Tracking Taphonomic Regimes Using Chemical and Mechanical Damage of Pollen and Spores: An Example from the Triassic–Jurassic Mass Extinction

The interpretation of biotic changes in the geological past relies on the assumption that samples from different time intervals represent an equivalent suite of natural sampling conditions. As a result, detailed investigations of taphonomic regimes during intervals of major biotic upheaval, such as mass extinctions, are crucial. In this paper, we have used variations in the frequency of chemical and mechanical sporomorph (pollen and spore) damage as a guide to taphonomic regimes across the Triassic–Jurassic mass extinction (Tr-J; ∼201.3 Ma) at a boundary section at Astartekløft, East Greenland. We find that the frequency of sporomorph damage is extremely variable in samples from this locality. This likely reflects a combination of taxon-specific susceptibility to damage and the mixing of sporomorphs from a mosaic of environments and taphonomic regimes. The stratigraphic interval containing evidence of plant extinction and compositional change in the source vegetation at Astartekløft is not marked by a consistent rise or fall in the frequency of sporomorph damage. This indicates that natural taphonomic regimes did not shift radically during this critical interval. We find no evidence of a consistent relationship between the taxonomic richness of sporomorph assemblages and the frequency of damage among sporomorphs at Astartekløft. This indicates that previously reported patterns of sporomorph richness across the Tr-J at this locality are likely to be robust. Taken together, our results suggest that the patterns of vegetation change at Astartekløft represent a real biological response to environmental change at the Tr-J.     

Ammonoid taphonomy, palaeoenvironments and sequence stratigraphy at the Bajocian/Bathonian boundary on the Bas Auran area (Subalpine Basin, south-eastern France)

Bas Auran, in south‐eastern France, is the candidate area for Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the base of the Bathonian Stage (Middle Jurassic). In the Bas Auran area, upper Bajocian and lower Bathonian deposits are made up of limestone beds alternating with marls that correspond to the ‘Marno‐calcaires àCancellophycus’, below the ‘Terres Noires’ Formation. Taphonomic analyses of the successive ammonoid fossil assemblages provide new and complementary data for biostratigraphic completeness, palaeoenvironmental setting and sequence stratigraphy. Lithologic differentiation between limestone and marl intervals resulted from alternating episodes of carbonate input and starvation. Both lithologic phases may contain evidence for sedimentary and taphonomic reworking, associated with scours, that reflects low rates of sedimentation and stratigraphic condensation. Three successive types of elementary cycles resulted from increasing rates of stratigraphic condensation, sedimentary condensation and substrate stabilization during early Bathonian. The occurrence of reelaborated ammonoids (i.e. exhumed and displaced before their final burial) implies that tractive current flows or winnowing affected the burial of concretionary internal moulds. In the lower Bathonian strata, the dominance of homogeneous concretionary internal moulds of phragmocones, completely filled with sediment, is indicative of low rates of sedimentation and sediment accumulation, respectively associated with low degrees of stratigraphic and sedimentary condensation. However, at the Bajocian/Bathonian transition, hemipelagic, bed‐scale limestone–marl alternations show a maximum value of biostratigraphic completeness and there is no evidence for taphonomic condensation in the ammonoid fossil assemblages. Taphonomic analyses of the successive ammonoid fossil assemblages and taphofacies confirm the development of a deepening phase associated with sedimentary starvation, which characterizes the last episode within the deepening half‐cycle of third and second order cycles, in the Bas Auran area of French Subalpine Basin during early Bathonian.     

Middle Jurassic Spore- pollen Assemblages from Turpan- Shanshan Area,Xinjiang

The Middle Jurassic palynoflora from the two wells of PUl and CN1 of Turpan-Shanshan area in Xinjiang consists of 97 species of fossil spores and pollen grains referred to 45 genera, of which 2 species are newly described. Three palynological assemblages including: 1) Cyathidites-Cycadopites-Quadraeculina (CCQ), 2) Cyathidites-Classopollis-Picites (CCP) and 3 ) Granu-latisporites-Classopollis-Podocarpidites (GCP) assemblages are established in the Xishanyao, Sanjianfang and Qiketai Formations, respectively. Comparisons have been made between these assemblages with those of the adjacent regions in Xinjiang and other domestic areas and at abroad. The geological age of the CCQ assemblage is suggested to be at early Middle Jurassic (corresponding to Aalenian to Bajocian age); while the CCP and GCP assemblages are considered to be at late Middle Jurassic (corresponding to early to late Bathonian age, respectively).     

新疆吐鲁番—鄯善地区中侏罗世孢粉组合

研究新疆吐鲁番鄯善地区葡１井和草南１井中侏罗世孢子花粉化石４５属９７种,包括２个新种。建立西山窑组、三间房组和七克台组共３个孢粉组合,其地质时代相当于中侏罗世早期和晚期。     

Late Triassic palynofloras in the Sichuan Basin,South China: Synthesis and perspective

Mesozoic strata are well developed and exposed continuously across the Sichuan Basin, South China. In particular, the Upper Triassic strata yield diverse and abundant spore-pollen fossils, providing a significant reference for the study of palaeoenvironmental variations across the Triassic–Jurassic transition where mass extinctions were occurring. In this paper, we summarize the major progress on Late Triassic palynological studies in this basin. To date, 151 genera (454 species) of sporomorph fossils have been reported from the Late Triassic strata in the Sichuan Basin. Three palynological assemblages are distinguished for the Late Triassic in the Sichuan Basin. Late Triassic vegetation in the Sichuan Basin shows a remarkable predominance of ferns, followed by conifers and cycads/ginkgophytes, and conifers show a distinct increase in abundance in the latest Triassic. In general, the Late Triassic palaeoclimate in the Sichuan Basin was tropical-subtropical, humid and warm. A synthesis of the data shows that the Late Triassic did not have a constant palaeoclimate in the Sichuan Basin, several climatic events are recognized: two warm and humid climate events in Norian-Rhaetian time, coupled with a cooler and drier condition in the latest Late Triassic. Further investigations in higher resolution at more continuous sections in the Sichuan Basin are needed to better understand the Late Triassic vegetation response, climate changes, as well as palaeoecosystem variations across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary.     

Middle Jurassic radiolarians from Jinlang,Zedong, southern Xizang (Tibet), China

Moderately to well-preserved radiolarians have been extracted from nine greyish green and purplish-red bedded cherts in the mud-matrix mélange of the eastern Yarlung-Zangbo Suture Zone (YZSZ) at Jinlang Section, Zedong, southern Xizang (Tibet). Forty-two species belonging to 27 genera, including Middle Jurassic characteristic species such as Laxtorum (?) jurassicum Isozaki and Matsuda, Laxtorum (?) hichisoense Isozaki and Matsuda, Stichocapsa japonica Yao, Stichocapsa robusta Matsuoka, Parahsuum (?) magnum Takemura, Sella chrafatensis (El Kadiri), and Unuma typicus Ichikawa and Yao are recognized and three assemblages, Laxtorum (?) jurassicum Assemblage (Aalenian), Quarticella ovalis Assemblage (late Bajocian), and Stichocapsa robusta Assemblage (middle Bathonian) are established in ascending order. These assemblages can be well correlated to the Middle Jurassic Unitary Association (UA) Zones (Baumgartner et al., 1995) in west Tethys and coeval biozones in Japan and provide reliable age information for the Middle Jurassic stratigraphic correlation of the pelagic sediments along the YZSZ.     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷中侏罗统的一些双壳类

系统描述库车坳陷中侏罗统的双壳类3 属4 种。根据双壳类Kija铰合构造变异范围的研究,认为Acyrena、Pseudocardinia、Jiangxiella、Apseudocardinia、Hunanella、Yananoconcha、Hamiconcha和Fengjiachonia都是Kija 的同物异名。库车坳陷中侏罗统的双壳类化石属于Lamprotula (Eolamprotula) cremeri Kija (=Pseudocardinia) kweichouensis动物群,分为Kija ovalis K. kweichouensis和Lamprotula (Eolamprotula) guan gyuanensis Margaritifera? cf. isfarensis两个化石组合。Kija ovalis K. kweichouensis组合产于克孜勒努尔组和恰克马克组下部,时代为中侏罗世早期,可能主要为阿林期至巴柔期;Lamprotula (Eolamprotula) guangyuanen sis Margaritifera? cf. isfarensis组合主要分布于恰克马克组中上部,时代为中侏罗世晚期,可能主要为巴通期至卡洛夫期。     

新疆塔里木盆地中侏罗世塔尔尕组孢粉植物群及地层和古地理意义

新疆塔里木盆地侏罗系分布广泛,在库车凹陷和塔西南区发育最好。目前对库车凹陷的三叠纪和侏罗纪孢粉植物群研究较为深入,而对塔西南区侏罗纪孢粉化石专题研究不多,尚未建立孢粉组合。作者基于塔西南区乌恰中侏罗统塔尔尕组发现的孢子花粉33属48种的研究,建立了塔尔尕组孢粉组合。该组合以掌鳞杉科花粉Classopollis的优势和真蕨目桫椤科孢子Cyathidites的繁盛为特征,并含有丰富多样且颇具侏罗纪色彩的孢子花粉化石类型。该组合与西欧和俄罗斯巴柔期至巴通期孢粉组合以及北美和澳大利亚巴柔期至卡洛夫期孢粉组合可以进行对比;与我国新疆库车恰克马克组、陕西延安直罗组和湖北兴山沙溪庙组等孢粉组合也可对比。根据孢粉学证据,塔尔尕组的时代应属于中侏罗世晚期(巴通期至卡洛夫期)。当前孢粉植物群支持我国侏罗纪南北植物地理区系之西端分界之划分方案,即塔西南乌恰处于界线以南,而库车处于分界以北。     

A revision of Australia’s Jurassic plesiosaurs

Abstract: Jurassic plesiosaur fossils are exceptionally rare in Australia and currently restricted to a single fragmentary skeleton (Sinemurian, Razorback beds, Queensland), some articulated vertebrae (lower Toarcian, Evergreen Formation, Queensland) and a few isolated bones and teeth (Aalenian–Bajocian, Champion Bay Group, Western Australia). These remains are attributable to either indeterminate plesiosaurs, or more specifically to pliosauroids and plesiosauroids, and occur within a variety of fluviatile‐lacustrine to coastal marine depositional settings. Although hampered by their incompleteness, Australia’s Jurassic plesiosaurs are significant because they include some of the most ancient occurrences from nonmarine strata, and Gondwanan marine reptiles of a similar age are otherwise very sparsely known.     

Palynofacies and TOC analysis of marine and non-marine sediments across the Middle–Upper Jurassic boundary in the central-northern Lusitanian Basin (Portugal)

The Middle–Upper Jurassic transition is a geodynamic benchmark in the evolutionary history of several peri-Atlantic basins. Contrary to the vast Tethyan and peri-Tethyan areas, in the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal), this interval corresponds to a major basin-wide disconformity preceded by a complex forced regression that induced sharp facies variations across the depositional systems. The Middle Jurassic units below are fully marine, whereas the Upper Jurassic sediments (Lower?-Middle Oxfordian), correspond to freshwater/brackish lacustrine, grading into punctuated brackish-restricted lagoonal and shallow-marine paleoenvironments. This study presents total organic carbon and palynofacies data of 34 samples (total analyzed thickness about 85 m) collected from three key sections encompassing the Middle–Upper Jurassic transition in the central-northern sector of the Lusitanian Basin. The palynofacies of the analyzed part of Middle Jurassic units (Cabo Mondego Formation) are characteristic of marine environments at their base, evidencing upwards a regressive trend of the depositional systems. Total organic carbon content is generally low, reaching up to 1.94 wt%. The Upper Jurassic Cabaços Formation presents kerogen assemblages mostly of continental origin, although punctuated by minor intervals of marine influence. Total organic carbon content is more variable, reaching up to 30.56 wt%. Intraclasts of re-deposited fragments of microbial mats were found incorporated in the kerogen assemblages, which point to highly dynamic erosional and depositional processes. Diversity of Botryococcus sp. occurrences was confirmed as an indicator of the degree of paleoenvironmental stability. The vertical distribution and comparison of the kerogen assemblages of the different sections indicate major changes of these parameters among relatively close settings and along narrow vertical intervals, attesting to the high sedimentary dynamics observed in the Lusitanian Basin.     

Ammonite taphonomy and stratigraphy of the Bajocian at Maizet,south of Caen (Calvados,NW France)

A study of the ammonite assemblages from the “Oolithe ferrugineuse de Bayeux” Formation of Bajocian age is presented herein. The section at the locality of Maizet shows a high level of stratigraphic condensation, and taphonomic reworking is common within the sequence. All the ammonites being studied are classified herein as having been reworked, transported or displaced on the sea-floor prior to burial, and as such, are determined taphonomically as being resedimented or reelaborated fossil elements. Seven evidences of reelaboration within the sequence under investigation are detailed here. The palaeontological units, so-called taphorecords, characterized by distinctive taphonomic features, are used to directly or indirectly assign beds to biochronostratigraphic units. In addition, identification of taphorecord relationships regarding successive or contemporaneous deposition allows their registratic succession and order of depositional events to be inferred. The latter may be deduced on the basis of bed succession or by reference to stratigraphical intervals that now are only represented in the stratigraphic column by fossils. Deposition by tractional currents and winnowing is indicated by sharp bed-base and by reworked fossil elements. Biochronostratigraphic correlation with other sections of the inland Bajocian successions in the Calvados area (Bretteville, Feuguerolles) highlights a common depositional evolution that may be related to an eastward-deepening carbonate ramp.     

北羌塘盆地中南部侏罗纪布曲组古生物特征与沉积环境

本文通过对北羌塘盆地北坳陷中南部胜利河、东湖及毛毛山等地区侏罗纪布曲组6条剖面及其中丰富的腕足类、双壳类等古生物资料和岩石组合特征的研究,将布曲组地质时代划为中侏罗世巴通期(Bathonian)至早卡洛夫期(Callovian),还可能跨入早巴柔期(Bajocian)。通过本文研究和区域对比,认为布曲组的沉积时代在北羌塘盆地存在穿时性。依据岩石组合特征,布曲组沉积充填物三分性明显,下部和上部为一套以微晶结构、粒泥结构为主的低能碳酸盐岩,中部为一套以高能的亮晶粒屑灰岩为主的碳酸盐岩。结合古生物生态习性,布曲组沉积环境总体为近岸浅水开阔台地–台地边缘碳酸盐岩沉积体系,构成多个沉积旋回。这一基础资料对下一步分析北羌塘盆地坳陷中南部布曲组岩相古地理提供了支撑。     

Ammonite succession at the Bajocian/Bathonian boundary in the Cabo Mondego region (Portugal)

The Cabo Mondego outcrops exposed along the cliffs, on the western margin of the Iberian Plate, show an expanded stratigraphic section of Lower Bathonian deposits containing abundant ammonoids. Upper Bajocian deposits correspond to similar facies, of muddy limestones alternating with marlstones, although ammonoids are scarce. A detailed succession of ammonites across the Bajocian/Bathonian boundary has been recognized at Cabo Mondego, which can form a useful bio‐ and chronostratigraphic standard for the Lusitanian Basin. The revision of previous collections from the classical section and new field samplings of two other separate sections allow the recognition through up to twenty metres of thickness, the highest zone of Bajocian (Parkinsoni Zone) and the lowest zone of Bathonian (Zigzag Zone). The Parkinsoni and the Zigzag zones established for NW European areas and belonging to the Northwest European Province, can be identified in the Lusitanian Basin, although the ammonite fossil assemblages are composed of Submediterranean taxa. However, a subdivision of the Parkinsoni Zone is not possible, due to the scarcity of well preserved ammonoids. The Zigzag Zone can be recognized and characterized as composed of two subunits (Parvum and Macrescens subzones) as represented in diverse European basins of the Submediterranean Province. Ammonite fossil assemblages of the Parvum Subzone may be grouped into two successive horizons, which are biochronostratigraphically equivalent to the subdivisions of the Convergens Subzone distinguished in the Digne‐Barrême area (SE France). New biochronostratigraphic data on the Bigotitinae, youngest members of Leptosphinctinae and oldest members of Zigzagiceratinae are relevant in understanding the evolution and faunal turnover of the West Tethyan Perisphinctidae during earliest Bathonian. The ammonite succession at the Bajocian/Bathonian boundary in the Cabo Mondego region (Portugal) represents one of the most complete biostratigraphic records so far recognized on the Iberian Plate.     

Global radiolarian zonation for the Pliensbachian, Toarcian and Aalenian

Jurassic radiolarians from 220 samples in Queen Charlotte Islands, B.C., Williston Lake, B.C., east-central Oregon, Baja California Sur, southern Spain, Austria, Slovenia, Turkey, Oman, Japan and Argentina were studied in order to construct global zonation for the Pliensbachian, Toarcian and Aalenian stages. Well-preserved faunas from continuous stratigraphic sections in Queen Charlotte Islands provide the most detailed record for this time interval, and all collections are tied to North American ammonite zones or assemblages. Collections from nearly all other areas lack independent dating except for early Toarcian carbon-isotope dating in Slovenia and late Aalenian ammonites in Spain.A database of 197 widely distributed updated taxonomic species was used to construct a Unitary Association (UA) zonation for the interval. A global sequence of 41 UAs was obtained for the top of the Sinemurian to the base of the Bajocian. The first and the last UAs represent the Late Sinemurian and the Early Bajocian respectively. The remaining 39 UAs were merged into nine zones (four Early Pliensbachian, one Late Pliensbachian, one Early Toarcian, one Middle-Late Toarcian, and two Aalenian) according to prominent radiolarian faunal breaks and ammonite data. The new zones are the Canutus tipperi - Katroma clara Zone (latest Sinemurian/earliest Pliensbachian); Zartus mostleri - Pseudoristola megaglobosa, Hsuum mulleri - Trillus elkhornensis and Gigi fustis - Lantus sixi zones (Early Pliensbachian); Eucyrtidiellum nagaiae - Praeparvicingula tlellensis Zone (Late Pliensbachian); Napora relica - Eucyrtidiellum disparile Zone (Early Toarcian); Elodium pessagnoi - Hexasaturnalis hexagonus Zone (Middle and Late Toarcian); Higumastra transversa - Napora nipponica Zone (early Aalenian); and Mirifusus proavus - Transhsuum hisuikyoense Zone (late Aalenian). These zones can be correlated worldwide and link previously established UA zonations for the Hettangian-Sinemurian and the Middle to Upper Jurassic. The new zonation allows high-resolution dating in the studied interval and provides a solid basis for analyzing faunal turnovers and the paleobiogeography of Jurassic radiolarians.     

吐鲁番拗陷北部中侏罗世孢粉植物群

报道了新疆吐鲁番拗陷北部勒1、米1 、山1和墩1井中侏罗世孢粉化石52属81种.建立了本区中侏罗世孢粉组合: Cyathidites-Psophosphaera-Cycadopite 组合、 Cyathidites-Quadraeculina-Classopollis 组合和 Cyathidites-Callialasporites-Classopollis 组合.它们分别产自西山窑组、三间房组和七克台组.根据孢粉组合特征及其对比, 认为3个组合的地质时代属阿林-巴通期.经研究表明, 中侏罗世早期的植被是以银杏、苏铁类和松柏类等乔木为主体, 并伴有桫椤科树蕨及紫萁科和卷柏科等草本植物.古气候应属温暖潮湿的亚热带气候.至中侏罗世中晚期, 掌鳞杉科植物在植被中占主导地位, 指示当时的气候趋于干旱.     

Late Triassic, Early and Middle Jurassic Radiolaria from ferromanganese-chert ‘nodules’ (Angelokastron, Argolis, Greece): evidence for prolonged radiolarite sedimentation in the Maliac-Vardar Ocean

In the Argolis, the Basal Sequence, constituting the eastern Pelagonian margin which bordered the Maliac-Vardar oceanic domain, includes shallow-water carbonates of Late Triassic-Early Jurassic, condensed pelagic limestones of Early-Middle Jurassic, radiolarian cherts of late Middle-Late Jurassic age and siliceous mudstones and sandstones rich in ophiolite fragments. Up-section, coarse breccias, including clasts of boninites derived from the ophiolite obducted onto the Pelagonian margin in Late Jurassic times crop out. Near Angelokastron a small quarry exposes pervasively sheared dark reddish-brown, radiolarian-bearing cherty shales with disrupted fragments of chert and chert nodules impregnated by ferro-manganese oxides. These shales occur in the footwall of a thrust bringing them into contact with the Pantokrator Limestone of the Basal Sequence. We collected more than 30 samples of the chert fragments and the shaly matrix. Thirteen nodules and one matrix sample yielded determinable radiolarians. Low to non-detectable concentrations of trace metals such as Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Pb indicate a hydrothermal origin of the ferro-manganese mineralization. The radiolarian taxa found indicate four age groups for the nodules that are embedded in the siliceous shale matrix that yielded a Middle Jurassic age (middle Bathonian). The first group includes a nodule of Late Triassic age (late Norian to Rhaetian); the second group nodules of Early Jurassic age (late early to late Pliensbachian and probably middle-late Toarcian); the third group nodules of early Middle Jurassic age (Aalenian–Bajocian); the last group finally includes nodules of late Middle Jurassic age (Bajocian–Bathonian). The presence of Upper Triassic to Middle Jurassic Mn-impregnated chert nodules in a Middle Jurassic matrix indicates a deep oceanic environment of deposition outside the Pelagonian realm (easternmost Adria Plate), which at that time was a shallow-water carbonate platform with a thin pelagic limestone cover. The chert nodules are with all certainty derived from the oceanic Maliac-Vardar domain and were, together with their host formation, tectonically emplaced onto the Pelagonian margin. We speculate that these nodules, more lithified than their matrix, were exhumed on the slope of an intra-oceanic accretionary wedge and were redeposited in the Middle Jurassic siliceous mudstones on the floor of the subducting Maliac-Vardar Ocean.     

Palynofacies analysis for interpreting paleoenvironment and hydrocarbon potential of Triassic–Jurassic strata in the Sichuan Basin,China

The Sichuan Basin is one of the largest petroliferous basins in China. The continental fluvial?lacustrine sediments of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation and the Lower Jurassic Zhenzhuchong Formation yield diverse fossil organisms and host one of the most important gas reservoirs in the basin. However, paleontological implication for the paleoenvironment and hydrocarbon source is less documented. Here, we report, for the first time for this basin, results from palynofacies analyses combined with thermal alteration data in the Early Mesozoic deposit of the Qilixia section, northeastern Sichuan Basin. The results show that, organic matters in sediments are dominated by phytoclasts, with less abundant palynomorphs and a few amorphous organic matters (AOMs). Four palynofacies assemblages were identified, reflecting depositional settings in a general proximal and oxic fluvial?deltaic environment, with two distal–proximal sedimentary cycles. The prominent dominance of opaque phytoclasts within the lower Zhenzhuchong Formation may be related to frequent wildfires across the Triassic–Jurassic transition. Palynofacies data (especially the relative abundance of opaque phytoclasts) may reflect 405 kyr eccentricity cyclicity pattern. The palynofacies and thermal alteration index (TAI), combined with geochemical data indicate the presence of type III kerogen in mature to post-mature phases, suggesting gas potential of the Xujiahe and Zhenzhuchong formations in the northeastern Sichuan Basin. This study provides significant implications for better understanding the paleoenvironment variations during the Triassic–Jurassic transition and the future gas exploration in this area.     

Palynofacies and spore assemblage variations of upper Viséan (Mississippian) strata across the southern North Sea

Viséan strata are penetrated by exploration wells in the southern North Sea, reaching from the Firth of Forth in Scotland to offshore northwest Germany and to Rügen Island, northeastern Germany, south of the Baltic Sea. Several wells have been studied representing different late Viséan depositional settings ranging from proximal near-shore clastic facies (Firth of Forth, Northwest of Germany) to distal carbonate platform facies (Rügen Island). Variations of the miospore assemblages from the coeval (NM and VF Miospore Biozones) parts of these sections were analyzed with respect to palynofacies, spore abundance; morphological composition; diversity and palaeobotanical/palaeoecological affinities. While assemblages from similar down-depositional dip facies settings remain similar (even over east-west distances of > 750 km), all of the above attributes show significant variations from proximal to distal depositional settings (< 200 km to the southeast). These down-depositional dip changes appear to be continuous, but the greatest degree of change is seen at the boundaries between deltaic and non-deltaic near shore facies; between near-shore coastal clastic and carbonate platform facies; and between inner-and outer-carbonate platform facies.Miospore abundances, assemblage diversities and the number of coincident genera between the sections are reduced in moving towards distal depositional settings. This reduction most effects rounded triangular and triangular miospores, while the proportion of rounded miospores increases significantly. The palaeobotanical/palaeoecological character of the miospores also clearly changes in moving from coastal clastic to carbonate platform depositional settings. These changes appear to be largely controlled by taphonomic effects such as primary input and sorting during transportation and deposition, such that a facies-related pattern is apparent. Variations in late Viséan miospore assemblages across the studied area appear to be most closely related to the different facies realms suggesting that previously identified differences in miospore assemblages from Germany and Britain reflect depositional facies rather than regional variations in parent vegetation or climate.     

COMPARISONS BETWEEN PALAEOCENE–EOCENE PARATROPICAL SWAMP AND MARGINAL MARINE POLLEN FLORAS FROM ALABAMA AND MISSISSIPPI, USA

Abstract:  Climate warming at the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary ( c . 55.8 Ma) had significant permanent affects on paratropical and warm-adapted vegetation types. Pollen and spore records which document vegetation turnover from the eastern US Gulf Coast have all been taken from sediments of marginal marine depositional environments. Pollen and spores (sporomorphs) are preserved excellently in these marginal marine depositional environments but these assemblages contain grains transported from many different vegetation types and over huge geographic distances. Currently it is unclear whether the turnover from important paratropical areas like the US Gulf Coast is a reflection on actual vegetation change in the local region or from source areas far away in the continental interior. Sporomorph data from 20 former swamps (lignites) from the Nanafalia, Tuscahoma and Hatchetigbee formations in Mississippi and Alabama, USA, are used to test the fidelity of the marine sporomorph record across the Palaeocene–Eocene transition. Data show that extinction is noted in the swamp record (≥7 per cent of Palaeocene taxa) and that swamps were susceptible to immigration in the Early Eocene with the first occurrences of Brosipollis spp. (Burseraceae), Dicolpopollis spp. (Palmae), Nuxpollenites psilatus (Loranthaceae) and Platycarya spp. (Juglandaceae). Swamps have higher within-sample diversity in the Eocene but higher among-sample diversity in latest Palaeocene–earliest Eocene samples, which parallels exactly diversity trends estimated from marine sporomorph assemblages. Palms also increase in abundance in the Eocene. The swamp data demonstrate that the flora growing in these ancient paratropical forests was diverse ( c. 120 taxonomic groups) but incorporated an unusual admixture of plants with modern tropical affinities together with those that now live in modern temperate to subtropical North America.     

High northern palaeolatitude Jurassic-Cretaceous palaeotemperature variation: new data from Kong Karls Land, Svalbard

The traditional view of warm equable global climates in the Mesozoic with weakly developed latitudinal temperature gradients has been challenged by several recent studies. However, reliable high palaeolatitude palaeotemperature data is still rare. In this study palaeotemperature data, based on oxygen stable isotope palaeothermometry of well preserved mid Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous belemnites from Kong Karls Land, Svalbard, are presented. These data show cool high latitude marine isotopic palaeotemperatures for endemic species during the Lower to mid Valanginian (7.7°C), which may be compatible with the formation of high latitude ice. Middle Bathonian to Kimmeridgian samples give warmer isotopic palaeotemperatures (9.4°C), whilst samples from the Aalenian to Bajocian give isotopic palaeotemperatures which are warmer still (12.7°C). Comparison of the Callovian temperatures with those from a mid-latitude location shows them to be warmer than would be expected if previous latitudinal temperature gradients are correct. This may be due to the ameliorating effect of oceanic heat transport pole-wards from the Panthalassa Ocean via the South Anyui Ocean.