槐树试管苗在移栽驯化过程中叶表面结构的扫描电镜观察

用扫描电子显微镜观察了槐树试管试管苗在移栽驯化及大田生长过程中叶表面结构的变化。结果表明：随着移栽驯化及大田生长过程的延长,表皮细胞周缘突起增多,细胞之间相互嵌合,连结紧密;表皮蜡质结晶密度、长度及蜡质厚度逐渐增加,其结晶由“星”状转化为针状及棒状;气孔器密度及气孔开度由大到小,气孔器下陷程度增加。显示出试管苗在移栽驯化及田间生长过程中,叶表面结构对环境的适应性,其主要变化向着防止水分过度散失的方     

铁皮石斛组培苗移栽驯化过程中叶片光合特性、 超微结构及根系活力的变化

研究了铁皮石斛(Dendrobium candicum Wall.ex Lindl.)组培苗在移栽驯化(即试管苗移栽大田)过程中,移栽0、1、2、4d和20d(已移栽成活)时叶片光合特征参数、叶绿素荧光特性及叶绿体超微结构,光合色素含量、可溶性糖含量、根系活力和硝酸还原酶活性等生理特征的变化,以阐明铁皮石斛组培苗在移栽驯化过程中发生的适应性变化。结果表明:铁皮石斛幼苗在移栽驯化过程中叶片表观量子效率、最大净光合速率、羧化速率以及PSⅡ的最大光化学效率和表观光合电子传递速率均在移栽驯化过程中不断升高并于20d时达到最大;而暗呼吸速率和叶绿素b的含量在移栽20d时显著降低。驯化过程中叶片光合机构遭到破坏,但移栽20d时叶绿体内淀粉粒和嗜饿小体体积变大,片层结构清晰、完整且有序。根系活力和硝酸还原酶活性均在移栽20d时显著增大。铁皮石斛组培苗在移栽驯化过程中叶片光合特性、超微结构及根系活力都发生了一定的适应性变化,随着移栽时间的延长,石斛叶片的光合效率明显提高,并有大量的光合产物积累;同时根系吸收水分、养分的能力及抗逆能力都明显增强,到移栽20d时组培苗已完全适应大田环境。     

辣木组培苗移栽驯化

对印度改良辣木Moringa oleifera PKM2组培生根苗的培养时间及炼苗时间、移栽驯化时间、移栽基质等因素进行研究。结果表明,组培苗移栽前生根培养15 d、炼苗4 d成活率最高,达90.67%;移栽驯化最佳时间为10月份;移栽驯化基质以水藓泥炭+珍珠岩(4∶1)最为适宜。     

姜试管苗移栽过程中的蒸腾及光合性能变化

用TPS-1型光合测定仪测定了移栽驯化过程中姜试管苗的光合速率、蒸腾速率等生理指标变化,结果表明：姜试管苗在移栽过程中叶片表观量子产额、羧化效率、净光合速率逐渐增加,而蒸腾速率和气孔导度则呈下降趋势,这有利于试管苗适应外界环境和自养。     

南城淮山脱毒苗移栽驯化期的光合生理

为了解南城淮山脱毒苗移栽驯化期的光合生理,本研究对其移栽驯化期的叶绿素含量以及其光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数进行测定和统计分析。结果表明,南城淮山脱毒苗在移栽驯化初期具有较高的叶绿素含量;随着移栽驯化时间延长,脱毒苗的叶绿素含量也显著提高;当移栽驯化时间达到10 d时,脱毒苗的叶绿素含量达到最高值;但当移栽驯化时间超过10 d时,脱毒苗的叶绿素含量则显著下降。脱毒苗在移栽驯化期间的叶绿素含量显著高于其带毒苗。脱毒苗移栽驯化期内的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔限制值(Ls)、水分利用效率(WUE)、瞬时羧化速率(CUE)、初始荧光(Fo)、暗适应下最大荧光(Fm)、暗适应下PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fo)、光适应下PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)、光适应下PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv'/Fm')、光化学荧光猝灭系数(q P)先增后降;蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)显著下降;胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和非光化学猝灭系数(q N)先降后升。脱毒苗的Pn、Tr、Gs、Ls、WUE、CUE、Fo、Fm、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、ФPSⅡ、Fv'/Fm'、q P均显著高于带毒苗,而其Ci和q N显著低于带毒苗。因此,南城淮山脱毒苗老叶在移栽驯化期第10天具有较强的光合效率,随后其光合效率随着移栽驯化时间的延长而显著下降,并逐渐由新生叶的光合作用所代替。南城淮山脱毒苗的光合效率显著高于带毒苗,有利于积累更多的光合产物,从而实现增产。本实验结果为南城淮山脱毒苗的移栽驯化及其大田种植提供了理论基础。     

高原鼠兔冷驯化和脱冷驯化中的产热变化

本文探讨了冷驯化和脱冷驯化对高原鼠兔代谢产热的影响。在冷驯化中，鼠兔的静止代谢率逐渐增加，血清Ｔ３‘／Ｔ４比率上升，肝线粒体状态３呼吸明显增加，线粒体细胞色素Ｃ氧化酶激活，而肝脏线粒体蛋白含量没有明显变化。     

镉、铜抗性植物细胞株的增长及元素吸收特性

在含Cd、Cu浓度100、200μMol的培养基中进行驯化培育,获5株抗Cd细胞株及3株抗Cu细胞株。驯化株细胞相对增长率显著高于亲株,在Cd、Cu浓度波动较大的条件下,驯化株细胞增长率仍较稳定;驯化株对Cd、Cu的蓄积性因细胞种类不同而异,或具有降低对Cd、Cu的吸收,使抗性增加的机制,或对Cd、Cu有更强的吸收特性,但浓缩系数相对较稳定,从而抵御环境中Cd、Cu的波动,驯化株对营养元素的吸收呈现高于亲株或低于(近于)亲株两种类型,推断具有通过新陈代谢调节的适应机制;终止驯化的回复株一定程度保留了驯化获得性,但有向亲株回复的趋势,推断所获抗性非基因控制类型。     

镉,铜抗性植物细胞株的增长及元素吸收特性

在含Cd、Cu浓度100、200μMol的培养基中进行驯化培育,获5株抗Cd细胞株及3株抗Cu细胞株。驯化株细胞相对增长率显著高于亲株,在Cd、Cu浓度波动较大的条件下,驯化株细胞增长率仍较稳定;驯化株对Cd、Cu的蓄积性因细胞种类不同而异,或具有降低对Cd、Cu的吸收,使抗性增加的机制,或对Cd、Cu有更强的吸收特性,但浓缩系数相对较稳定,从而抵御环境中Cd、Cu的波动,驯化株对营养元素的吸收呈现高于亲株或低于(近于)亲株两种类型,推断具有通过新陈代谢调节的适应机制;终止驯化的回复株一定程度保留了驯化获得性,但有向亲株回复的趋势,推断所获抗性非基因控制类型。     

一品红体细胞胚胎发生与植株再生

一品红不同部位愈伤组织诱导能力存在差异,嫩茎>幼花序>嫩叶。愈伤组织的长势主要受生长素的影响,细胞分裂素对愈伤组织生长有促进作用;但在含6-BA和NAA的培养基中诱导出的愈伤组织,其胚性明显强于单独用NAA诱导出的愈伤组织。液体悬浮培养是一品红体细胞胚胎高频发生的中间步骤。不同浓度BA对一品红体细胞胚的萌发率影响不大,萌发培养基中KNO₃含量加倍可提高萌发率。     

矮生一品红试管快速繁殖技术研究

矮委一品红试管苗增殖的最佳培养基为MS 6-BA0.2mg/L NAA0.05mg/L 0.36%琼脂,每月增殖倍数7.6,最佳生根培养基为1/4MS IBA1.0mg/L 琼脂0.36g/L,每株生根2～3条,试管苗移栽成活率86.5%。     

Effects of Fungal Inocula and Habitat Conditions on Alder and Eucalyptus Leaf Litter Decomposition in Streams of Northern Spain

We investigated how fungal decomposer (aquatic hyphomycetes) communities colonizing alder and eucalyptus leaf litter respond to changes in habitat characteristics (transplantation experiment). We examined the breakdown of leaf materials and the associated fungal communities at two contrasting sites, a headwater stream (H) and a midreach (M). Agroforestry increased from headwater to midreach. One month after the start of experiments at both sites, some leaf samples from the midreach site were transplanted to the headwater site (M–H treatment). Although both sites showed similar dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations, eucalyptus leaves initially incubated at the midreach site (M, M–H) increased their breakdown rate compared to those incubated along the experiment at the headwater site (H). Alder breakdown rate was not enhanced, suggesting that their consumption was not limited by nutrient availability. Sporulation rates clearly differed between leaf types (alder > eucalyptus) and streams (H > M), but no transplantation effect was detected. When comparing conidial assemblages after transplantation, an inoculum effect (persistence of early colonizing species) was clear in both leaf species. Substrate preference and shifts in the relative importance of some fungal species along the process were also observed. Overall, our results support the determining role of the initial conditioning phase on the whole litter breakdown process, highlighting the importance of intrinsic leaf characteristics and those of the incubation habitat.     

The role of the leaves in the regulation of internode elongation in Phaseolus vulgaris

Time-course patterns of leaf and internode elongation were studied in bean plants. Each leaf started its main elongation period when the leaf below reached half of its final length. The onset of leaf unfolding was nearly synchronous with the initiation of the elongation of the subjacent internode. Excision of young leaves increased the rate of stem elongation as a result of an earlier unfolding of the next upper leaves and the concomitant advancement in the elongation of their subjacent internodes. IAA or NAA (1% in lanolin) suppressed the enhancement effects of leaf excision on leaf and internode elongation. The excision of a young leaf increased the final length of internodes located below it, and at the same time decreased the final length of the internodes located above the excised leaf. The reduction was greater the younger the internode. Differences in internode elongation after leaf excision were related to changes during internode ontogenesis in their relative response to the availability of assimilates on the one hand, and on the other hand to hormonal factors transported acropetally from the young leaves to the growing internodes.     

Changes in frequencies of variegated leaves in NMU treated tobacco

Summary Seeds of Nicotiana tabacum were allowed to imbibe water for 1 h and were then treated with 5–20 mM N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) for 1 h. Seedlings were planted out separately and leaves no. 1–6 were scored individually after expansion was complete: frequencies of leaves with mutant sectors and the percentage of leaf area that was mutant were determined for the numbered leaves. Treatment with 5 mM NMU gave few mutant plants but after 10–20 mM NMU 50–98% of plants were mutant. The frequency of mutant leaves increased from leaf no. 1 to leaves no. 3–4; as much as a 5.6-fold increase, from leaf no. 1 to no. 3 was found. There appears to be differential sensitivity to NMU: it is lower in the initial cells for leaf no. 1 than in the initials for leaves no. 3 or 4. Leaves no. 1–4 arise from four different groups of initial cells: mutations appearing in two or more of leaves no. 1–4 must, therefore, arise independently of one another. From mutants found in leaves no. 1–4 it is estimated that the mean number of mutations per seedling was 2.68 after treatment with 20 mM NMU. Mean percentage of leaf surface area occupied by mutant sectors increased from 14% to 29.4% as NMU concentration increased from 10 to 20 mM. It also increased significantly from leaf no. 1 to leaves no. 3–6 after treatment with 15 or 20 mM NMU but not after 10 mM NMU: this suggests that mutagen treatment may affect the formation of mutant homoplasmon cells and their contribution to leaf primordia.     

RESPONSE OF LEAF ANATOMY AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC CAPACITY IN ALOCASIA MACRORRHIZA (ARACEAE) TO A TRANSFER FROM LOW TO HIGH LIGHT

Alocasia macrorrhiza plants were grown in 1% and 20% full sunlight, and their leaf anatomical and physiological parameters were measured. Total leaf thickness was 41% greater and mesophyll thickness was 52% greater in high-light leaves than in low-light leaves. This increase in thickness resulted from both increased cell size and number. Maximum leaf photosynthetic capacity was also 66% greater in high- than in low-light leaves. When low-light plants were transferred to high light, the thickness of mature leaves did not increase but the thickness of the first leaf to expand after the transfer was significantly greater than that of the low-light leaves. Thus, only leaves that were still expanding at the time of transfer developed leaf thickness greater than plants remaining in low light. Fully mature leaves showed no change in photosynthetic capacity in response to transfer. Leaves that had just completed expansion at the time of low- to high-light transfer were able to develop slightly higher maximum photosynthetic capacities than older leaves. However, full photosynthetic acclimation to the new light environment did not occur until the second new leaf expanded after transfer. These results are discussed in relation to the timing and mechanisms of whole plant acclimation to increased light.     

银杏叶片形态研究

通过对银杏不同枝类、不同叶序的叶片形态进行调查,结果表明:银杏不同枝类的叶片形态差异较大,叶宽、叶柄长、叶基角:多年生鳞枝＞一年生鳞枝＞一年生长枝;叶长、叶形指数:一年生长枝＞一年生鳞枝＞多年生鳞枝;叶面积:一年生和多年生鳞枝＞一年生长枝;有缺刻叶比例:一年生长枝＞多年生鳞枝＞一年生鳞枝.一年生长枝叶片的叶宽、叶长、叶面积、叶柄长、叶基角均随叶序的增加逐渐减小,叶形指数和有缺刻叶的比例则增加.一年生和多年生鳞枝1～5叶的叶长、叶宽和叶面积随叶序增加而逐渐增加,第5～6叶达最大,以后随叶序增加而逐渐减小,叶形指数和叶柄长度随叶序增加而增加,叶基角随叶序增加而减小.一年生长枝的第2叶、一年和多年生鳞枝的第4叶可作为品种描述的标准叶.     

14CO2 Assimilation and 14C-photosynthate Translocation in Different Leaves of Sunflower

Chlorophyll and nitrogen contents were highest in leaves of middle position, similarly as photosynthetic efficiency represented by ¹⁴C fixation (maxima in leaf 5 from the top). All the leaves lost ¹⁴C after 2 weeks of ¹⁴CO₂ exposure. However, the reduction in radioactivity was less in young upper leaves than in the mature lower leaves. Leaves exported ¹⁴C-photosynthates to stem both above and below the exposed leaf. Very little radioactivity was recovered from the seeds of plants in which only first or second leaves were exposed to ¹⁴CO₂ implying thereby that the carbon contribution of first two leaves to seed filling was negligible. The contribution of leaves to seed filling increased with the leaf position up to the sixth leaf from the top and after the seventh leaf their contribution to seed filling declined gradually.     

The anatomy of tissue cultured red raspberry prior to and after transfer to soil

The leaf, petiole, stem and root anatomy of an aseptically cultured red raspberry clone (Rubus idaeus L.) was studied before and 5 weeks after transfer to soil under controlled environmental conditions. Tissues persistent from culture showed little or no change with time in soil; they grew minimally and slight secondary wall deposition occurred. New organs formed in successive weeks after transplantation showed a graded increase in potential size and development. Some features, such as collenchyma formation, rapidly returned to control levels; this was seen in new leaves expanding in the first week after transplantation. Other features, such as sclerenchyma formation, did not occur in leaves expanding during the first 2 weeks after transplantation, even when these were a month or more in age. Some sclerenchyma was seen in leaves expanding in the third week after transplantation, increasing in later-formed leaves. Increasing the light intensity of transplant accelerated the return to control-type organ size and appearance. During acclimatization transitional forms of leaves, petioles, stems and roots develop that ranged anatomically from culture-to control-type. This trend is analagous to the normal developmental sequence of organ formation as it affects the potential for development of successily formed organs.     

Effect of Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus Infection on Total DNA and Chloroplast Ribosomal RNA in Wheat Leaves

The amount of chloroplast 23s rRNA relative to either DNA or to cytoplasmic 28s rRNA was reduced in young wheat leaves infected with wheat streak mosaic virus. Chlorophyll was reduced in infected leaves. Fresh weight per leaf and DNA content per leaf were reduced in infected leaves, but DNA per g was increased. Cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA appeared to degrade more slowly during senescence in infected leaves than in uninfected. Virus was undetectable by density gradient centrifugation in systemically infected leaves less than 6 cm long and reached its highest concentration when young leaves reached their maximum size. Mosaic developed in leaves that became infected when 5 cm long or less. Since the entire leaf eventually developed mosaic, the events leading to mosaic occur after cell division, which is limited, to the basal cm of young leaves.     

Factors' governing ingestion by the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris (L.), with special reference to apple leaves

Captive worms fed little on fresh apple leaves, but did so readily after the leaves had been leached in water. This was due to their being soft and easy to fragment and not to loss of unpalatable substances during the leaching process. A simple apparatus to measure leaf texture is described. Worm feeding rates were similar for leaves of similar texture but of different phenolic content. Filter paper was accepted as food. The addition of leaf leachates to filter paper disks increased feeding rates, so did added bacterial cells. The part played by leaf micro-organisms in the nutrition of worms and their effect on leaf texture is discussed. Unsoftened leaf material was readily eaten provided it was small enough to be swallowed whole. Leaves from various aromatic plants were eaten by starved worms, but rejected by well-fed ones. Starved worms given aromatic leaf material together with apple leaf preferred the latter. Various unusual materials were eaten, but polyester foam was accepted only when coated with bacterial cells. Responses to chemical as well as to tactile stimuli seem to be involved.     

Within-leaf differences in nutritive value and defence mechanism in chrysanthemum to the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae)

Some chrysanthemum leaf characteristics were evaluated to determine their importance as nutrition for, and as factors of resistance to,Tetranychus urticae Koch. These characteristics were: leaf age and chemical composition, content of phenolic substances, total nitrogen, and soluble protein.Mite density was lower on young leaves than on mature ones. Young leaves appear to be protected againstT. urticae by a higher concentration of mono-and polyphenols, although they contained higher levels of nutrients than mature ones. After mite infestation, the most valuable young leaves were also the best-protected leaves on their shoots. Content of phenolic compounds increased only in young chrysanthemum leaves after mite feeding.