松嫩平原碱化草甸朝鲜碱茅种子散布机制的分析

采用顺序远离母株取样的方法,定量分析了松嫩平原碱化草甸朝鲜碱茅（Ｐｕｃｃｉｎｅｌｌｉａｃｈｉｎａｍ ｐｏｅｎｓｉｓ Ｏｈｗ ｉ）的种子散布机制。结果表明,在８个方向中仅西南方向表现为近母株散布距离,其它７个方向均表现为远母株散布距离的种子散布机制。经相关性分析,朝鲜碱茅向不同的方向散布的种子数量与种子散布时期顺风向的风速和风向频率呈正相关,反映了朝鲜碱茅是借助于风媒介实现了远母株距离扩展潜在生态位空间的种群对策。朝鲜碱茅向母株周围散布的种子呈连续分布格局的散布半径平均为１７５ ｃｍ 。     

内蒙古退化草原狼毒种子的种群分布格局与散布机制

狼毒 (Stellera chamaejasme)为瑞香科多年生草本植物 ,是主要的草地有毒植物种类之一。采用邻接格子样方法和分布指数 (DI)以及平均拥挤度 (m* )指标 ,研究了内蒙古西辽河平原北部典型草原区内的狼毒 (Stellera chamaejasme)种子种群分布格局强度、类型与规模 ;根据顺序远离母株的取样调查 ,定量地分析了狼毒种子在 8个方向上的散布格局。结果表明 ,狼毒种子在落种期之前为随机分布 ,而在落种期结束后为聚集分布 ,种子种群斑块大小平均为 0 .0 8m2 。狼毒种子在 8个方向上的散布表现为不同的散布格局模式。在不同方向随着累积面积增加狼毒种子散布数量变化符合 L ogistic曲线增长。各方向种子散布数量与顺风风向频率显著正相关。狼毒种群具有“近母株散布”的种子散布机制 ,基本散布半径为 0～ 5 0 cm。狼毒种群通过种子散布扩展其分布空间的能力是很有限的     

流动沙丘先锋灌木差巴嘎蒿的种子散布格局

通过对科尔沁沙地流动沙丘上先锋植物差巴嘎蒿的种子散布格局及机理的实验研究,主要得出以下结论:差巴嘎蒿母株向不同方向散布的种子,其数量与距离存在明显的差异.母株向西南方向散布的种子数量最多,种子累积数量高达4 590±1 260,比其它各方向多29%至12倍.向北方向散布的种子数量最少,距离最短,种子累积数量为344±44,距离仅在100 cm的范围内.不同方向差巴嘎蒿种子散布的密度均随着散布距离的增加而呈对数关系减小,表现出显著的相关性.不同方向差巴嘎蒿远离母株的种子散布密度与累积面积之间存在显著的相关性,其间关系可用对数曲线来描述.结果显示,差巴嘎蒿向不同方向散布的种子密度均随着累积面积的增加而增加.     

濒危植物明党参种子散布和种子库动态研究

对伞形科濒危植物明党参（Changium smyrnioides)的种子生产、散布和种子库动态进行了研究。明党参平均每株产生完好种子132粒,86.36%来自顶生花序,不同生境中个体产生的种子千粒重有差异;其平均1.06m高的花葶在种子散布过程中易倒伏,使种子远离母株;种子散布格局为聚集型;种子库密度随时间逐渐下降。明党参种子产量和不同时期种子库密度均低于同科非濒危植物峨参（Anthriscus sylvestris),2个种的种子库均为非持续型;明党参具有低种子数、大粒种子、种子散布远离母株以减少种内竞争的K对策,在受到人类大量采挖和生境干扰后种群不容易迅速恢复;而峨参采取高种子数、小粒种子、种子近母株密集分布和产生无性系的r对策,种群受干扰后易恢复。     

科尔沁沙地刺榆林种子散布的空间格局

通过对林缘和孤立单株不同方向远离种子源的顺序取样与林下随机取样调查,分析了刺榆林下和林缘的种子雨空间数量特征和孤立单株及林缘的种子散布格局,以揭示科尔沁沙地刺榆林的空间扩展潜力.结果表明:3个样地中,刺榆林下的平均种子雨密度最大,为(13732.5±3106.2)粒·m-2,孤立单株东南样带最多,为(5449.4±1429.3)粒·m-2,并显著地高于其他方向,西北最少,为(650.2±631.6)粒·m-2,并显著地少于其他方向;林缘东和南样带显著地高于西和北样带.孤立单株和林缘不同方向种子密度的变异普遍较大,其变异系数为25.7%～106.3%.刺榆具有风播植物远离种子源的种子散布特性.8个样带在单位面积和累积面积上远离种子源的种子散布格局均具有多样性,包括直线、幂、指数、二次抛物线和对数函数.在科尔沁沙地,刺榆林向南、东南和东等多顺风频率方向的空间扩展潜力将大干北、西北和西等多逆风频率方向.     

科尔沁沙地黄榆种子散布的空间差异及规律

黄榆(Ulmus macrocarpa)是典型的风播植物, 在科尔沁沙地可以形成单一优势种林地。通过对其林下随机取样和林缘与孤立树不同方向从树基部向外的有序取样调查, 分析了黄榆林下和林缘外不同距离的种子沉降特征、林缘和孤立树种子散布方向的差异性与规律性。结果表明, 黄榆平均种子密度以林下最大, 林缘3 m处已显著减小, 林缘外随着距离增加黄榆平均种子密度呈指数减少态势, 且越远越不均匀。林缘和孤立树不同方向在26 m内, 单位面积连续分布的种子累积数量均以顺风向频率大的东北方向最多, 以逆风向频率大的西南或西方向最少。林缘和孤立树共10个方向的垂直断面从树基部向外的单位面积种子数量频度均符合Weibull分布和对数-正态分布密度函数(χ²_(α) < 0.900), 具有相同的种子散布格局。在科尔沁沙地自然条件下, 黄榆在各方向具有相同的“远距离”种子散布机制。     

科尔沁沙地家榆林的种子散布及幼苗更新

家榆是典型的风播植物,在科尔沁沙地可以形成单一优势种林地.通过对林缘和孤立树不同方向从树基部向外的有序取样与林下和林窗的随机取样调查,分析了家榆林下和林窗不同生境的种子沉降和幼苗分布特征、林缘和孤立树种子散布方向的差异性与规律性.结果表明,家榆种子密度在林下生境阴坡和阳坡明显大于丘顶和丘底,在林窗生境丘顶明显大于丘底.家榆向周围不同方向种子散布的距离和累积数量均有较大差异,其中林缘和孤立树均以当地多逆风频率的西南方向最近,累积数量也最少;孤立树以多顺风频率的东北方向最远,累积数量也最多.林缘和孤立树共6个方向断面从树基部向外单位面积种子数量频度均适合于韦伯分布和对数-正态分布(X2(a)＜0.500)密度函数,具有相同的种子散布格局.家榆幼苗密度在林下阴坡明显大于阳坡,林下和林窗均为丘顶明显大于丘底.林缘19 m内家榆幼苗呈连续分布.在科尔沁沙地,如果不加限制或人为扰动,家榆林不仅可以很好地进行自然更新,而且可以在适宜的沙地生境逐渐扩大其分布空间.     

松嫩平原碱斑进展演替实验群落的比较分析

本文对松嫩平原碱化草地碱斑上建植的羊草（Ｌｅｙｍｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）群落、星星草（Ｐｕｃｃｉｎｅｌｉａｔｅｎｕｉ－ｆｌｏｒａ）＋羊草群落、星星草群落、野大麦（Ｈｏｒｄｅｕｍｂｒｅｖｉｓｕｂｕｌａｔｕｍ）群落、虎尾草（Ｃｈｌｏｒｉｓｖｉｒｇａｔａ）群落５个实验群落的土壤化学特性、种类组成、生产力,以及各种群的营养繁殖特征作了比较分析。结果表明,５个实验群落在０～３０ｃｍ的土壤均为ｐＨ值＞１０,仍处于碱土生境,各群落均随着土层深度的增加电导率呈递增趋势,有机质含量呈递减趋势。实验群落土壤电导率与ｐＨ值之间呈极显著的正相关,与土壤有机质之间呈极显著的负相关。经过５年种子的自然传播和营养繁殖,虎尾草在各群落中广泛生长,羊草已在星星草群落和野大麦群落中定居,星星草已侵入羊草群落中。群落总生物量以野大麦群落最高,羊草群落最低。各群落冬性芽和冬性蘖的数量远远多于现存种群数量。５个群落均将沿着进展演替方向继续发展。     

杭州石荠Ning（唇形科）小坚果的散布生物学研究

报道了杭州石荠Ｎｉｎｇ（ＭｏｓｌａｈａｎｇｃｈｏｕｅｎｓｉｓＭａｔｓｕｄａ）的种子散布机制和特点,结合其它方面的研究结果,为迁地保护提供理论依据,杭州石荠Ｎｉｎｇ小坚果的散布机制是被动弹力散布,植株,花萼和小坚果三者联合参与,风,雨,动物触动是能量来源,初级散布距离在实验条件下,在３０～３５ｃｍ的区域小坚果最多,此后,随面积的增加而减少,密度峰值出现在１０～１５ｃｍ的区间,杭州石荠Ｎｉｎｇ的小坚果     

杭州石荠苧(唇形科)小坚果的散布生物学研究

报道了杭州石荠（ＭｏｓｌａｈａｎｇｃｈｏｕｅｎｓｉｓＭａｔｓｕｄａ）的种子散布机制和特点,结合其它方面的研究结果,为迁地保护提供理论依据。杭州石荠小坚果的散布机制是被动弹力散布,植株、花萼和小坚果三者联合参与,风、雨、动物触动是能量来源。初级散布距离在实验条件下,在３０～３５ｃｍ的区域小坚果最多,此后,随面积的增加而减少,密度峰值出现在１０～１５ｃｍ的区间。杭州石荠的小坚果表面具旋涡状凹陷,凹陷中有细密的突起,这种结构有一定的拒水性,下沉速率小,适于以水为载体的次级散布,也具有较强的保水抗旱能力,能够确保杭州石荠在干旱的生境中世代延续。作者认为,杭州石荠的分布特性和比较特殊的生物学和生态学特点限制了居群的扩展是其濒危的重要原因。     

Pattern of a Seed Disperasl of Hordeum brevisubulatum on Alkalized Meadow in the Songnen Plain of China

Based on the survey sampling far from the parent plants, the quantitative analysis on seed dispersal of Hordeum brevisubulatum (Trin.)Link on alkalized meadow in the Songnen Plain of China on six orientations was conducted. The results showed that due to the effect of wind direction, the greatest number of seeds disposed was in the northeast, which was 4 times more than the smallest number in the South west. The mean radius of the seed dispersal was about 130 cm. All seed disposal patterns per unit area in different orientations fit, more or less, well with the weibull distribution. It refected that seed dispersal of the with barley provided the character of extending, far from the parent plants, their potential space niche under the natural conditions at the Songnen Plain. The number of seeds dispersed by sequence centrifugation far from the parent plants increased following a Logistic curve relevant to the expansion of accumulated unit area. The rates of increase were relatively lower in the east and northeast where seed disporsal was greater and the distance was farther from the parent plants.     

Analysis on the Mechanism of Seed Dispersal of Puccinellia chinampoensis on Alkalized Meadow in Songnen Plain of China

Adopting the method of centrifugal sequence sampling of seeds quantitative analysis on the mechanism of seed disperesal of Puccinellia chinampoensis Ohwi on alkalization meadow in Songnen Plain of China was conducted. Among the eight orientation that have been investigated, only the South-west orientation demonstrated a near-parent-plant seed disposal pattern, whereas seed disposal pattern of far distance from parent plants were found in the other 7 orientations. Correlative analysis had revealed that the seed number disposed in different orientations was positively correlated with the fair wind speed and the freguency of direction chang of wind during seed disposal. It indicated that P. chinampoensis fulfils its strategy of population development via wind media to expand its potentiality in the ecological space far from the parent plants. Seed disposal of P. chinampoensis exhibited a pattern of continuous distribution with an average disposed radius of 175 cm in natural condition in Songnen Plain of China.     

动物与植物种子更新的关系Ⅱ．动物对种子的捕食、扩散、贮藏及与幼苗建成的关系

植物的繁殖体总是面临来自各类生物（如昆虫、脊椎动物、真菌）的捕食风险。因动物捕食引起的种子死亡率影响植物的适合度、种群动态、群落结构和物种多样性的保持。种子被捕食的时间和强度成为植物生活史中发芽速度、地下种子库等特征的主要选择压力,而种子大小、生境类型等因素也影响动物对植物种子的捕食。捕食者饱和现象被认为是植物和种子捕食者之间的高度协同进化作用的结果,是限制动物破坏种子、提高被扩散种子存活率的一种选择压力。大部分群落中的大多数植物种子被动物扩散。种子扩散影响种子密度、种子被捕食率、病原体攻击率、种子与母树的距离、种子到达的生境类型以及建成的植株将与何种植物竞争,从而影响种子和幼苗的存活,最终影响母树及后代植物的适合度。种子被动物扩散后的分布一般遵循负指数分布曲线,大多数种子并没有扩散到离母树很远的地方。捕食风险、生境类型、植被盖度均影响动物对种子的扩散。植物结实的季节和果实损耗的过程也体现了其对扩散机会的适应。许多动物有贮藏植物种子的行为。动物贮藏植物繁殖体的行为,一方面调节食物的时空分布,提高了贮食动物在食物缺乏期的生存概率;另一方面也为种子萌发提供了适宜条件,促进了植物的扩散。于是,植物与贮食动物形成了一种协同进化关系,这种关系可能是自然界互惠关系（mutualism)的一种。影响幼苗存活和建成的因子包括种子贮蒇点的微生境、湿度、坡向、坡度、林冠盖度等。许多果食性动物吃掉果肉后,再将完好的种子反刍或排泄出来。种子经动物消化道处理后,发芽率常有所提高。     

Plant Parentage,Pollination, and Dispersal: How DNA Microsatellites Have Altered the Landscape

DNA microsatellites provide plant ecologists with molecular markers precise enough to assign parentage to seeds and seedlings. This allows the exact distance and trajectory of successful pollen to be traced to characterize pollination patterns. Parentage assignment of established seedlings also allows researchers to accurately determine how far new recruits have traveled from their seed parent. This paper reviews the history and development of molecular parentage assignment in studies of native plants, as well as the limitations and constraints to this approach. This paper also reviews 53 articles published in the past 15 years that use parentage assignment to study pollination and seed dispersal in native plants. These parentage studies have overturned many common assumptions regarding pollen and seed dispersal patterns. They show that long-distance dispersal of pollen is common in both wind and animal dispersed systems, with average pollination distances commonly being hundreds of meters. The pollination neighborhood is often extremely large, and simple dispersal functions based on distance alone fail to make accurate predictions of pollination. Rather than hindering gene flow, fragmentation and isolation sometimes, and perhaps even commonly, results in increased pollination distances. Studies of seed dispersal using parentage assignment have also yielded some surprises. We now know that it may be erroneous to assume that seeds growing under the crown of a conspecific adult are growing beneath their mother, or that seed dispersal distances are more limited than pollen dispersal distances. Taken together, the studies to date demonstrate that both seed and pollen dispersal are quite complex phenomena influenced by many ecological processes.     

Are large frugivorous birds better seed dispersers than medium‐ and small‐sized ones? Effect of body mass on seed dispersal effectiveness

Frugivorous birds vary in seed dispersal effectiveness (SDE) depending on their body mass. It has been suggested that large birds are more effective dispersers than small ones because they consume a large number of fruits, disperse seeds of distinct sizes, and transport seeds over long distances. Yet, few studies have evaluated the impact of body mass on SDE of birds. In this study, we compiled one database for the quantity (i.e., frequency of visits to plants and number of seeds removed per visit) and quality (i.e., germination of seeds after gut passage and gut retention time of seeds) of seed dispersal by frugivorous birds to evaluate the impact of body mass on SDE. In addition, we compiled data on plant characteristics such as life‐form, fruit type, number of seeds per fruit, and size of seed to evaluate their influence on the quantity and quality of seed dispersal. Data were analyzed with linear mixed effects models and quantile regressions to evaluate the relationship between body mass of birds and quantity, quality, and SDE, in addition to the influence of plant characteristics on SDE. The body mass of birds was negatively related to the frequency of visits to plants. Furthermore, it was positively related to the number of seeds removed per visit, although negatively related to seed size. The life‐form of plants was the only factor explaining the germination of seeds after gut passage. Yet, the body mass of birds was positively related to the gut retention time of seeds. Small and medium birds have a relatively higher SDE than large birds. These results differ from the assertion that large birds are more effective dispersers of plants. Small and medium birds are also effective dispersers of plants that should be preserved and protected from the impact of human activities.     

Patterns of wing size variation in seeds of the lily Cardiocrinum cordatum (Liliaceae)

We examined the patterns of variation in wing-loading and its related characteristics in Cardiocrinum cordatum to clarify the factors that determine the variation in seed dispersal ability in this species. The square root of wing-loading of a seed of a plant was not significantly correlated with basal stem diameter of a plant, indicating that large plants did not necessarily produce seeds with high dispersal ability. This result was inconsistent with the hypothesis that large plants produce seeds with high dispersal ability to avoid high mortality of seeds and seedlings in the vicinity of the parents. On the other hand, the square root of wing-loading of a seed of a fruit was negatively dependent on seed number of a fruit. Thus, many-seeded fruits produced seeds with high dispersal ability. This was because the projected surface area per seed was large in large fruits and large fruits contained large numbers of seeds. The cost per seed of producing fruit structures was small for many-seeded fruits. Thus, high dispersal ability of seeds in many-seeded fruits may be a result of an effective resource allocation pattern in which a high proportion of resources are allocated to those many-seeded fruits, enabling seeds to develop large wings and thus reducing the structural cost of fruits per seed.     

Recruitment trade-offs and the evolution of dispersal mechanisms in plants

In this study we place seed size vs. seed number trade-offs in the context of plant dispersal ability. The objective was to suggest explanations for the evolution of different seed dispersal mechanisms, in particular fleshy fruits, wind dispersal and the maintenance of unassisted dispersal. We suggest that selection for improved dispersal may act either by increasing the intercept of a dispersal curve (log seed number vs. distance) or by flattening the slope of the curve. 'Improved dispersal' is defined as a marginal increase in the number of recruits sited at some (arbitrary) distance away from the parent plant. Increasing the intercept of the dispersal curve, i.e. producing more seeds, is associated with a reduction in seed size, which in turn affects the recruitment ability, provided that this ability is related to seed size. If recruitment is related to seed size there will be a recruitment cost of evolving increased seed production. On the other hand, a flattening of the slope by evolving dispersal attributes is likely to be associated with a fecundity cost. An exception is wind dispersal where smaller (and hence more numerous) seeds may lead to more efficient dispersal. We derive two main predictions: If recruitment is strongly related to seed size, selection for improved dispersal acts on the slope of the dispersal curve, i.e. by favouring evolution of dispersal attributes on seeds or fruits. If, on the other hand, recruitment is only weakly related to seed size (or not related, or negatively related), selection for improved dispersal favours increased seed production. Despite its simplicity, the model suggests explanations for (i) why so many plant species lack special seed dispersal attributes, (ii) differences in dispersal spectra among plant communities, and (iii) adaptive radiation in seed size and dispersal attributes during angiosperm evolution. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

When condition trumps location: seed consumption by fruit‐eating birds removes pathogens and predator attractants

Seed ingestion by frugivorous vertebrates commonly benefits plants by moving seeds to locations with fewer predators and pathogens than under the parent. For plants with high local population densities, however, movement from the parent plant is unlikely to result in ‘escape’ from predators and pathogens. Changes to seed condition caused by gut passage may also provide benefits, yet are rarely evaluated as an alternative. Here, we use a common bird‐dispersed chilli pepper (Capsicum chacoense) to conduct the first experimental comparison of escape‐related benefits to condition‐related benefits of animal‐mediated seed dispersal. Within chilli populations, seeds dispersed far from parent plants gained no advantage from escape alone, but seed consumption by birds increased seed survival by 370% – regardless of dispersal distance – due to removal during gut passage of fungal pathogens and chemical attractants to granivores. These results call into question the pre‐eminence of escape as the primary advantage of dispersal within populations and document two overlooked mechanisms by which frugivores can benefit fruiting plants.     

Small traits with big consequences: how seed traits of nitrogen‐fixing plants might influence ecosystem nutrient cycling

Symbiotic nitrogen (N)‐fixing plants have important effects on the biogeochemical processes of the sites they inhabit, but their ability to reach these sites is determined by the dispersal of their seeds. Differences in seed size and dispersal vectors of N‐fixing and non‐fixing plants could influence the spatial and temporal distributions of N fixers, and thus could have important impacts on biogeochemical cycling. Using seed mass, dispersal vector, and biome data retrieved from online public databases, we ask if there are systematic differences in seed mass and dispersal vectors between N‐fixing and non‐fixing plants. We demonstrate that rhizobial N fixers tend to have larger seeds that are more likely to be biotically dispersed than seeds of non‐fixers, whereas actinorhizal N‐fixing trees tend to have small, abiotically dispersed seeds. We then synthesize existing evidence from the literature to draw links between these dispersal traits and the spatio–temporal patterns of N fixers, as well as their biogeochemical effects on terrestrial ecosystems. Using this literature, we argue that the spatio–temporal distributions of N fixers are influenced by their seed dispersal characteristics, and that these distribution patterns have important effects on the total amount of N fixed at a site and the timing of N inputs during processes such as succession.