生物防治

9214D7苏云金芽抱杆菌紫外线抗性突变株〔英〕/Jones,D .R,…了J.Appl.Baeteriol一1091,70(6)一460~463〔译自DBA,1991,10(15),91-10476〕 用连续几轮紫外线(UV)照射分离到8种UV抗性提高的苏云金芽抱杆菌(Bt)。其中3种(R3、NS和N6)衍生于噬菌体相关菌株HD 137,5种(Ri、RZ、R14、NZ和NiZ)衍生于无噬菌体菌株12、13。这些菌株于低UV剂量(20J/平方米)下的存活率是野生型HD137的10倍以上;高剂量(iooJ/平方米)下为20~50倍。Ri菌株的紫外线抗性最高,lo0)/平方米UV照射后的抱子存活率为39.0%。所有12、13菌株衍生的抗性株毒性相对…     

苏云金芽孢杆菌两株溶原性噬菌体的生物学特性

研究苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)的溶原性及其噬菌体的生物学特性,从生产菌株MZ1中分离了两株溶原性噬菌体。MZ1经诱导后产生直径约为3mm和1mm的噬斑,分离获得属长尾噬菌体科的噬菌体MZTP01和MZTP02两株;分别对6株和7株不同亚种的Bt菌株具有侵染力;免疫血清与相应噬菌体的中和反应K值分别为45和326,且两者无相关抗原性。MZTP01抵抗酸、碱、紫外线和热的能力比MZTP02强,但抵抗有机溶剂的程度比MZTP02弱。MZTP01的潜伏期为80min,裂解量为55;MZTP02的潜伏期为40min,裂解量为175。核酸结构分析均表明为线性dsDNA分子。两基因组DNA的凝胶电泳表明分子量均在9.4~23kb之间,并被HindⅢ酶切分别产生8条和9条清晰条带。该菌株被证明为二元溶原菌,可能是造成生产损失的主要原因;为防治溶原性噬菌体提供了生物学信息。     

利用淀粉的碱性蛋白酶工程菌的培养条件

自70年代开始,国内曾筛选出短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus) 289、209两株产碱性蛋白酶的菌株。由于这两个菌株以葡萄糖为速效碳源,菌株产碱性蛋白酶的能力受培养基中总糖的制约,且两株菌易受短小芽孢杆菌烈性噬菌体PP_1—PP_10。的感染,因而不利于作为碱性蛋白酶制剂生产用菌。作者已从制革厂毛泥池中分离得到一株碱性蛋白酶产生菌——短小芽孢杆菌cl72,该菌株对PP_1—pp_10。噬菌体不敏感,对地衣芽孢杆菌pL_1噬菌体亦无交叉感染,是野生型的噬菌体抗性菌株。C172菌无淀粉酶基因,仍     

昆虫病原菌苏云金芽孢杆菌群(Bacillus thuringiensis Group)的分类

采用形态、生化、血清学的方法对国外引种的15株巳知菌和本国51株未知菌进行了变种的分型研究。结果表明：苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)作为有益的细菌资源在藏国分布较广。51株菌中属于血清型H1苏云金芽孢杆菌苏云金变种(Baeillus thuringiensisvar. Thuringiensis)有11株,血清型H50-5b苏云金芽孢杆菌蜡螟变种(B．Thur．Var．Galleriae)31株,血清型H4-4b苏云金芽孢杆菌松蜩变种(B.thur. Var. dengrolimut)3株,血清型H4-4a。苏云金芽孢杆菌肯尼亚变种(B. thur. Var kenyae) 5株,同时发现血清型H．苏云金芽孢杆菌玉米螟变种(B. thur var. ostrinia,)一株。玉米螟变种不同于该菌群的巳知菌株,认为是一个新变种。实践证明,利用血清学抗原抗体具有高度特异{生的凝集反应来鉴别苏云垒芽孢杆菌变种,简便,快速,准确。而该群噬菌体却不能作为区分变种的标准。     

紫外线诱变苏云金芽孢杆菌最佳条件探索

为寻找高毒性的苏云金芽孢杆菌(BT菌)菌株,我们用紫外线对苏云金芽孢杆菌的库尔斯塔克亚种进行诱变,再对得到的突变菌株进行筛选,得到高毒性的菌株。本文设计实验,先对苏云金芽孢杆菌进行生长曲线的测定和表征,再通过控制变量法对苏云金芽孢杆菌进行外线诱变,最后总结出最佳的诱变条件。     

一株苏云金杆菌噬菌体的形态结构及其蛋白质性质

从武汉微生物药厂苏云金杆菌发酵裂解液中分离到1株具有独特形态结构的苏云金杆菌噬菌体GP-1。电镜观察发现,这株噬菌体的头部呈长六棱柱状,具一短直尾和一“衣领”状结构,并首次发现了“衣领”状结构是由8～10个颗粒亚单位组成。该株噬菌体所具有的这8～10个颗粒亚单位对于噬菌体牢固地吸附于宿主表面应具有很强的促进作用,对于进一步研究噬菌体与宿主之间的关系提供一个结构上的证据。该株噬菌体的蛋白经SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法测定,呈现一条主带,分子量为58892 D,一条次主带和七条次带,表明该株噬菌体的蛋白是由9种蛋白质构成。     

生物防治因子

鉴定了8个球形芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sphaericus)的菌株和2个苏云金芽孢杆菌以色列变种(B.thuringiensis Var.israelensis)的菌株对各种抗生素和抗生素化合物的抗性。所有的球形芽孢杆菌都抗四环素     

黑龙江省苏云金杆菌的分离及对夜蛾科昆虫高毒力菌株的筛选

【目的】为了发掘新的苏云金杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)的资源,在黑龙江省不同地区采集不同类型的土壤样品分离出对夜蛾科具有高毒力的菌株。【方法】采用醋酸钠选择性筛选法筛选Bt菌株,利用10对通用引物对分离株进行基因型分析,SDS-PAGE进行杀虫晶体蛋白分析,同时测定苏云金杆菌分离株对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)、甘蓝夜蛾Mamestra brassicae(Linnaeus)、斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura(Fabricius)的杀虫活性。【结果】从黑龙江省不同地区采集的352份不同类型的土壤样品中,共分离出46株苏云金芽孢杆菌野生菌株,出菌率为13.06%。油镜下可观察到伴孢晶体的形态有菱形、球形、镶嵌形及不规则形。结果表明产菱形晶体的菌株多含有cry1类基因,而同时产生菱形、球形及不规则形晶体的菌株则含有多种基因型。SDS-PAGE蛋白分析发现这些菌株主要表达130、90、60 ku蛋白。对其中的部分菌株进行毒力测定,结果表明有4株菌株对3种夜蛾科昆虫具有高毒力。【结论】黑龙江省苏云金芽孢杆菌分布广泛,类型多样,已获得对夜蛾科昆虫有高毒力的菌株,这对夜蛾科害虫的绿色防控及延缓其抗性具有重要意义。     

用凝胶电泳方法鉴定苏云金芽孢杆菌溶源性菌株

根据原噬菌体的可诱导性,将苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,简称B t)培养液用丝裂霉素C(MMC)诱导,诱导液经高速离心除菌和2.5×SDS-EDTA染料混合液处理后,琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测有无DNA带,以确定菌株的溶源性。实验证明,该DNA为溶源菌诱导出的噬菌体DNA,而非溶源菌以同样方法不能获得DNA。用此方法,可作为鉴定B t溶源性菌株的一个手段,有助于B t工业发酵中噬菌体污染的预防。     

溶原性

大多数噬菌体是烈性的(如T4、T7、φ×174等),即它们在生长循环结束时杀死细胞。不过有许多噬菌体,能以另一种方式和寄主相互作用:噬菌体和寄主一起增殖,这样的关系就叫做溶原性。在溶原性细胞中的噬菌体叫做前噬菌体。一、溶原性菌株的性质温和噬菌体感染一个敏感细菌菌株时,可根据各     

Biochemical and immunological characterization of the cloned crystal toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis

The protein components of the cloned crystal toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. Using an antiserum to the solubilized B. thuringiensis var. israelensis crystal protein as a probe, immunological homology between the crystal protein components of B. thuringiensis var. israelensis and those of the recombinant B. megaterium strain VB131 was tested. The results from this study indicate that the crystal inclusion of the recombinant strain contains only the 130 kilodalton protein and not the 68 or the 28 kilodalton proteins of the crystal toxin of B. thuringiensis var. israelensis and that the 130 kilodalton protein is primarily responsible for the mosquitocidal activity of this organism.     

Digestion of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis spores by larvae of Aedes aegypti.

The larvicidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis against mosquitoes and the blackfly is included in parasporal crystalline bodies which are produced during sporulation. Following ingestion, the crystals are solubilized in the larval midgut and induce death within a short time; the spores germinate in the dead larvae and complete a growth cycle. The fate of the spores in surviving live larvae was elucidated by using a nonlarvicidal B. thuringiensis var. israelensis mutant. When introduced as the only food source, spores of this mutant support development to the adult stage of newly hatched Aedes aegypti larvae at a rate directly related to spore concentration. The conclusion that spores of B. thuringiensis var. israelensis are digested in the larval gut was substantiated by following the incorporation of [35S]methionine-labeled spores into larval tissues.     

Effect of corn-steep liquor on growth and mosquito larvicidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis de Barjac 1978 and B. sphaericus Neide 1904.

Influence of corn steep liquor on the cell yield and toxicity of three strains of B. thuringiensis var israelensis and two strains of B. sphaericus was studied and compared with peptone-yeast extract using a laboratory fermentor. Large increase in the cell yield of all the three strains of B. thuringiensis var israelensis was observed when cornsteep liquor was used as the sole nitrogen source. Significant increase in toxicity was also observed in B. thuringiensis var israelensis strains B17 and B113. Among the two B. sphaericus strains tested, the strain 1593 showed no significant change in cell yield and toxicity, whereas the strain VCRC B42 showed increased cell yield and toxicity in this medium. The results indicate that cornsteep liquor can effectively replace both peptone and yeast extract in the media presently used for large scale multiplication of the two larvicidal bacilli.     

The fate of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis in B. thuringiensis var. israelensis-killed pupae of Aedes aegypti

Carcasses of mosquito larvae killed by Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis allow its complete growth cycle (germination, vegetative growth, and sporulation), thus becoming toxic themselves to scavenging larvae. In this study, we demonstrate that the bacterium is capable of inducing death of Aedes aegypti pupae and of recycling in the resulting carcasses. B. thuringiensis var. israelensis-killed pupae were obtained by treating 40-hr-old synchronized fourth instar larvae with a low dose of spores (8000/ml). The fraction of dead pupae was reduced by higher or lower spore concentrations as well as by treating younger or older larval populations (both fourth instar): Increased proportions of dead larvae were obtained at higher concentration or by earlier treatment, whereas lower concentrations or later treatment resulted in more living pupae. Multiplication of B. thuringiensis var. israelensis is shown to occur in the carcasses of dead pupae. The number of spores in each pupal carcass followed a similar kinetic as in larval carcasses, but the final yield was about 10-fold higher, apparently reflecting the difference in dry weight between the two mosquito developmental stages (426 micrograms vs 83 micrograms, respectively). The specific larvicidal activity in a homogenized dead pupa was similar to that of B. thuringiensis var. israelensis powder, LC50 of about 600 spores/ml.     

Assessment of the toxicity of the cloned 27 kDa toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis var. morrisoni strain PG14

Abstract Expression of the cloned 27 kDa toxin gene from Bacillus thuringiensis strain PG14 in Bacillus subtilis facilitated the evaluation of the in vivo and in vitro toxicities of the pure toxin. This toxin is known to differ from the 27 kDa δ-endotoxin of var. israelensis by a single amino acid. Comparison of toxicity values with data obtained from similarly produced 27 kDa toxin from var. israelensis suggested that the amino acid difference has no detectable effect on the potency of the toxin under the assay conditions employed.     

Restriction endonuclease mapping of three plasmids from Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis

Restriction endonuclease cleavage site maps have been constructed of plasmids pTX14-1, pTX14-2, and pTX14-3 from Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti).     

Alkaline extraction of toxin from spores of the mosquito pathogen, Bacillus sphaericus strain 1593

Toxin was extracted from spores of the mosquito pathogen Bacillus sphaericus strain 1593 using 0.05 M NaOH. The molecular weight of this toxin was 35000-54000. Toxic activity of this extract was resistant to a variety of enzymes including subtilisin, but was degraded by pronase. Antiserum produced to 1593 spore toxin neutralized spore toxin and cytoplasmic toxin activity, but did not react with Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis crystal toxin, nor did var. israelensis toxin antiserum react with B. sphaericus toxin. Crystal like parasporal inclusions accompanying the B. sphaericus 1593 spores were removed by NaOH extraction.     

Molecular characterization of a gene encoding a 72-kilodalton mosquito-toxic crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.

A gene encoding a 72,357-dalton (Da) crystal protein of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis was isolated from a native 75-MDa plasmid by the use of a gene-specific oligonucleotide probe. Bacillus megaterium cells harboring the cloned gene (cryD) produced significant amounts of the 72-kDa protein (CryD), and the cells were highly toxic to mosquito larvae. In contrast, cryD-containing Escherichia coli cells did not produce detectable levels of the 72-kDa CryD protein. The sequence of the CryD protein, as deduced from the sequence of the cryD gene, was found to contain regions of homology with two previously described B. thuringiensis crystal proteins: a 73-kDa coleopteran-toxic protein and a 66-kDa lepidopteran- and dipteran-toxic protein of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. A second gene encoding the B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis 28-kDa crystal protein was located approximately 1.5 kilobases upstream from and in the opposite orientation to the cryD gene.     

Bacillus spp. toxicity against Haemonchus contortus larvae in sheep fecal cultures

The gastrointestinal nematode Haemonchus contortus is a major productivity constraint in sheep. In this study, the nematicidal effects of Bacillus circulans, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, Bt. var. osvaldocruzi, Bt. var. morrisoni, and Bt. var. kurstaki were assessed in free-living larval stages of H. contortus. A spore-crystal suspension containing approximately 2×10(8)UFC/mL of each strain was added to sheep feces that were naturally infected with H. contortus eggs, and the presence of larvae was then evaluated. We observed a significant (p>0.05) reduction in larval development when using B. circulans, B. thuringiensis var. israelensis, Bt. var. osvaldocruzi and Bt. var. kurstaki, and these effects were proportional with the amount of bacteria added to the feces. However, no effect was observed when Bt. var. morrisoni or B. cereus was added. These observations suggest that these bacteria might be effective as nematicides and may allow for the development of integrated biological control of zooparasitic nematodes.