地形对贺兰山步甲群落物种多样性分布格局的影响

【目的】步甲是主要栖息于地表的种类最丰富的昆虫类群之一,它们对生境的变化更为敏感。分析地形因子对贺兰山步甲昆虫群落物种多样性分布格局的影响,以期揭示步甲昆虫物种多样性分布格局形成和稳定的机制。【方法】2015年7-8月选取贺兰山山地针叶林、山地疏林、山地灌丛、山地草原和浅山荒漠5种生境98个样地,用杯诱法对步甲群落物种组成和多样性进行调查,并采用典范对应分析(CCA)分析物种多样性指数和物种分布与地形因子之间的关系,运用广义可加模型(GAM)拟合不同生境步甲群落多样性指数对海拔梯度的响应曲线,探讨贺兰山步甲群落物种多样性的垂直分布格局。【结果】共采集步甲昆虫21属65种10 989头,其中,直角通缘步甲Pterostichus gebleri和径婪步甲Harpalus salinus为优势种,其个体数量分别占总捕获个体数的44.93%和11.33%。山地疏林生境步甲物种丰富度最高,山地针叶林的步甲Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最高,浅山荒漠的步甲均匀度最高。海拔、坡向、坡度、剖面曲率和地形湿度指数的综合作用对步甲物种多样性分布格局有显著影响。其中,海拔对5种生境的步甲分布影响均显著,且解释力度最高;坡向对山地针叶林和浅山荒漠步甲分布影响显著。步甲总体丰富度和个体数量与海拔呈不对称的单峰曲线关系,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数随海拔呈先递增后保持稳定的变化,均匀度指数与海拔呈"V"型变化趋势。【结论】贺兰山山地步甲物种多样性的分布格局受海拔为主的多种地形因子综合作用的影响。     

安徽鹞落坪国家级自然保护区蝶类的垂直分布及其群落多样性

采用定点法、样线法和随机调查法,2005-2008年间对安徽鹞落坪国家级自然保护区蝶类垂直分布及群落多样性进行调查.本次调查共捕获蝶类3681只,隶属于10科69属111种,其中蛱蝶科的物种数、个体数和多样性指数均高于其他各科;该地区蝶类呈现由东洋界向古北界过渡的特征,且随着海拔的升高东洋界种类逐渐递减,古北界种类逐渐增多.在3个垂直带中（海拔低于800 m、800～1200 m、高于1200 m）,海拔800～1200 m垂直带的蝶类种类最丰富.研究区6种主要生境类型（落叶阔叶林、常绿针叶林、针阔混交林、灌木和次生林、农田、居民点）中,灌木和次生林中蝶类的物种数和个体数量、物种多样性指数均高于其他各生境类型,农田生境中蝶类多样性指数最低;生境之间蝶类物种的相似性系数主要与生境构成要素中的植被类型有关,植被类型相差越大,蝶类物种的相似性系数就越小,研究区针阔混交林与灌木和次生林之间的蝶类物种相似性系数最高（0.61）,而常绿针叶林与灌木和次生林之间的相似性系数最低（0.20）.     

云南西北部地区地表甲虫的物种多样性

共调查了云南西北部地区的中甸大雪山、中甸碧塔海、德钦白芒雪山、丽江石鼓镇、玉龙雪山保护区和永胜县6个小区域。采用巴氏罐诱法研究不同生境下地表甲虫物种多样性的变化。其结果：①共采集甲虫标本2852号,分属16个科,以隐翅虫数量最多,占41.3%;步甲次之,占25.9%;金龟、象甲、拟步甲的数量各占5％以上;其他11科合计占13％;②甲虫群落的物种多样性分析表明：农业活动频繁的永胜县,个体数量和丰富度较低;游牧业和旅游业频繁的中甸碧塔海多样性指数和丰富度较低;其他4个区域多样性指数、均量和丰富度较低;游牧业和旅游业频繁的中甸碧塔海多样性指数和丰富度较低;其他4个区域多样性指数、均匀度指数、丰富度以及个体数量比较均匀。除永胜县外,其他地区甲虫群落间相似性系数随空间距离的增大而降低。③比较针叶林、阔叶林、混交林、灌丛和草甸等5种生境,所有甲虫、步甲、金龟数量在针叶林和草甸生境内较高;隐翅虫数量在针叶林和阔叶林内较高;象甲在阔叶林内数量较高;拟步甲在灌丛内数量较高;但只有步甲和隐翅虫差异显著。④物种的个体数量、丰富度和多样性指数随海拔高度不同,其变化趋势相似。在1500－2000m呈下降趋势;在2500－3000m和3500－4000m分别形成2个峰值。均匀度指数的变化趋势则与之相反。以上结果表明,空间距离和生境类型影响云南西北部地区地表甲虫群落的物种多样性和相似性,频繁的农牧业和旅游业活动,对保持地表甲虫物种多样性的自然分布规律产生一定影响。     

四川蜂桶寨国家自然保护区地表甲虫物种多样性

在四川雅安蜂桶寨国家自然保护区（102°48′～103°18′ E,30°42′～30°54′ N）及其周边地区,就森林片段化和生态恢复程度的不同,选择4个代表地点,即位于保护区核心地带、以阔叶混交林为主的蜂桶寨天然林区（海拔1680～2080 m）,受到经济开发干扰但植被类型丰富的锅巴岩天然林区（海拔2 280～3 340 m）、以人工针叶林进行生态恢复的蚂蝗沟人工林区（海拔2430～2525 m）,以及森林高度片段化的双石镇农耕区（海拔870～1 165 m）,共设26块样地,以巴氏罐诱法为主研究地表甲虫的群落组成和多样性变化。本研究共采集甲虫标本 2.338 号,隐翅虫数量最多,占39.6%;步甲次之,占29.3%,拟步甲、象甲和叶甲的数量也各在5% 以上,它们共同构成该地区地表甲虫的优势类群。锅巴岩物种的个体数量和丰富度（S）以及多样性指数（H′）较高;蚂蝗沟均匀度指数（J）较高,丰富度较低;蜂桶寨天然林区个体数量较少;双石镇农耕区的多样性和均匀度指数较低。锅巴岩、蜂桶寨和蚂蝗沟间物种分布都有一定程度的相似性,但后两者相似性程度更高,双石镇物种分布与其他3个地点差异较大,这反映了不同地点间的生境异质性和森林植被片段化程度的差异。整个鞘翅目、隐翅虫科和步甲科的个体数量分布在针叶林内较多,在阔叶林内较少;拟步甲科的数量分布在高山灌丛内较多;叶甲科的数量分布在针叶林较多;象甲科除了竹林外,在其他植被内的数量均较多。在总体趋势上,随着海拔的升高,在蜂桶寨和锅巴岩两个邻近的天然林地点,整个鞘翅目以及优势甲虫类群的种类和个体数量也逐渐增多。比较蜂桶寨林区内的个体数量、丰富度和多样性指数,北坡均大于南坡。以上结果表明,物种多样性与海拔、坡向以及生境类型密切相关,森林片段化和生态恢复对物种多样性有显著的影响。因此,在改善森林片段化进行生态恢复时,采取合理措施,增加生境异质性,有助于提高该地区地表甲虫物种多样性。     

东灵山地区大步甲属物种分布和季节变化的多样性格局

针对东灵山地区的11种不同生境,利用巴氏罐诱法研究大步甲属（Carabus）种类多样怀及其变化与生境的关系,结果表明：（1）本地区有大步甲10种,其中C.manifestus Kraatz和C.crassesculptus Kraatz为优势种,占总数的70.8％,与C.smaragdinus Fischer、C.vladimirskyi Dejean和C.sculptipennis Chaudoir一起构成本地区的常见种;（2）从物种丰富度和数量看,由高到低依次为小龙门林区（以森林为主）、梨园岭退耕区（以灌丛和萌生丛为主）、东灵山主峰区（高海拔,亚高山植物）;物种多样性指数（H‘）由高到低依次为梨园岭退耕区、小龙门林区、东灵山主峰区;均匀度指数值（E）梨园岭退耕区最高,其次为东灵山主峰区,再次为小龙门地区;（3）利用物种的发生与频度数据,对11种不同生境进行栖息地相似性聚类分析,发现东灵山主峰区的3种生境可归为一类,小龙门林区5种生境可归为另一类,梨园岭退耕区的辽东栎萌生丛单独为一类,梨园岭退耕区的山杏和荆条灌丛构成一类,这反映了大步甲属种类分布的地域及生境特点,特别是生境内的湿度、温度和地表覆盖层等特点;（4）通过物种间的相关分析看出：C.smaragdinus和C.granulatus呈显著的正相关关系,反映了它们对退耕区的选择倾向;C.crassesculptus、C.canaliculatus、C.manifestus和Carabus sp.之间,虽然后两种间未达到显著性,但彼此呈正相关关系,反映了这些物种对森林生境选择倾向;（5）大步甲成虫的季节性活动主要在4-9月份间,高峰期集中在6-8份月,各物种在生境内有不同的季节变化趋势,与该地区季节性气候变化一致。研究表明,大步甲物种分布受生境内的湿度、温度、地表覆盖层等环境因素影响,物种多样性与生境肥干扰程度有关,生态恢复将对物种多样性保护具有重要意义。     

华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)林大步甲属(Carabus)物种多样性及其变化

在山西庞泉沟国家自然保护区华北落叶松不同林龄的人工林和天然林内,利用巴氏罐诱法,对其地表甲虫大步甲属Carabus物种进行了系统的调查,结果表明: (1)共获得大步甲属标本1290号,分属于10种,9种是该保护区的新记录种类,其中C. canaliculatus沟步甲、C. crassesculptus粗皱步甲、C. manifestus罕丽步甲、C. vladimirskyi长叶步甲为优势种,肩步甲C. hummeli、刻翅步甲C. sculptipennis、粒步甲C. granulatus为常见种. (2)不同林地物种丰富度S、多样性H′、优势度D、个体数量N存在显著差异,均匀度J不存在显著差异;S、H′、D、J在人工林25年生林地最高;N在天然林20～30年生林地最多;β多样性人工林5年生林地最高.(3) 4种优势种季节性变化总体上是沟步甲的盛发期为7月和8月份;粗皱步甲的高峰期为7月份;罕丽步甲7月、5月、9月份和6月份发生数量多,8月份稀有;长叶步甲8月份和9月份为盛发期;不同物种在不同林地出现的高峰期是不一致的.(4)物种相似性分析结果是天然林35～45a和60～80a,人工林25a和天然林5～8a极相似,其余为中等不相似和中等相似.(5)生境相似性分析的结果是天然林35～45a和60～80a相似性最高,人工林5年生与天然林20～30a、35～45a生境相似性差异逐渐增大.(6)生境指示种分析的结果是粗皱步甲、罕丽步甲为广布种,肩步甲仅在天然林35～45a和60～80a生的林地采集到,其中在天然林35～45a林地生境物种指示值高达96.73.     

青海互助北山国家森林公园不同生境的蝶类多样性研究

为了进一步探讨高海拔地区蝴蝶种类和数量与生境结构之间的关系,1993–1997年每年的7月对互助北山国家森林公园不同生境类型(谷间平原、温性草原、针阔叶混交林、高寒灌丛草甸)中蝶类群落的结构、数量和多样性进行了调查。共获得蝴蝶标本4,745头,86种,隶属于8科57属。种类较丰富的类群主要有:粉蝶科豆粉蝶属(Colias)6种、菜粉蝶属(Pieris)5种、绢粉蝶属(Aporia)4种、云粉蝶属(Pontia)3种,蛱蝶科网蛱蝶属(Melitaea)3种;个体数量以粉蝶科和灰蝶科为最多。不同的生境蝶类在种类组成和个体数量上有明显差异,其中以针阔叶混交林物种数(44种)最多,谷间平原个体数量(1,969只)最多。物种多样性指数以针阔叶混交林中最高,高寒灌丛草甸最低;均匀度以针阔叶混交林最高,谷间平原最低;优势度以高寒灌丛草甸最高。从不同生境蝶类成分的特有性上分析,特有属和特有种含量高低依次为针阔叶混交林(20属24种)>高寒灌丛草甸(8属8种)>谷间平原(6属7种)>温性草原(5属6种)。不同生境类型间蝶类种类的相似性系数在0–0.4259之间。蝶类种类组成的聚类分析结果显示:谷间平原与温性草原最先聚为一类,然后与针阔叶混交林聚为一类,最后与高寒灌丛草甸聚为一类。为保护该地区的蝶类物种多样性,应加大宣传力度,建立自然保护区,继续加强本底资源调查。     

北京东北旺农田景观步甲群落结构的时空动态比较

2000年5～10月在北京海淀区东北旺实验基地,采用陷阱法对林地、农田边界和农田3类生境共14个处理的步甲进行了取样。并在此基础上分析了不同生境和不同季节步甲科昆虫群落的动态分布特征。结果表明,林地和农田边界类生境相对于农田类生境拥有更多的步甲个体数和物种数;无论是优势种还是稀有种都趋向于在林地和边界处生活;边界对相邻农田步甲群落的多样性有积极影响;对边界进行适度的干扰(秋季翻耕)有利于提高步甲群落的个体数量;农田生境中灌溉、施肥和秸秆还田对农田中步甲群落的个体数量和物种数量的空间分布均无显著影响。此外,还结合步甲的时空分布特性对步甲受威胁状况进行了初步的分析。     

东灵山区阎甲物种多样性研究

本文研究了北京东灵山区阎甲科（Coleptera;Histeridae）特种多样性,野外设样地调查共获标本2224头,分属于6属17种,Saprinus niponicus、Onthophilus foueipennis、Margarinotus niponicus和M.reichardti的个体数量均大于总数的10%, 4种共占总体个数的88.22%,是本地区常见种。本研究采用4种采集方法分别统计,肉诱法捕获的种类和数量最多,共12种占总数的70.19%,杯诱法和堆草诱法都捕到8种,分别占总数的23.61%和4.81%,肉筛法采到的标本仅有2种占总数的1.39%,研究优势物种Onthophilus foueipennis的季节性变化发现,该种集中分布在小龙门林区的阔叶混交林内,个体数量在5月和9月呈现2个季节峰值,其中9月达到全年最高峰。对小龙门林区内肉诱捕获的阎甲类群的物种多样性分析表明,阔叶林中的阎甲多样性指数和均匀度指数较高,混交林的丰富度和个体数量较高,针叶林的多样性系数和个体数量较低,混交林的均匀度指数较低,而相似性分析表明,空间距离是决定小龙门林区内森林生境类型间腐生性阎甲群落相似性程度的因素,生境类型自身对相似性没有显著影响,梨园岭退耕区阎甲的物种多样性指数和均匀度指数高于小龙门林区,但物种个体平均数量低于小龙门林区。以上结果表明,东灵山地区阎甲群落的分布受生境保护程度,干扰程度以及空间距离等因素的影响,保护并提高该地区的森林植被环境对提高阎甲物种多样性有重要意义。     

农业景观步甲多样性时间格局及其与景观结构的关系

于2009年5-9月在北京密云县采用陷阱法对玉米地、花生地、果园和林地4种生境中步甲群落进行取样,并采用逐步线性回归分析了景观中优势生境类型——玉米地中步甲群落及其捕食性步甲功能群多样性的季节分布,及其与周围100、250和500 m半径范围内景观格局指数的关系.结果表明:不同生境下,8月步甲群落、捕食性步甲类群的个体数和物种数均达到最大;5月玉米地中步甲群落的物种数与取样点100 m半径范围内的景观连接度呈正相关,8月步甲群落个体数和500 m半径范围内的景观连接度呈负相关;5月玉米地中捕食性步甲群落不论是个体数还是物种数均与取样点100 m半径范围内景观连接度呈正相关,而8月捕食性步甲的物种数则与100 m尺度范围内的半自然生境的类型数呈负相关.可见,景观连接度、半自然生境的类型数对步甲及其中捕食性步甲群落动态的关键季节的多样性状况有显著影响,合理规划农田半自然用地类型组成、增加景观连接度可促进步甲群落多样性保护及其害虫生物控制功能的发挥.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.