four Belgian soils, selected for different soil characteristics, were used. The application of both nitrate and ammonium caused an increase of the NO and N₂O emission. The NO production from nitrate and ammonium was found to be of the same order of magnitude. At low pH the NO production was found to be highest from nitrate, at higher pH values the production was found to be higher from ammonium. This seems to be the result of the negative effect of low pH on nitrification.The ANOVA analysis was carried out to separate the effect of the form of nitrogen, quantily of N applied and soil characteristics. The total production of NO was found to depend for 97% on the soil characteristics and for 3% on the quantity of N added. The total N₂O production depended for 100% on the soil characteristics.Stepwise regression analysis showed that the total NO production was best predicted by a combination of the factors CaCO₃ content and NH₄ ⁺ concentration in the soil. Total N₂O production was best described by a combination of CaCO₃, water soluble carbon (WSC) and sand-content.The N₂O/NO ratio was found to be highly variable, indicating that their productions react differently to changes in conditions, or are partly independent.It may be concluded that to NO and N₂O from soils both nitrification and denitrification may be equally important, their relative importance depending on local conditions such as substrate availability, water content of the soil etc. However, the NO production seems to be more nitrification dependent than the N₂O production. ei]{gnE}{fnMerckx}{edSection editor}     

Soil–atmosphere exchange of CH4, CO,N2O and NOx and the effects of land‐use change in the semiarid Mallee system in Southeastern Australia

The semiarid and arid zones cover a quarter of the global land area and support one‐fifth of the world's human population. A significant fraction of the global soil–atmosphere exchange for climatically active gases occurs in semiarid and arid zones yet little is known about these exchanges. A study was made of the soil–atmosphere exchange of CH₄, CO, N₂O and NO_x in the semiarid Mallee system, in north‐western Victoria, Australia, at two sites: one pristine mallee and the other cleared for approximately 65 years for farming (currently wheat). The mean (± standard error) rates of CH₄ exchange were uptakes of ?3.0 ± 0.5 ng(C) m^?2 s^?1 for the Mallee and ?6.0 ± 0.3 ng(C) m^?2 s^?1 for the Wheat. Converting mallee forest to wheat crop increases CH₄ uptake significantly. CH₄ emissions were observed in the Mallee in summer and were hypothesized to arise from termite activity. We find no evidence that in situ growing wheat plants emit CH₄, contrary to a recent report. The average CO emissions of 10.1 ± 1.8 ng(C) m^?2 s^?1 in the Mallee and 12.6 ± 2.0 ng(C) m^?2 s^?1 in the Wheat. The average N₂O emissions were 0.5 ± 0.1 ng(N) m^?2 s^?1 from the pristine Mallee and 1.4 ± 0.3 ng(N) m^?2 s^?1 from the Wheat. The experimental results show that the processes controlling these exchanges are different to those in temperate systems and are poorly understood.     

The potential to mitigate global warming with no-tillage management is only realized when practised in the long term

No‐tillage (NT) management has been promoted as a practice capable of offsetting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions because of its ability to sequester carbon in soils. However, true mitigation is only possible if the overall impact of NT adoption reduces the net global warming potential (GWP) determined by fluxes of the three major biogenic GHGs (i.e. CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄). We compiled all available data of soil‐derived GHG emission comparisons between conventional tilled (CT) and NT systems for humid and dry temperate climates. Newly converted NT systems increase GWP relative to CT practices, in both humid and dry climate regimes, and longer‐term adoption (>10 years) only significantly reduces GWP in humid climates. Mean cumulative GWP over a 20‐year period is also reduced under continuous NT in dry areas, but with a high degree of uncertainty. Emissions of N₂O drive much of the trend in net GWP, suggesting improved nitrogen management is essential to realize the full benefit from carbon storage in the soil for purposes of global warming mitigation. Our results indicate a strong time dependency in the GHG mitigation potential of NT agriculture, demonstrating that GHG mitigation by adoption of NT is much more variable and complex than previously considered, and policy plans to reduce global warming through this land management practice need further scrutiny to ensure success.     

Nonlinear nitrous oxide (N2O) response to nitrogen fertilizer in on‐farm corn crops of the US Midwest

Row‐crop agriculture is a major source of nitrous oxide (N₂O) globally, and results from recent field experiments suggest that significant decreases in N₂O emissions may be possible by decreasing nitrogen (N) fertilizer inputs without affecting economic return from grain yield. We tested this hypothesis on five commercially farmed fields in Michigan, USA planted with corn in 2007 and 2008. Six rates of N fertilizer (0–225 kg N ha^?1) were broadcast and incorporated before planting, as per local practice. Across all sites and years, increases in N₂O flux were best described by a nonlinear, exponentially increasing response to increasing N rate. N₂O emission factors per unit of N applied ranged from 0.6% to 1.5% and increased with increasing N application across all sites and years, especially at N rates above those required for maximum crop yield. At the two N fertilizer rates above those recommended for maximum economic return (135 kg N ha^?1), average N₂O fluxes were 43% (18 g N₂O–N ha^?1 day^?1) and 115% (26 g N₂O–N ha^?1 day^?1) higher than were fluxes at the recommended rate, respectively. The maximum return to nitrogen rate of 154 kg N ha^?1 yielded an average 8.3 Mg grain ha^?1. Our study shows the potential to lower agricultural N₂O fluxes within a range of N fertilization that does not affect economic return from grain yield.     

垃圾填埋场N2O排放通量及测定方法研究进展

氧化亚氮(N₂O)是第三大温室气体和最主要的臭氧层破坏气体.填埋是目前城市生活垃圾处理处置的主要方式,而垃圾填埋场是N₂O的排放源之一.实验室研究和现场测定均表明,生活垃圾填埋场可以有高的N₂O释放通量,但不同填埋场测定数据差异很大.目前,对生活垃圾填埋场N₂O排放量的原位准确测定以及排放机理和重要性的认识仍有很多不足.本文概述了生活垃圾填埋场N₂O排放研究现状,从垃圾堆体和覆土层两部分探讨了传统厌氧卫生填埋场的N₂O产生和排放机理,并就此对新型脱氮型生物反应器填埋场做了相应探讨.最后,就静态箱法、涡度相关法等N₂O通量测定方法在填埋场的适用性进行了讨论,并展望了填埋场N₂O排放的研究方向.     

Black alder (Alnus Glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) trees mediate methane and nitrous oxide emission from the soil to the atmosphere

Three-year-old seedlings of black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.), a common European wetland tree species, were grown in native soil taken from an alder swamp. Fluxes of methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) between the tree stem and the atmosphere were determined under controlled conditions. Both CH₄ and N₂O were emitted through the bark of the stem into the atmosphere when the root zone exhibited higher-than-ambient CH₄ and N₂O gas mixing ratios. Flooding of the soil caused a decreased N₂O emission but an increased CH₄ efflux from the stem. Immediately after flooding of the soil, N₂O was emitted from the seedlings' bark at a rate of 350 mol N₂O m^-2 h^-1 whereas CH₄ flux could not be detected. After more than 40 days of flooding CH₄ fluxes up to 3750 mol CH₄ m^-2 h^-1 from the stem were measured, while N₂O emission had decreased below the limit of detection. Gas efflux decreased with increasing stem height and correlated with gas mixing ratios in the soil, indicating diffusion through the aerenchyma as the major path of gas transport. From these results it is assumed that woody species with aerenchyma can serve as conduits for soil-derived trace gases into the atmosphere, to date only shown for herbaceous plants. This, yet unidentified, woody plant pathway contributes to the total greenhouse gas source strength of wetlands.     

稻鸭共作生态系统中N2O排放及经济效益评价

稻鸭共作技术是中国传统农业的精华,研究稻鸭共作生态系统中N2O排放产生的环境效应并对其经济价值进行评价,为进一步开发利用这一经典农艺提供理论基础和实践依据.采用静态箱技术,研究稻鸭共作生态系统N2O排放规律,并运用增温潜势对稻鸭共作生态系统N2O排放的温室效应及经济效益进行了估算.结果表明,稻鸭共作生态系统N2O排放呈现明显的日变化和季节变化.N2O日变化与鸭子的活动呈现明显的相关性,其排放峰值出现在清晨和16:00;N2O季节变化幅度较大,排放峰值出现在水稻成熟期.在施用等量基肥条件下,稻鸭稻田排放的N2O高于常规稻田,其平均排放通量分别为(149 46±25.81)μg·m-2·h-1和(138.84±25.26)μg·m-2·h-1,产生的温室效应成本分别为283.14yuan·hm-2和265.47yuan·hm-2.除去N2O排放产生温室效应的环境成本,采用稻鸭生态种养技术的经济效益为7687.66yuan·hm-2,比常规不养鸭稻田增加1932.33 yuan·hm-2.可见,稻鸭共作技术仍具有较好的推广价值.     

Seasonal variation in N2O emissions from urine patches: Effects of urine concentration, soil compaction and dung

Urine patches in pastures rank among the highest sources of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N₂O) from animal production systems. Previous laboratory studies indicate that N₂O emissions for urine-N in pastures may increase with a factor five or eight in combination with soil compaction and dung, respectively. These combinations of urine, compaction and dung occur regularly in pastures, especially in so-called camping areas. The aims of this study were (i) to experimentally quantify the effect of compaction and dung on emission factors of N₂O from urine patches under field conditions; (ii) to detect any seasonal changes in emission from urine patches; and (iii) to quantify possible effects of urine concentration and -volume. A series of experiments on the effects of compaction, dung, urine-N concentration and urine volume was set up at a pasture on a sandy soil (typic Endoaquoll) in Wageningen, the Netherlands. Artificial urine was applied 8 times in the period August 2000–November 2001, and N₂O emissions were monitored for a minimum of 1 month after each application. The average emission factor for urine-only treatments was 1.55%. Over the whole period, only soil compaction had a clear significant effect, raising the average N₂O emissions from urine patches from 1.30% to 2.92% of the applied N. Dung had no consistent effect; although it increased the average emissions from 1.60% to 2.82%, this was clearly significant (P< 0.01) for only one application date and marginally significant (P=0.054) for the whole experiment. Both compaction and dung increased water-filled pore space (WFPS) of the topsoil for a more prolonged time than high urine volumes. No effect of amount of urine-N or urine volume on N₂O emissions relative to added N was detected for the whole experiment. There were clear differences between application dates, with highest emissions for urine-only treatments of 4.25% in October, 2000, and lowest of –0.11% in June, 2001. Emissions peaked at 60–70% WFPS, and decreased rapidly with both higher and lower WFPS. We conclude that compaction leads to a considerable increase in the N₂O emissions under field conditions, mainly through higher WFPS. Dung addition may have the same effect, although this was not consistent throughout our experiment. Seasonal variations seemed mainly driven by differences in WFPS. Based on this study, mitigation strategies should focus on minimizing the grazing period with wet conditions leading to WFPS > 50%, avoiding camping areas in pastures, and on avoiding grazing under moist soil conditions. Greenhouse gas budgets for grazing conditions should include the effects of soil compaction and dung to represent actual emissions.     

Winter CO2 CH4 and N2O fluxes on some natural and drained boreal peatlands

CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes during the winter were measured at natural and drained bog and fen sites in eastern Finland using both the closed chamber method and calculations of gas diffusion along a concentration gradient through the snowpack. The snow diffusion results were compared with those obtained by chamber, but the winter flux estimates were derived from chamber data only. CH₄ emissions from a poor bog were lower than those from an oligotrophic fen, while both CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes were higher in theCarex rostrata- occupied marginal (lagg) area of the fen than in the slightly less fertile centre. Average estimated winter CO₂-C losses from virgin and drained forested peatlands were 41 and 68 g CO₂-C m^–2, respectively, accounting for 23 and 21% of the annual total CO₂ release from the peat. The mean release of CH₄-C was 1.0 g in natural bogs and 3.4 g m^–2 in fens, giving rise to winter emissions averaging to 22% of the annual emission from the bogs and 10% of that from the fens. These wintertime carbon gas losses in Finnish natural peatlands were even greater than reported average long-term annual C accumulation values (less than 25g C m^–2). The narrow range of 10–30% of the proportion of winter CO₂ and CH₄ emissions from annual emissions found in Finnish peatlands suggest that a wider generalization in the boreal zone is possible. Drained forested bogs emitted 0.3 g CH₄-C m^–2 on the average, while the effectively drained fens consumed an average of 0.01 g CH₄-C m^–2. Reason for the low CH₄. efflux or net oxidation in drained peatlands probably lies in low substrate supply and thus low CH₄ production in the anoxic deep peat layers. N₂O release from a fertilized grassland site in November–May was 0.7 g N₂O m^–2, accounting for 38% of the total annual emission, while a forested bog released none and two efficiently drained forested fens 0.09 (28% of annual release) and 0.04 g N₂O m^–2 (27%) during the winter, respectively.