碱基编辑技术的发展与应用

碱基编辑技术,以CRISPR/Cas系统为平台,引导胞嘧啶脱氨酶或腺嘌呤脱氨酶至特定的基因组靶点,产生靶向性的C至T或者A至G的碱基转换。自碱基编辑技术问世以来,全球多个科研团队通过优化改进得到了一系列高精准性、广靶向性、小编辑框、普适性的碱基编辑器。在应用方面,碱基编辑器能够在人体细胞、动植物细胞以及胚胎中进行高效的碱基转换,在治疗人类遗传病、构建动物疾病模型、植物育种等方面具有巨大的应用潜能。本文就碱基编辑技术的发展、优化和应用等方面进行综述和展望。     

低氧暴露所致大鼠骨骼肌萎缩的蛋白转化调节机制

目的 对比低氧暴露和常氧下配对低氧摄食干预(半饥饿状态)下大鼠骨骼肌蛋白质合成和分解相关基因表达的差异,以探讨低氧暴露诱导骨骼肌萎缩发生的可能机制。方法 SD大鼠分为:①常氧正常饮食组(C组);②低氧正常饮食组(H组),氧气浓度为12.4%;③常氧配对饮食组(P组),投食量即为H组前一天摄食量。4周干预后测量大鼠体成分,取比目鱼肌(SOL)和趾长伸肌(EDL),称量湿重;HE染色观察肌纤维形态,计算肌纤维横截面积(FCSA);WB测试骨骼肌中HIF1α、Akt、p-Akt及骨骼肌蛋白合成和分解相关基因蛋白含量。结果 1)H组大鼠体重较C组持续下降,P组与C组间无显著性差异;干预初期H组(P组同)摄食量较C组显著下降,后期两组间无差异;(2)干预后,H组大鼠体质量和肌肉总量较C组和P组显著性降低,P组与C组间无差异;H组两肌肉湿重较C组显著下降;H组EDL的FCSA显著低于C组和P组;(3)H组EDL中HIF1α蛋白含量显著高于C组;H组和P组SOL中p-Akt/Akt比值显著低于C组;H组EDL中mTOR、4EBP1蛋白含量显著低于C组,atrogin1、MuRF1、beclin1蛋白含量及LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ比值显著高于C组,H组SOL中MuRF1蛋白含量显著高于C组和P组。结论 低氧所致的骨骼肌萎缩由低氧特异性因素诱发,表现为以快肌为主的骨骼肌蛋白合成减少和分解增加,而非低氧下摄食量减少引起。     

利用CRISPR-Cas9敲除Tyr基因制作白化C57BL/6N小鼠

目的 为了获得白化的C57BL/6N小鼠,扩大其在皮肤移植和胚胎干细胞方面研究中的应用。方法 通过体外设计合成Cas9 mRNA和系列sgRNA(single guide RNAs),注射到小鼠的受精卵内,破坏合成C57BL/6N小鼠黑色素生成必须的酪氨酸酶(tyrosinase,TYR)基因序列的第1和第2外显子,产生基因突变,获得F0代白化的C57BL/6N小鼠,然后经过重复回交和自交,形成白化C57BL/6N小鼠近交系。结果 经过注射两对sgRNA,成功的获得了F0代的白化小鼠,在Tyr基因的第1和第2外显子中均发生了缺失突变,小鼠可以将突变基因传递给后代,并在其后代中产生了纯合的白色C57BL/6N小鼠,最后对白化小鼠突变类型进行了分析。结论 通过CRISPR-Cas9技术破坏了小鼠Tyr基因,成功地建立了白化C57BL/6N小鼠近交系,为将来的嵌合体制作、组织移植提供了新的研究工具。     

药物对基于SERS技术的尿液中PDGF-BB检测影响研究

本文旨在研究基于表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术检测尿液中血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF-BB)从而对冠状动脉堵塞程度进行快速无损诊断的方法是否同样适用于长期服用药物(阿司匹林、瑞舒伐他汀或硫酸氢氯吡格雷)的冠心病患者或行经皮冠状动脉介入手术(PCI术)后病人的冠状动脉堵塞程度检测。首先基于该方法对13例长期服用药物(阿司匹林、瑞舒伐他汀或硫酸氢氯吡格雷)的冠心病患者和13例行PCI术后病人的尿液样本进行检测,发现其SERS光谱中均无PDGF-BB位于1 509 cm^-1的拉曼特征峰。然后进一步分析PDGFBB水溶液与三种药物的SERS光谱,也均未发现1 509 cm^-1的拉曼特征峰。结果表明,这三种药物均对PDGFBB的SERS信号产生了影响,可见该方法并不适用于长期服用药物的冠心病患者或行PCI病人术后的冠状动脉堵塞程度的检测。     

肿瘤细胞外泌体对肿瘤血管新生的调控作用

外泌体可将其内容物蛋白质、脂类、RNA、循环DNA等生物活性分子由供体细胞转运至受体细胞,对细胞与细胞间的通讯发挥重要调控作用。肿瘤细胞可以主动释放包括外泌体在内的胞外囊泡进入周围微环境。血管为肿瘤的生长提供氧气和营养物质,因此血管新生是肿瘤生长所必需的。研究发现,蛋白或非编码RNA在不同肿瘤细胞衍生的外泌体中存在特异性表达的现象。肿瘤外泌体将其内含的非编码RNA以及蛋白转运至内皮细胞,上调促血管新生因子的表达,进而提高内皮细胞的活性,促进其增殖、迁移和管腔形成。     

计算生物学分析在基因组编辑研究中的应用

基因组编辑是对基因组遗传信息进行定向改造的技术,其中CRISPR/Cas系统是目前应用最广泛的基因组编辑新技术。将先进的高通量测序以及相关计算生物分析应用于基因编辑研究,可进一步优化基因编辑效率和精度等检测流程,实现对全基因组功能基因筛选的监测。同时,利用基于生物信息及机器学习和深度学习等新方法,可对向导RNA(gRNA)的高效设计和实现对编辑效果的预测。本文将对计算生物学分析在CRISPR/Cas基因编辑系统的应用及研究进展等进行概述。     

5-HT和DA对虾蟹打斗行为影响的研究进展

5-羟色胺(5-HT)和多巴胺(DA)是两种神经递质,可与众多不同类型的受体结合发挥多种重要的生理功能.现已证明其广泛分布于多种动物的不同组织中,在动物的打斗行为活动中起着重要的调节作用.目前,在虾蟹中已被报道的5-HT受体主要有5种,分别是5-HT1A、5-HT1B、5HT2A、5HT2B和5-HT7;DA受体主要为DA1A、DA1B、DA2和DA4.5-HT和DA及其受体分布存在明显的种属和组织特异性.5-HT和DA参于了虾蟹打斗行为的调节过程并有不同的调节机理.5-HT可以调节环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)或高血糖激素(CHH)的释放,促进或抑制虾蟹打斗行为;而DA同样能够通过调节cAMP及COMT等物质的释放来调节虾蟹打斗行为.     

Immunomodulated signaling in macrophages: Studies on activation of Raf-1, MAPK, cPLA2 and secretion of IL-12

Little is known about the mechanism and signal transduction by LPS-mediated immunomodulation of murine peritoneal macrophages. It is found that the signal molecules of the down-stream of Ras, Raf-1, MAPK p44, and MAPK p42 are phosphorylated, and cPLA₂ is activated with a significant increase of the release of [ H³ ] AA by macrophages in response to LPS and PMA. Compared with the very recent finding that LPS and PMA trigger the activation and translocation of PKC-α and PKC-ε, these findings suggest that there is a connection between PKC signaling pathway and the Raf-1/MAPK pathway and that the activation of these main signaling events may be closely related to the secretion of IL-12 during LPS-induced modulation of macrophages. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Shanghai Joint Laboratory of Life Science, Shanghai Institute of CeIl Biology, and Director’s Foundations of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Institute of Cell Biology.     

怒江上游三种裂腹鱼类摄食及消化器官比较研究

于2017年5和6月以及9和10月在怒江西藏段收集了怒江裂腹鱼(Schizothorax nukiangensis)194尾、裸腹叶须鱼(Ptychobarbus kaznakovi)152尾,热裸裂尻鱼(Schizopygopsis thermalis)117尾。综合运用3种多元分析方法分析3种鱼类摄食及消化器官形态的种间差异,结果显示,主要种间差异部位为头部及肠道;种间形态指标均为显著性差异(P <0.05);3种裂腹鱼的头部形态已有了一定程度的分化。鱼类食物组成及食物竞争情况研究表明,怒江裂腹鱼和裸腹叶须鱼属杂食性偏动物食性鱼类,两者食物重叠指数较高(0.91);热裸裂尻鱼属杂食性偏植物食性鱼类。食物多样性指数的种间差异明显。3种裂腹鱼营养及空间生态位均有分化,摄食与水温、流速和海拔等环境因素密切相关。     

碱基编辑提供了一种罕见遗传病致病突变修复的可行策略

罕见遗传病是人类医学面临的最大挑战之一,基因疗法是治疗罕见遗传病的最适方法之一。传统的基因治疗存在技术、递送和费用等方面的限制。基因编辑,特别是最近发展起来的碱基编辑技术,由于高效、准确、安全,使得早期胚胎的基因编辑逐渐被接受,从而使得通过胚胎基因编辑对罕见遗传病的致病突变进行修复成为可能。并且,由于具备合理、有效、经济、可靠等优势,基于碱基编辑修复致病突变的早期胚胎基因治疗注定将成为某些罕见遗传病的可行的、不可替代的治疗策略。为了早日实现临床胚胎基因治疗,需要进一步完善现有的技术,并加紧临床前实验。同时,通过改良监管审批程序,以及建立共享平台和共性技术等,可以进一步降低罕见遗传病的基因治疗费用。     

MDCK细胞宿主蛋白含量双抗体夹心ELISA检测方法的建立

目的建立检测犬肾细胞(madin-darby canine kidney, MDCK)宿主细胞蛋白(host cell protein, HCP)含量的双抗体夹心ELISA。方法从MDCK细胞中提取细胞总蛋白,免疫新西兰兔制备兔抗MDCK细胞蛋白多克隆抗体,抗体经辛酸-硫酸铵沉淀和Protein A层析纯化后,采用SDS-PAGE分析抗体纯度,Western blot检测抗体特异性。用纯化的多克隆抗体作为包被抗体,并采用改良过碘酸钠标记法制备酶标抗体,建立ELISA并确定包被抗体浓度和辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记抗体稀释度等最适条件。确定该方法较佳的线性范围及检测限,并对该法特异性、准确度、精密性和重复性进行验证。最后,用该方法分别对接种流感病毒的MDCK细胞上清收获液和纯化样品进行MDCK细胞蛋白含量检测,初步验证其在纯化工艺开发中的适用性。结果通过免疫新西兰兔制备了高滴度的兔抗MDCK细胞蛋白多克隆抗体血清,滴度可达1∶8 000。纯化后的兔抗MDCK细胞蛋白多克隆抗体纯度>90%,并可与MDCK细胞蛋白特异性结合。建立的双抗体夹心ELISA的理想包被抗体质量浓度为10μg/mL,酶标抗体的工作浓度为1∶500稀释。该方法的线性范围为50~2 500 ng/mL,检测限为50 ng/mL;该方法对Vero细胞、293T细胞和Mrc-5细胞等其他细胞HCP无交叉反应,特异性良好;不同浓度的MDCK细胞HCP回收率在98.5%~111.9%之间,变异系数均<10%。接种流感病毒的MDCK细胞培养上清经多步纯化后MDCK细胞蛋白质量浓度逐渐降低至<900 ng/mL,纯化工艺可有效去除MDCK细胞蛋白残留。结论建立双抗体夹心ELISA检测MDCK细胞残余HCP含量的方法,可用于基于MDCK细胞培养的流感疫苗下游工艺开发中宿主细胞残留HCP含量监测。     

云南古蚖属六新种(原尾纲:古蚖目)

描述了采自云南的 6个古新种 :高黎贡古Eosentomongaoligongense、怒江古E nujiangense、紫溪古E zixiensis、禄劝古E luquanense、盈江古E yingjiangense和瑞丽古E ruiliense。     

中国小首螨属一新种记述──（蚂螨亚纲：小首螨科）

中国小首螨属一新种记述（蚂螨亚纲：小首螨科）高建荣,邹萍上海农学院园林环境科学系,上海市２０１１０１上海市农业科学院食用菌研究所,上海市２０１１０６关键词蝉螨亚纲,小首螨科,小首螨属,新种小首螨属（Ａ。ｒＯＰｈｅｎａｘＮｅｗｓｔ。ｄａｎｄＤｕｖａｌｌ...     

Proteomic analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia

Summary.  We applied proteomics technologies to analyze the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia. Such an analysis can result in the identification of proteins, which may play a role in the disease progress and thus lead to the discovery of clues of the etiology of schizophrenia. Cerebrospinal fluid from patients and controls was analyzed by two-dimensional gels and the proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MS) in the MS and MS/MS mode. 54 different gene products were identified, which were mainly plasma proteins. The level of apolipoprotein A-IV was significantly decreased in the schizophrenic patients compared to that in the controls. Little is known about the function of this apolipoprotein in the central nervous system. The levels of certain other proteins, like haptoglobin, fibrinogen, complement component 3, and Gc-globulin, were altered in the disease group as well, however, the changes did not reach a statistical significance. Received December 1, 2002 Accepted January 5, 2003 Published online March 17, 2003 Acknowledgements We thank J.-F. Juranville and D. Avila for technical assistance. The sample collection were supported by grants from the national 973 and 863 Projects, the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Shanghai Municipal Commission for Science and Technology. The research fund was from F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Authors' address: Michael Fountoulakis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Center for Medical Genomics, Building 93-444, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland, or Lin He, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Bio-X Life Science Research Center, Hao Ran Building, PO Box 501, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China, Fax: 86-21-62822491, E-mail: helin@sjtu.edu.cn     

中国巴矮螨属一新种记述（蜱螨亚纲：矮螨科）

本文记述我国巴矮螨属一新种,陕菇巴矮螨Ｂｒａｓｉｌｏｐｓｉｓｓｈａａｎｌｅｎｔｉｎｉｓｐ．ｎｏｖ标本采自陕西（凤县）栽培香菇椴木架下的表土。模式标本保存于上海农学院园林环境科学系。     

中国草种蝇属二新种记述(双翅目,花蝇科)(英文)

记述中国草种蝇属(双翅目,花蝇科)2新种P.subcurvifolia sp.nov.和P.sinosingularis sp.nov.,并附上尾器绘图,编制了中国本属29种雄成虫检索表。模式标本保存于中科院上海昆虫博物馆。     

Suppression of sustained and transient ON signals of amacrine cells by GABA is mediated by different receptor subtypes

Intracellular recordings were made from amacrine cells in the isolated, superfused carp retina, and the effects of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on sustained and transient ON signals of these cells were studied. Exogenous GABA application partially suppressed the sustained response of ON amacrine cells, which could be completely reversed by picrotoxin (PTX), a chloride channel blocker, and by bicuculline (BCC), a specific GABA_A receptor antagonist. On the other hand, suppression by GABA of the ON response which was predominantly driven by rod signals in a certain portion of transient ON-OFF amacrine cells was completely blocked by PTX, but not by BCC, indicating that GABA_C receptors may be involved in the effect. These results suggest that GABA_A and GABA_C receptors may be respectively involved in mediating the transmission of sustained and transient signals in the carp inner retina.     

A Proposed Approach to Informed Consent for Biobanks in China

Biobanks are potential goldmines for genomics research. They have become increasingly common as a means to determine the relationship between lifestyle, environmental exposures and predisposition to genetic disease. More and more countries are developing massive national scale biobanks, including Iceland, the UK and Estonia. Now several large‐scale regional and national biobanks are planned in China, such as Shanghai Biobank, which is defined as a key‐element in Shanghai's twelfth five‐year Development Plan of Science and Technology. It is imperative that the authors who are in charge of the ethical aspect of Shanghai Biobank discuss the ethical aspects of these biobanks up front. Currently there is a great deal of heterogeneity in the approaches to informed consent taken by different countries. In the article, after briefly introducing the biobanks in China, we focus on the three most common approaches: classical informed consent, tiered consent, and one‐time general (or blanket) consent, and propose a version of the latter for China, based on compelling arguments.     

The response of electron transport mediated by active NADPH dehydrogenase complexes to heat stress in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803

The electron-transport machinery in photosynthetic membranes is known to be very sensitive to heat. In this study, the rate of electron transport (ETR) driven by photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) during heat stress in the wild-type Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 (WT) and its ndh gene inactiva-tion mutants ΔndhB (M55) and ΔndhD1/ndhD2 (D1/D2) was simultaneously assessed by using the novel Dual-PAM-100 measuring system. The rate of electron transport driven by the photosystems (ETR_PSs) in the WT, M55, and D1/D2 cells incubated at 30℃ and at 55℃ for 10 min was compared. Incubation at 55℃ for 10 min significantly inhibited PSII-driven ETR (ETR^_PSII) in the WT, M55 and D1/D2 cells, and the ex-tent of inhibition in both the M55 and D1/D2 cells was greater than that in the WT cells. Further, PSI-driven ETR (ETR_PSI) was stimulated in both the WT and D1/D2 cells, and this rate was increased to a greater extent in the D1/D2 than in the WT cells. However, ETR_PSI was considerably inhibited in the M55 cells. Analysis of the effect of heat stress on ETR_PSs with regard to the alterations in the 2 active NDH-1 complexes in the WT, M55, and D1/D2 cells indicated that the active NDH-1 supercomplex and medi-umcomplex are essential for alleviating the heat-induced inhibition of ETRPSII and for accelerating the heat-induced stimulation of ETR_PSI, respectively. Further, it is believed that these effects are most likely brought about by the electron transport mediated by each of these 2 active NDH-1 complexes.     

表观遗传调控健康衰老

衰老是自然界普遍存在的现象。衰老伴随着组织和器官功能的逐渐衰退,最终导致生物体死亡。衰老也是人们罹患老年性疾病如心血管疾病、神经退行性疾病、癌症、糖尿病等的主要风险因素。因此,延缓衰老对于预防和治疗衰老相关的疾病意义重大。衰老与遗传和表观遗传改变密切相关。最近,Nature杂志发表了中国科学院脑科学与智能技术卓越创新中心蔡时青研究组与中国科学院上海巴斯德研究所江陆斌研究组的合作成果。该研究发现了两个新的保守的表观调控因子妨碍健康衰老。