血管内皮生长因子-C与肿瘤细胞转移

血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)C通过与其受体VEGFR2／VEGFR3结合,影响到肿瘤生长、肿瘤外周血管生成、淋巴血管形成、肿瘤表面积,促进肿瘤细胞从原发部位通过血液以及淋巴系统转移到其他器官,是引起肿瘤治疗失败的主要原因之一。阻碍VEGF-C与受体的结合可以降低肿瘤细胞的转移性,为肿瘤治疗提供了一个新的靶点。     

Lysophosphatidic Acid Enhances Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C Expression in Human Prostate Cancer PC-3 Cells

Clinical evidence suggests that lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis are important processes during the progression of prostate cancer. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C was shown to be a key regulator in these processes. Our previous studies demonstrated that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a low-molecular-weight lipid growth factor, enhances VEGF-C expression in human endothelial cells. We previously demonstrated that the LPA receptor plays an important role in lymphatic development in zebrafish embryos. However, the effects of LPA on VEGF-C expression in prostate cancer are not known. Herein, we demonstrate that LPA up-regulated VEGF-C expression in three different human prostate cancer cell lines. In PC-3 human prostate cancer cells, the enhancing effects of LPA were mediated through both LPA1 and LPA3. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF) expression were involved in LPA(1/3)-dependent VEGF-C expression. Furthermore, autotaxin (ATX), an enzyme responsible for LPA synthesis, also participates in regulating VEGF-C expression. By interrupting LPA(1/3) of PC-3, conditioned medium (CM) -induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) lymphatic markers expression was also blocked. In summary, we found that LPA enhances VEGF-C expression through activating LPA(1/3)-, ROS-, and LEDGF-dependent pathways. These novel findings could potentially shed light on developing new strategies for preventing lymphatic metastasis of prostate cancer.     

人喉癌组织中抑癌基因LKB1和血管内皮生长因子C的表达及意义

目的:研究人喉癌组织中抑癌基因LKB1与血管内皮生长因子C(Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C,VEGF-C)的表达并探讨其意义.方法:选取50例喉鳞状细胞癌患者喉癌组织及50例喉良性疾病喉组织,采取逆转录聚合酶链反应检测组织标本中LKBl mRNA与VEGF-C mRNA的表达情况,并比较不同Broder分级及临床分期等的表达差异.结果:喉癌组织中的LKB1mRNA阳性表达明显低于良性疾病喉组织,VEGF-C mRNA阳性表达明显高于良性疾病喉组织,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);Broder分级LKBl mRNA在Ⅰ级中阳性表达率最高,Ⅲ级-Ⅳ级中阳性表达最低,VEGF-C mRNA阳性表达在Ⅰ级中最低,Ⅱ级-Ⅳ级中最高,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);LKB1 mRNA在T1中阳性表达率最高,T3-T4中阳性最低,VEGF-C mRNA阳性表达在Tl中最低,T3-T4中最高,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);LKBl mRNA、VEGF-C mRNA阳性表达与年龄无关(P＞0.05);喉癌组织中的LKBl mRNA、VEGF-C mRNA阳性表达Spearman相关性分析呈现直线负相关(r=0.648,P＜0.05).结论:喉鳞状细胞癌组织中抑癌基因LKB1、血管内皮生长因子VEGF-C的表达存在异常,并且与肿瘤的Broder分级、分期等病理情况有关,提示LKB1、VEGF-C可能在喉癌发生及发展中起到重要作用.     

上皮性卵巢癌中Maspin蛋白与血管内皮生长因子-C的表达及其相关性

目的:探讨上皮性卵巢癌组织中maspin蛋白与血管内皮生长因子-C(VEGF-C)表达的临床意义及其相关性。方法:采用免疫组化技术检测75例上皮性卵巢癌中maspin蛋白与VEGF-C的表达情况,以卵巢良性肿瘤及正常卵巢作为对照。结果:maspin和VEGF-C在上皮性卵巢癌中的阳性表达率分别为61.3%、82.7%,均明显高于卵巢良性肿瘤(13.3%、20%)和正常卵巢组织(0%、0%),maspin蛋白在上皮性卵巢癌中的表达与FIGO分期高、组织学分级高、腹水形成和淋巴结转移有关;VEGF-C与FIGO分期高、淋巴结转移和腹水形成有关;上皮性卵巢癌中maspin蛋白与VEGF-C的表达成正相关。结论:maspin和VEGF-C在上皮性卵巢癌中表达上调,在卵巢上皮性癌的浸润、转移中起重要作用。     

上皮性卵巢癌中Maspin蛋白与血管内皮生长因子-C的表达及其相关性

目的：探讨上皮性卵巢癌组织中maspin蛋白与血管内皮生长因子-C（VEGF-C）表达的临床意义及其相关性。方法：采用免疫组化技术检测75例上皮性卵巢癌中maspin蛋白与VEGF-C的表达情况,以卵巢良性肿瘤及正常卵巢作为对照。结果：maspin和VEGF-C在上皮性卵巢癌中的阳性表达率分别为61.3%、82.7%,均明显高于卵巢良性肿瘤（13.3%、20%）和正常卵巢组织（0%、0%）,maspin蛋白在上皮性卵巢癌中的表达与FIGO分期高、组织学分级高、腹水形成和淋巴结转移有关;VEGF-C与FIGO分期高、淋巴结转移和腹水形成有关;上皮性卵巢癌中maspin蛋白与VEGF-C的表达成正相关。结论：maspin和VEGF-C在上皮性卵巢癌中表达上调,在卵巢上皮性癌的浸润、转移中起重要作用。     

Rac Regulates Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Stimulated Motility

During angiogenesis endothelial cells migrate towards a chemotactic stimulus. Understanding the mechanism of endothelial cell migration is critical to the therapeutic manipulation of angiogenesis and ultimately cancer prevention. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent chemotactic stimulus of endothelial cells during angiogenesis. The endothelial cell signal transduction pathway of VEGF represents a potential target for cancer therapy, but the mechanisms of post-receptor signal transduction including the roles of rho family GTPases in regulating the cytoskeletal effects of VEGF in endothelial cells are not understood.

Here we analyze the mechanisms of cell migration in the mouse brain endothelial cell line (bEND3). Stable transfectants containing a tetracycline repressible expression vector were used to induce expression of Rac mutants. Endothelial cell haptotaxis was stimulated by constitutively active V12Rac on collagen and vitronectin coated supports, and chemotaxis was further stimulated by VEGF. Osteopontin coated supports were the most stimulatory to bEND3 haptotaxis, but VEGF was not effective in further increasing migration on osteopontin coated supports. Haptotaxis on support coated with collagen, vitronectin, and to a lesser degree osteopontin was inhibited by N17 Rac. N17 Rac expression blocked stimulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis by VEGF. As part of the chemotactic stimulation, VEGF caused a loss of actin organization at areas of cell-cell contact and increased stress fiber expression in endothelial cells which were directed towards pores in the transwell membrane. N17 Rac prevented the stimulation of cell-cell contact disruption and the stress fiber stimulation by VEGF.

These data demonstrate two pathways of regulating endothelial cell motility, one in which Rac is activated by matrix/integrin stimulation and is a crucial modulator of endothelial cell haptotaxis. The other pathway, in the presence of osteopontin, is Rac independent. VEGF stimulated chemotaxis, is critically dependent on Rac activation. Osteopontin was a potent matrix activator of motility, and perhaps one explanation for the absence of a VEGF plus osteopontin effect is that osteopontin stimulated motility was inhibitory to the Rac pathway.     

Rac Regulates Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Stimulated Motility

During angiogenesis endothelial cells migrate towards a chemotactic stimulus. Understanding the mechanism of endothelial cell migration is critical to the therapeutic manipulation of angiogenesis and ultimately cancer prevention. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent chemotactic stimulus of endothelial cells during angiogenesis. The endothelial cell signal transduction pathway of VEGF represents a potential target for cancer therapy, but the mechanisms of post-receptor signal transduction including the roles of rho family GTPases in regulating the cytoskeletal effects of VEGF in endothelial cells are not understood.

Here we analyze the mechanisms of cell migration in the mouse brain endothelial cell line (bEND3). Stable transfectants containing a tetracycline repressible expression vector were used to induce expression of Rac mutants. Endothelial cell haptotaxis was stimulated by constitutively active V12Rac on collagen and vitronectin coated supports, and chemotaxis was further stimulated by VEGF. Osteopontin coated supports were the most stimulatory to bEND3 haptotaxis, but VEGF was not effective in further increasing migration on osteopontin coated supports. Haptotaxis on support coated with collagen, vitronectin, and to a lesser degree osteopontin was inhibited by N17 Rac. N17 Rac expression blocked stimulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis by VEGF. As part of the chemotactic stimulation, VEGF caused a loss of actin organization at areas of cell-cell contact and increased stress fiber expression in endothelial cells which were directed towards pores in the transwell membrane. N17 Rac prevented the stimulation of cell-cell contact disruption and the stress fiber stimulation by VEGF.

These data demonstrate two pathways of regulating endothelial cell motility, one in which Rac is activated by matrix/integrin stimulation and is a crucial modulator of endothelial cell haptotaxis. The other pathway, in the presence of osteopontin, is Rac independent. VEGF stimulated chemotaxis, is critically dependent on Rac activation. Osteopontin was a potent matrix activator of motility, and perhaps one explanation for the absence of a VEGF plus osteopontin effect is that osteopontin stimulated motility was inhibitory to the Rac pathway.     

Acetylbritannilactone Modulates Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Signaling and Regulates Angiogenesis in Endothelial Cells

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of 1-O-acetylbritannilactone (ABL), a compound extracted from Inula britannica L., on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling and angiogenesis in endothelial cells (ECs). We showed that ABL promotes VEGF-induced cell proliferation, growth, migration, and tube formation in cultured human ECs. Furthermore, the modulatory effect of ABL on VEGF-induced Akt, MAPK p42/44, and p38 phosphorylation, as well as on upstream VEGFR-2 phosphorylation, were associated with VEGF-dependent Matrigel angiogenesis in vivo. In addition, animals treated with ABL (26 mg/kg/day) recovered blood flow significantly earlier than control animals, suggesting that ABL affects ischemia-mediated angiogenesis and arteriogenesis in vivo. Finally, we demonstrated that ABL strongly reduced the levels of VEGFR-2 on the cell surface, enhanced VEGFR-2 endocytosis, which consistent with inhibited VE-cadherin, a negative regulator of VEGF signaling associated with VEGFR-2 complex formation, but did not alter VE-cadherin or VEGFR-2 expression in ECs. Our results suggest that ABL may serve as a novel therapeutic intervention for various cardiovascular diseases, including chronic ischemia, by regulating VEGF signaling and modulating angiogenesis.     

脂联素在高糖孵育血管内皮细胞中的表达调节

目的:探讨脂联素(APN)在高糖孵育血管内皮细胞中的表达调节及意义.方法:用不同浓度葡萄糖(5.5、11、22及33mM)孵育人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs),2天后收集细胞和上清液.用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测细胞中APN、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)和过氧化物酶体增生物激活受体γ(PPARγ)的mRNA表达,用ELISA方法检测细胞上清液中APN和TNFα分泌情况.结果:随培养液中葡萄糖浓度的升高,HUVECs中APN的mRNA表达及上清中APN蛋白含量降低(p<0.05),TNFα的mRNA表达及上清中TNFα蛋白含量增加(p<0.05),HUVECs中PPARγ的mRNA表达降低(p<0.05),且组间比较差异均有统计学意义(p<0.05).结论:高糖诱导血管内皮细胞保护性细胞因子APN表达分泌下降,可能是高糖诱导的血管内皮细胞功能损害的重要机制之一.     

Adipose Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Regulates Metabolic Homeostasis through Angiogenesis

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Highlights? Two-way modulations of adipose VEGF were generated with aP2-Cre transgene ? Adipose VEGF KO reduces vasculature, increases hypoxia and inflammation in fat ? Adipose VEGF KO accelerates the development of metabolic disease in high-fat diet ? Induced adipose VEGF has opposite effect on fat and restores metabolic homeostasis     

某些肿瘤组织中血管内皮生长因子基因的表达

血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factors,VEGF)是新发现的生长因子,特异作用于血管内皮细胞,促进其增殖及新生血管的生成.已确认,它和实体肿瘤的生长有着十分密切的关系.文章报道,利用力子杂交技术分析了胃癌、肾癌、结肠癌和膀胱癌及其癌旁相应组织中VEGF mRNA的表达,结果发现,癌组织较其癌旁组织中vEGF mRNA的表达增高.SGC-7901细胞加TPA 4h后则明显促进VEGF mRNA的表达.转染含人反义N-ras₁ DNA片段重组质粒的人膀胱癌BIU-87细胞系可抑制VEGFmRNA表达.     

血管内皮标记物及血管内皮生长因子在胸水细胞中的表达和意义

探讨CD31、CD34、CD105及VEGF在胸水中的表达.应用免疫细胞化学染色,免疫荧光染色,Western-blot技术检测200例非小细胞肺癌患者胸水、30例增生胸水和20例炎性胸水中CD31、CD34、CD105及VEGF的表达.CD31、CD34、CD105及VEGF在非小细胞肺癌胸水中的表达量明显高于增生和炎性胸水表达(P＜0.05).非小细胞肺癌胸水患者CD31、CD34、CD105及VEGF高表达,并且在存在着肿瘤细胞血管样管型结构中表达量明显高于未发现肿瘤细胞血管样管型的胸腔积液.检测CD31、CD34、CD105及VEGF在胸腔积液中的表达情况可能对判断患者的预后有一定价值.     

Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 (Flk-1) Expression in Vascular Endothelial Cells

We have previously reported the existence of a synergistic interaction between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the induction of angiogenesisin vitro.Here we demonstrate that bFGF increases VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2/Flk-1) expression: mRNA levels were increased by 4.5- to 8.0-fold and total protein by 2.0- to 3.5-fold, in bovine microvascular endothelial (BME), aortic endothelial (BAE), and transformed fetal aortic (GM7373) endothelial cells. VEGF itself did not affect VEGFR-2 expression, and neither bFGF nor VEGF altered expression of FGF receptor-1. We also show that synergism occurs at the level of proliferation when this is measured in a three-dimensional but not in a conventional two-dimensional assay. Differences in the level of VEGFR-2 expression were also observed when cells were grown on or within collagen gels under different conditions: mRNA levels were lowest under sparse conditions, increased 20- to 26-fold at confluence, and increased even further (57-fold) when cells were cultured in suspension in three-dimensional collagen gels. Finally, a synergistic increase was seen in the level of expression of urokinase and urokinase receptor mRNAs when cells were exposed to bFGF and VEGF for 4 days. These findings demonstrate that the level of VEGFR-2 expression can be modulated by environmental factors including cytokines and the geometry of the culture conditions and provide some insight into the mechanisms of synergism between bFGF and VEGF in the induction of angiogenesisin vitro.     

MicroRNA-147b Regulates Vascular Endothelial Barrier Function by Targeting ADAM15 Expression

A disintegrin and metalloproteinase15 (ADAM15) has been shown to be upregulated and mediate endothelial hyperpermeability during inflammation and sepsis. This molecule contains multiple functional domains with the ability to modulate diverse cellular processes including cell adhesion, extracellular matrix degradation, and ectodomain shedding of transmembrane proteins. These characteristics make ADAM15 an attractive therapeutic target in various diseases. The lack of pharmacological inhibitors specific to ADAM15 prompted our efforts to identify biological or molecular tools to alter its expression for further studying its function and therapeutic implications. The goal of this study was to determine if ADAM15-targeting microRNAs altered ADAM15-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction during septic challenge by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). An in silico analysis followed by luciferase reporter assay in human vascular endothelial cells identified miR-147b with the ability to target the 3′ UTR of ADAM15. Transfection with a miR-147b mimic led to decreased total, as well as cell surface expression of ADAM15 in endothelial cells, while miR-147b antagomir produced an opposite effect. Functionally, LPS-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction, evidenced by a reduction in transendothelial electric resistance and increase in albumin flux across endothelial monolayers, was attenuated in cells treated with miR-147b mimics. In contrast, miR-147b antagomir exerted a permeability-increasing effect in vascular endothelial cells similar to that caused by LPS. Taken together, these data suggest the potential role of miR147b in regulating endothelial barrier function by targeting ADAM15 expression.     

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A Promotes Vaccinia Virus Entry into Host Cells via Activation of the Akt Pathway

Vaccinia virus (VV) is an enveloped DNA virus from the poxvirus family and has played a crucial role in the eradication of smallpox. It continues to be used in immunotherapy for the prevention of infectious diseases and treatment of cancer. However, the mechanisms of poxvirus entry, the host factors that affect viral virulence, and the reasons for its natural tropism for tumor cells are incompletely understood. By studying the effect of hypoxia on VV infection, we found that vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) augments oncolytic VV cytotoxicity. VEGF derived from tumor cells acts to increase VV internalization, resulting in increased replication and cytotoxicity in an AKT-dependent manner in both tumor cells and normal respiratory epithelial cells. Overexpression of VEGF also enhances VV infection within tumor tissue in vivo after systemic delivery. These results highlight the importance of VEGF expression in VV infection and have potential implications for the design of new strategies to prevent poxvirus infection and the development of future generations of oncolytic VV in combination with conventional or biological therapies.     

Adiponectin Regulates Cutaneous Wound Healing by Promoting Keratinocyte Proliferation and Migration via the ERK Signaling Pathway

Diabetic patients are at high risk of developing delayed cutaneous wound healing. Adiponectin plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and is considered to be involved in various pathological conditions associated with diabetes; however, its role in wound repair is unknown. In this study, we elucidated the involvement of adiponectin in cutaneous wound healing in vitro and in vivo. Normal human keratinocytes expressed adiponectin receptors, and adiponectin enhanced proliferation and migration of keratinocytes in vitro. This proliferative and migratory effect of adiponectin was mediated via AdipoR1/AdipoR2 and the ERK signaling pathway. Consistent with in vitro results, wound closure was significantly delayed in adiponectin-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice, and more importantly, keratinocyte proliferation and migration during wound repair were also impaired in adiponectin-deficient mice. Furthermore, both systemic and topical administration of adiponectin ameliorated impaired wound healing in adiponectin-deficient and diabetic db/db mice, respectively. Collectively, these results indicate that adiponectin is a potent mediator in the regulation of cutaneous wound healing. We propose that upregulation of systemic and/or local adiponectin levels is a potential and very promising therapeutic approach for dealing with diabetic wounds.     

人血管内皮细胞生长因子在毕赤酵母中的高效表达

血管内皮细胞生长因子 (Ｖａｓｃｕｌａｒｅｎｄｏｔｈｅｌｉａｌｇｒｏｗｔｈｆａｃ ｔｏｒ,简称ＶＥＧＦ)是一类多功能细胞因子 ,特异地作用于血管内皮受体ＫＤＲ和Ｆｌｔ 1,促进新生血管形成并增加微血管的渗透性[1] 。ＶＥＧＦ在生理和病理 ,如肿瘤血管发生、伤口愈和、类风湿性关节炎、胚胎发育及冠心病等过程中起着非常重要的作用。天然ＶＥＧＦ是由两条糖蛋白链形成的二聚体。目前发现ＶＥＧＦ至少有 5种亚型 ,根据单体残基数不同分别为ＶＥＧＦ12 1,ＶＥＧＦ14 5,ＶＥＧＦ165,ＶＥＧＦ189和ＶＥＧＦ2 0 6,其中ＶＥＧＦ12 1和ＶＥＧ…