白蚁翅面微刻点的招描电镜观察：堆砂白蚁属、楹白蚁属和原白蚁属

用扫描电镜观察了３种木白蚁（平阳堆砂白蚁Ｃｒｙｐｔｏｔｅｒｍｅｓｐｉｎｇｙａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ、叶额堆砂白蚁Ｃ．ｈａｖｉｌａｎｄｉ和侧角楹白蚁Ｉｎｃｉｓｉｔｅｒｍｅｓ　ｌａｔｅｒａｎｇｕｌａｒｉｓ）和２种草白蚁（东方原白蚁Ｈｏｄｏｔｅｒｍｏｐｓｉｓｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｉｓ和尤氏原白蚁Ｈ．ｙｕｉ）的翅面微刻点。微刻点类型有：乳突：基部宽５．０—２０．６μｍ,长３．０－１７．７μｍ,翅面中央密度可达２０７０—３３７５乳突／ｍｍ２;瘤状突起：基部直径１５．０—５８．６μｍ,翅面中央密度２８２—３５６突起／ｍｍ２;粉刺状突起：基部直径２．４－４．８μｎ。此外,还发现有长１１—５７μｍ的毛。同种白蚁的前、后翅和翅的背、腹面之间,微刻点类型没有明显的差异。最后初步讨论了白蚁翅面微刻点的分类学和生物学意义。     

黑翅土白蚁和黄翅大白蚁翅面微刻点的扫描电镜观察

Roonwal及其合作者(1967—1987)对白蚁翅面微刻点(Wing microsculpturing)进行了广泛的研究,发现至少存在8种类型的微刻点,并对其进化、分类学和生态学意义进行了讨论。但他们的观察主要是在光镜下进行的,电镜下的观察极少。国内尚未见有关的报道。我们对黑翅土白蚁和黄翅大白蚁的翅面微刻点进行了扫描电镜观察,现将结果报道如下。     

八种散白蚁和一种异白蚁翅面微刻点的扫描电镜观察：（等翅目：…

用扫描电镜观察八种散白蚁和一种异白蚁有翅成虫翅面微刻点。结果表明,除了观察到文献中已报道的微刻点类型（舌状乳突、尖头状乳突和粉刺状突起）外,还发现有小刺突和毛,而且同一种白蚁翅背、腹面的微刻点类型存在明显的差异,根据微刻点类型就细颚异白蚁的分类地位作了初步探讨。     

十九种白蚁翅鳞表面微刻点的扫描电镜观察

十九种白蚁翅鳞表面微刻点的扫描电镜观察张方耀,高其康,李参,唐觉（浙江农业大学植保系电镜室杭州３１００２９）关键词白蚁,翅鳞,微刻点,扫描电镜ＳＣＡＮＮＩＮＧＥＬＥＣＴＲＯＮＭＩＣＲＯＳＣＯＰＩＣＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＯＦＭＩＣＲＯＳＣＵＬＰＴＵＲＩＮＧＯＮ...     

八种散白蚁和一种异白蚁翅面微刻点的扫描电镜观察──(等翅目:鼻白蚁科)

用扫描电镜观察八种散白蚁和一种异白蚁有翅成虫翅面微刻点．结果表明,除了观察到文献中已报道的微刻点类型（舌状乳突、尖头状乳突和粉刺状突起）外,还发现有小刺突和毛．而且同一种白蚁翅背、腹面的微刻点类型存在明显的差异．根据微刻点类型就细颚异白蚁的分类地位作了初步探讨．     

白蚁翅面的微刻点及其意义

本文首次描述了在扫描电镜下观察到的22种主要采自浙江省的白蚁(隶属4科11属)的翅面微刻点,然后讨论了白蚁翅面微刻点的进化学,分类学,生物学和生态学意义．     

黑翅土白蚁触角感器的扫描电镜观察

【目的】通过黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes fomosanus(Shiraki)幼蚁、工蚁、兵蚁触角感器种类、数量及分布的研究,分析不同龄幼蚁、工蚁和兵蚁的触角感器特征,为进一步研究触角感器发育特点及不同个体的行为分化机制提供参考。【方法】通过扫描电镜观察触角形态,分析触角节数、感器种类、数量及分布特征。【结果】工蚁、兵蚁、幼蚁个体触角长度差异显著,触角长度顺序:工蚁>兵蚁>3龄幼蚁>2龄幼蚁>1龄幼蚁;触角感器共有9种类型,分别为短毛形感器、长毛形感器、短刺形感器、长刺形感器、锥状B?hm氏鬃毛、球状钟形感器、刺突状钟形感器、球状钟形感器与刺突状钟形感器中间型、长刺具泡状感器。工蚁、兵蚁缺少长刺具泡状感器。幼蚁触角感器种类和数量随龄数而增加,1龄幼蚁具7种感器,缺少球状钟形感器和球状钟形感器与刺突状钟形感器中间型2种类型;2龄幼蚁具有8种感器,缺球状钟形感器;3龄幼蚁具有全部9种类型感器。【结论】黑翅土白蚁幼蚁、工蚁、兵蚁触角节数和感器显著差异,可作为幼蚁龄数以及非生殖品级判别的形态指标,应用于白蚁非生殖品级行为多型等相关研究。     

象白蚁属一新种：等翅目：白蚁科,象白蚁亚科

本文记述我国浙江省龙王山自然保护区等翅目白蚁属一新种,安吉象白蚁Ｎａｓｕｔｉｔｅｒｍｅｓａｎｊｉｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

云南蛮白蚁属及钩白蚁属四新种（等翅目：白蚁科）

1.勐仓蛮白蚁Microtermes menglunensis Zhu et Huang 新种 兵蚁(图Ⅰ:1—8)     

Rapid phenotypic analysis of uncoated Drosophila samples with low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy

Research projects featuring repetitive phenotypic analysis of insects, such as taxonomic studies, quantitative genetics, and mutant screens, could be greatly facilitated by a simpler approach to scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Here, we have applied low-vacuum SEM to wild type and mutant Drosophila and demonstrate that high quality ultrastructure data can be obtained quickly using minimal preparation. Adult flies, frozen live for storage, were mounted on aluminum stubs with carbon cement and directly imaged, with no chemical treatment or sputter coating. The key imaging parameters were identified and optimized, including chamber pressure, beam size, accelerating voltage, working distance and beam exposure. Different optimal conditions were found for eyes, wings, and bristles; in particular, surface features of bristles were obscured at higher accelerating voltages. The chief difficulties were charging, beam damage, and sample movement. We conclude that our optimized protocol is well suited to large-scale ultrastructural phenotypic analysis in insects.     

Caste developmental system of the Japanese damp-wood termite Hodotermopsis japonica (Isoptera: Termopsidae)

Caste developmental pathways of the Japanese damp-wood termite Hodotermopsis japonica Holmgren were estimated by measuring body parts. From the size distribution of head-width, seven peaks were recognized in populations of larvae. Of these peaks, the seventh has a wide range and variance, indicating that it represents several instars. The individuals that make up the seventh peak, which take the role of workers (pseudergate), are suggested to enter the nymphal stage(s), which has brachypterous wing buds, prior to becoming alates. The pseudergates appear to be totipotent, that is, capable of differentiating into any caste, including reproductives and soldiers. Sixth instars and pseudergates have the potential to become soldiers via a presoldier stage. Although the evolution of caste systems in termites is controversial, the linear developmental pathway found in this study is thought to be the typical pattern in lower termites. Sexual discrimination was also investigated, males and females being easily distinguished by examining the seventh abdominal sternites of individuals older than fourth instar larvae. Both sexes appear to follow the same caste developmental pathway.     

Morphology and ultrastructure of isolated gemmae of Drosera pygmaea and their in vitro germination

Gemma morphology, histology and ultrastructure before and after germination in vitro were studied in Drosera pygmaea. The histology of the gemma is similar to that of a seed, being characterized by an embryo-like structure and storage tissue, although no seed coat is formed. One embryo-like structure within the gemma, which gives origin to a new plant, expresses polar organisation with distinct meristematic regions. Storage tissue surrounding the embryo-like structure resembles endosperm and it is built of parenchyma cells possessing plastids with starch grains and dense material within vacuoles. The regeneration from the gemma may provide useful system to study plant morphogenesis under stress conditions including in vitro culture. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Extracelluar matrix induces formation of organoids and changes in cell surface morphology in cultured human breast carcinoma cells PMC42-LA

In the lactating breast, the development of secretory alveoli consisting of differentiated cells arranged around a central lumen is dependent on signals from the extracellular environment of the cells. There are few cell lines that model this process. We previously showed that the human breast carcinoma line PMC42-LA can be induced to form organoids, reminiscent of secretory alveoli found in the lactating human breast. In this report, we used high-resolution scanning electron microscopy to show that the formation of organoids is accompanied by development of cell surface microvilli. Extracellular matrix-induced formation of microvilli occurred on the internal and external surfaces of cells in the organoids and not on surfaces in contact with the extracellular matrix. Organoid formation of PMC42-LA cells induced a rearrangement of the extracellular matrix, seen in the form of radiating fibers from the organoids. In summary, there is an interaction between PMC42-LA cells and the underlying extracellular matrix, which leads to the formation of polarized cells with well-developed microvilli. This is accompanied by organization of the extracellular matrix. PMC42-LA is a relevant model of the human breast for investigations into cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions.     

Immunospecific labeling of mouse lymphocytes in the scanning electron microscope

Bone marrow-derived (B) and thymus-derived (T) Balb/c mouse lymphocytes were identified in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) by the immunospecific attachment of one of several kinds of large-molecular-weight markers distinguishable in SEM. These markers (tobacco mosaic virus, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, bushy stunt virus, and bacteriophage T4) could be modified with hapten groups and linked with anti-hapten antibody, in an indirect (sandwich) scheme, to hapten-modified anti-cell-surface antibody bound to the cell surface. Hapten-modified antibodies to B cell antigens (goat anti-mouse-immunoglobulin) or to T cell antigens (rabbit anti-mouse brain) were employed to identify these two lymphoid cell types in unfractionated spleen, mesenteric lymph node, bone marrow, and thymus cell populations. The topography of B cells was always indistinguishable from that of T cells. No surface features were found to be unique to either cell type. In suspension, the majority of B and T cells had one or no microvilli regardless of the tissue source of the labeled cells. Cells in suspension that had microvilli (usually 10% of the total cell population) were always unlabeled. However, after cell contact with a glass surface, approximately half of both the B and T cell populations had a villous topography.     

Macroposthonia sicula n. sp. (Nematoda: Criconematidae), a Parasite of Olive Trees in Sicily

Macroposthonia sicula n.sp. collected from rhizosphere and roots of olive (Olea europaea L.) at Kamarina, Sicily, Italy, is described and illustrated. It is distinguished from the related species (M. sphaerocephala and M. maskaka) by the longer styler and the characteristic narrowing postvulval portion of the body.