宁夏枸杞苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因的cDNA克隆及其表达分析

为探讨宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarum)苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因(LbPAL)的表达特征,采用PCR法克隆了宁夏枸杞LbPAL基因的cDNA,并用实时定量PCR法分析了其表达特征。结果表明:宁夏枸杞的LbPAL基因的全长cDNA为2321 bp,包含2163 bp、编码720个氨基酸的开放阅读框;LbPAL与茄科其他物种的PAL氨基酸序列及三维结构具有较高保守性;与茄科物种的PAL聚类在同一个分支中。LbPAL在叶、花瓣、S1期果实的表达量较高,而在根及S2~S5期果实的表达水平较低。在NaCl胁迫处理下,LbPAL在根和茎中的表达量均有下调的趋势;而在叶片中,LbPAL表达量先急剧增加而后急剧下降并趋于稳定。这为解析宁夏枸杞中类黄酮化合物的生物合成调节及生理功能提供了参考。     

Isolation and characterization of a new mannose-binding lectin gene from<Emphasis Type="Italic">Taxus media</Emphasis>

In this paper, we report the cloning and characterization of the first mannose-binding lectin gene from a gymnosperm plant species,Taxus media. The full-length cDNA ofT. media agglutinin (TMA) consisted of 676 bp and contained a 432 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 144 amino acid protein. Comparative analysis showed that TMA had high homology with many previously reported plant mannose-binding lectins and thattma encoded a precursor lectin with a 26-aa signal peptide. Molecular modelling revealed that TMA was a new mannosebinding lectin with three typical mannose-binding boxes like lectins from species of angiosperms. Tissue expression pattern analyses revealed thattma is expressed in a tissue-specific manner in leaves and stems, but not in fruits and roots. Phylogenetic tree analyses showed that TMA belonged to the structurally and evolutionarily closely related monocot mannose-binding lectin superfamily. This study provides useful information to understand the molecular evolution of plant lectins.     

High molecular weight glutenin subunit variation in wild and cultivated einkorn wheats (Triticum spp.,Poaceae)

Variation in high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunit composition among wild and cultivated einkorn wheats (2n = 2x = 14, AA) was investigated using one- (SDS-PAGE and urea/SDS-PAGE) and two-dimensional (IEF × SDS-PAGE) electrophoretic analyses. The material comprised 150 accessions ofTriticum urartu, 160 accessions ofT. boeoticum, 24 accessions ofT. boeoticum subsp.thaoudar and 74 accessions of primitive domesticatedT. monococcum from many different germplasm collections. The biochemical characteristics of HMW-glutenin subunits ofT. boeoticum andT. monococcum were highly similar to one another but distinctly different from those ofT. urartu. All the species analysed were characterised by large intraspecific variation and only three HMW-glutenin subunit patterns were identical betweenT. boeoticum andT. monococcum. Consistent with the distinct nature ofT. urartu, all its HMW-glutenin patterns were different from those found inT. boeoticum andT. monococcum. The differences detected between these species might reflect their reproductive isolation and are consistent with recent nomenclatural and biosystematic treatments that recogniseT. urartu as separate species fromT. boeoticum andT. monococcum. The presence of three distinct glutenin components in some accessions of the species studied seems to be evidence for the existence of at least three active genes controlling the synthesis of the HMW-glutenin subunits in the A genome of wild and primitive domesticated diploid wheats. Results indicate also that HMW-glutenin subunits could represent useful markers for the evaluation of genetic variability present in different wild diploid wheat collections and subsequently for their conservation and future utilisation.     

Comparative study of N uptake and distribution in three lines of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at early pod filling stage

Summary The uptake and distribution of¹⁵NH ₄ ⁺ ,¹⁵NO ₃ ⁻ and¹⁵N₂ was studied in greenhouse-grown beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with a commercial cultivar and 2 recombinant inbred backcross lines;¹⁵N was supplied in the nutrient solution at the R3 (50% bloom) stage. Plants were harvested 1, 5 and 10 days after treatment, and were separated into nodules, roots, stems, mature leaflets, immature leaflets, and flowers/fruits. All 3 lines showed rapid increases in the N content of flowers/fruits after the R3 stage. However, the percentage N in these tissues decreased after the R3 stage. One of the recombinant lines showed a greater uptake of NH ₄ ⁺ than the other 2 lines. Rates of¹⁵N₂ fixation and NO ₃ ⁻ uptake were similar for all 3 lines, N₂ fixation estimated from total N content showed the 2 recombinant lines with 24 and 34 percent greater activity than the commercial cultivar. Distribution of¹⁵N at the whole plant level was similar for all 3 lines for a similar N source.¹⁵NO ₃ ⁻ was transported first to leaflets and the label then moved into flowers/fruits. Transport of fixed N₂ was from the nodules to roots, stems and into flowers/fruits; usually less than 10 percent entered the leaflets. This indicates that N₂ fixation furnishes N directly to flowers/fruits with over 50 percent of the fixed N being deposited into flowers/fruits within 5 days after treatment.     

Active MHC class Ib genes in rat are pseudogenes in the mouse

The most telomeric class I region of the MHC in rat and mouse is the M region, which contains about 20 class I genes or gene fragments. The central part carries three class I genes—M4, M5, and M6—which are orthologous between the two species. M4 and M6 are pseudogenes in the mouse but transcribed, intact genes in the rat. To analyze the pseudogene status for the mouse genes in more detail, we have sequenced the respective exons in multiple representative haplotypes. The stop codons are conserved in all mouse strains analyzed, and, consistent with the pseudogene status, all strains show additional insertions and deletions, taking the genes further away from functionality. Thus, M4 and M6 indeed have a split status. They are silent in the mouse but intact in the closely related rodent, the rat.GenBank accession numbers: AF057065 to AF057072 (exon 3 of H2-M4 of reported mouse strains), AF057976 to AF057985 (exon 3 of RT1.M4 of reported rat strains), AF058923 and AF058924 (exon 2 of RT1.M4 of strains PVG and BN), AY286080 to AY286092 (exon 4 of H2-M6 of reported mouse stains), and AY303772 (full-length genomic sequence of RT1.M6-1^l)     

续随子ElFAD2基因的序列及表达特性分析

为了研究油酸脱氢酶(FAD2)基因ElFAD2对续随子(Euphorbia lathyris L.)中不饱和脂肪酸合成的调控作用,该研究在续随子转录组数据的基础上经筛选获得ElFAD2基因序列,并对其序列及表达特性进行分析。序列分析结果显示,ElFAD2基因全长1 907 bp,ORF长1 152 bp,共编码383个氨基酸,包含有典型的脂肪酸去饱和酶结构域。续随子ElFAD2蛋白理论等电点为8.08,属于稳定蛋白,包含4个跨膜区和3个保守的组氨酸簇。基于FAD2的系统发育分析表明,续随子与同科植物乌桕(Triadica sebifera L.)的亲缘关系最近。荧光定量PCR分析发现,ElFAD2基因在不同器官中均有表达,且在花后15 d的种子中表达量最高,在叶与花后30 d及45 d种子中的表达量相当,而在根、茎、花中的表达量最低。该研究结果为深入探讨续随子ElFAD2基因的生物学功能提供了基础数据,也为解析续随子种子中脂肪酸合成的分子机制奠定了基础。     

Field inoculation of sorghum and rice withAzospirillum spp. andHerbaspirillum seropedicae

Two field experiments were carried out at the UAPNPBS experimental station, Seropédica, with two sorghum and one rice cultivars. The establishment, and inoculation effects, ofAzospirillum spp. andHerbaspirillum strains marked with antibiotic resistance were investigated. One grain sorghum (BR 300) and one sugar sorghum (Br 505) cultivar were used.Azospirillum lipoferum strain S82 (isolated from surface sterilized roots of sorghum) established in both cultivars and comprised 40 to 80% of theAzospirillum spp. population in roots and stems 60 days after plant emergence (DAE).Azospirillum amazonense strain AmS91 (isolated from surface-sterilized roots of sorghum) reached only 50%. At 90 DAE, S82 almost disappeared (less than 30% of establishment) while the establishment of AmS91 remained constant in roots and stems. No establishment ofH. seropedicae strain H25 (isolated from surface-sterilized roots of sorghum) orA. lipoferum strain S65 (isolated from the root surface of sorghum) could be observed on inoculated roots. Inoculation with S82, AmS91 or S65 but not withH. seropedicae H25, increased plant dry weight of both cultivars and total N in grain of the grain sorghum. In rice,A. lipoferum Al 121 andA. brasilense Sp 245 (isolated from surface sterilized rice and wheat roots respectively) established in the roots but there was no increase inAzospirillum spp. numbers due to inoculation. None of the strains affected plant growth or rice grain yield.Azospirillum amazonense, A82 andH. seropedicae Z95, which did not establish in roots, significantly enhanced seed germination.     

铁皮石斛钙网蛋白基因DoCRT1的分子克隆与表达研究

该研究采用RACE克隆铁皮石斛钙网蛋白(calreticulin,CRT)基因DoCRT1,进行生物信息学分析,并借助定量PCR检测基因表达模式,为揭示该基因在铁皮石斛生长发育及逆境生理中的分子作用奠定基础。结果表明:(1)DoCRT1基因(GenBank登录号KT957551)cDNA全长1 672bp,ORF长1 275bp,编码一条由424个氨基酸组成的多肽,分子量49.05kD,等电点4.42,具有CRT蛋白保守的钙网蛋白/钙联接蛋白P结构域(205~320)和类伴刀豆球蛋白凝集素/葡聚糖酶结构域A(20~222)以及多个基序;蛋白N端含有一个信号肽(1~23)和一个跨膜区域(8~24),预测结果显示主要定位于细胞液泡、胞外,与多种植物CRT蛋白一致性很高(80%~87%)。(2)DoCRT1蛋白与OsCRT1/2、ZmCRT1亲缘关系近,聚在CRT进化树的CRT1/2分支。(3)qRT-PCR检测结果显示,DoCRT1基因转录本在石斛根中表达量较高,为叶中的2.23倍,且茎与叶中表达量无显著差异。     

菘蓝铁型超氧化物歧化酶基因IiFeSOD的克隆与胁迫表达分析

超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)是生物体内超氧阴离子自由基的清除剂,可有效地防止它们对生物体的损害。从菘蓝中经RT-PCR方法扩增得到SOD基因,命名为IiFeSOD,其全长882 bp,包含一个834 bp的ORF,编码277个氨基酸,分析其编码的蛋白质序列显示其属于铁型超氧化物歧化酶,具有线粒体导肽,定位于线粒体中。实时荧光定量PCR技术分析结果表明,IiFeSOD在菘蓝各个组织中均有表达,但表达量高低不同,在叶中表达最高、茎次之、根中最低; 该基因受盐胁迫的诱导,随着盐胁迫强度的加强基因表达量迅速升高而后下降。同时SOD酶活性在盐胁迫处理下表现出类似的变化规律。说明SOD的大量积累与植物的耐逆性密切相关。     

Cloning and molecular characterization of a novel x-type glutenin gene Glu-D(t)1 from Aegilops tauschii

A novel gene encoding an x-type high molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS), designated 1Dx1.1 ^t , was isolated from Aegilops tauschii. It is the largest HMW-GS gene reported so far in this species and its product has a slower mobility than that of subunit 1Ax1 in SDS-PAGE. The open reading frame (ORF) of the gene was 2,628 bp, encoding a protein of 874 amino acid residues. Comparisons of amino acid sequences showed that subunit 1Dx1.1^t had high similarity with other 1Dx subunits but also had two unique characteristics. Firstly, a tripeptide of consensus LQE present in the N-terminal domains of other 1Dx subunits was absent from subunit Dx1.1^t. Secondly, three copies of tandem duplications of the tripeptide motif GQQ and a novel tripeptide sequence (GQL) were present in its central repetitive domain. Phylogenetic analysis showed that subunit 1Dx1.1^t clustered with other known 1Dx subunits.     

斑地锦黄烷酮 3 羟化酶基因及启动子的克隆与分析

该研究以斑地锦茎叶为材料,利用同源克隆结合RACE和Tail PCR法,克隆了1个黄烷酮 3 羟化酶(F3H)基因,命名为EmF3H(GenBank登录号为MW767838),其ORF区为1 092 bp,编码364个氨基酸。生物信息学分析显示,EmF3H蛋白相对分子质量为40.93 kD,等电点为5.47,属于2 酮戊二酸铁依赖的双加氧酶超家族,其氨基酸序列与油桐的序列相似性为85.5%,在系统进化上为相对独立的一个分支。采用Tail PCR法获得1 604 bp的EmF3H启动子序列,分析发现其内含TAAT box、CAAT box等序列和G box等光反应元件。qRT PCR结果表明,EmF3H基因在不同生长期各组织中均有表达,其中花期的根和果期的果实中表达水平最高。此结果为进一步研究EmF3H基因表达调控奠定了基础,也为完善斑地锦槲皮素生物合成途径提供了新思路。     

黑毛雪兔子通气组织发育相关基因ShCTR1的克隆及表达

黑毛雪兔子(Saussurea inversa Raab-Straube)是一种典型的高山植物,具有发达的通气组织。该研究以黑毛雪兔子为材料,利用同源克隆和RACE技术克隆了通气组织形成相关基因(ShCTR1),并对其进行序列分析、系统进化分析、表达分析和亚细胞定位分析,以探讨该基因的功能及其与通气组织的关系。结果表明:(1)成功克隆获得ShCTR1基因cDNA全长为2891 bp(NCBI登录号为:ON081649),包含2550 bp的开放阅读框,编码849个氨基酸,理论等电点5.90,分子式C_(4066)H_(6417)N_(1159)O_(1268)S_(43),为疏水蛋白,无跨膜结构。(2)系统进化树分析显示,黑毛雪兔子ShCTR1与菜蓟(Cynara cardunculus L.)CcCTR1的氨基酸序列相似度最高;非编码区序列分析发现ShCTR1基因含有大量的光响应元件,表明ShCTR1基因可能参与对紫外胁迫的响应。(3)实时荧光定量分析显示,ShCTR1基因在根、茎和叶中均有表达,且在根中的表达量最高;在紫外、低温和低氧胁迫下,ShCTR1基因的表达量均上调,证明ShCTR1基因参与了对以上3种环境胁迫的响应。(4)亚细胞定位显示,ShCTR1主要分布于细胞核。研究推测,黑毛雪兔子ShCTR1基因可能在通气组织的形成以及对逆境胁迫的响应中具有重要作用。     

Electrophoretic and immunological comparisons of chloroplast and prokaryotic ribosomal proteins reveal that certain families of large subunit proteins are evolutionarily conserved

Summary Antibodies to individual chloroplast ribosomal (r-)proteins ofChlamydomonas reinhardtii synthesized in either the chloroplast or the cytoplasm were used to examine the relatedness ofChlamydomonas r-proteins to r-proteins from the spinach (Spinacia oleracea) chloroplast,Escherichia coli, and the cyanobacteriumAnabaena 7120. In addition,³⁵S-labeled chloroplast r-proteins from large and small subunits ofC. reinhardtii were coelectrophoresed on 2-D gels with unlabeled r-proteins from similar subunits of spinach chloroplasts,E. coli, andAnabaena to compare their size and net charge. Comigrating protein pairs were not always immunologically related, whereas immunologically related r-protein pairs often did not comigrate but differed only slightly in charge and molecular weight. In constrast, when³⁵S-labeled chloroplast r-proteins from large and small subunits of a closely related speciesC. smithii were coelectrophoresed with unlabeledC. reinhardtii chloroplast r-proteins, only one pair of proteins from each subunit showed a net displacement in mobility.Analysis of immunoblots of one-dimensional SDS and two-dimensional urea/SDS gels of large and small subunit r-proteins from these species revealed more antigenic conservation among the four species of large subunit r-proteins than small subunit r-proteins.Anabaena r-proteins showed the greatest immunological similarity toC. reinhardtii chloroplast r-proteins. In general, antisera made against chloroplast-synthesized r-proteins inC. reinhardtii showed much higher levels of cross-reactivity with r-proteins fromAnabaena, spinach, andE. coli than did antisera to cytoplasmically synthesized r-proteins. All spinach r-proteins that cross-reacted with antisera to chloroplast-synthesized r-proteins ofC. reinhardtii are known to be made in the chloroplast (Dorne et al. 1984b). FourE. coli r-proteins encoded by the S10 operon (L2, S3, L16, and L23) were found to be conserved immunologically among the four species. Two of the large subunit r-proteins, L2 and L16, are essential for peptidyltransferase activity. The third (L23) and two otherE. coli large subunit r-proteins (L5 and L27) that have immunological equivalents among the four species are functionally related to but not essential for peptidyltransferase activity.     

斑地锦RT-qPCR内参基因的筛选

实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)的前提条件之一是具有合适的内参基因。为筛选斑地锦(Euphorbia maculata)合适的RT-qPCR内参基因,该文利用同源克隆法克隆斑地锦GAPDH、EF-1α、act、UBQ、TUB-α、eIF-4A、CYP等基因片段,RT-qPCR检测7个候选内参基因在斑地锦不同生长期根、茎、叶和果实中的表达情况,并用geNorm、NormFinder和BestKeeper等生物学软件对各候选基因表达稳定性进行评价。结果表明:(1)克隆的GAPDH、EF-1α、act、UBQ、TUB-α、eIF-4A、CYP基因片段为729、808、753、422、233、656、313 bp,分别编码242、269、250、140、77、218、103个氨基酸,与其他植物相应氨基酸序列的最高同源性均在85%以上。(2)综合3个分析软件分析内参基因表达稳定性得出,表达稳定性排名为UBQ>EF-1α>TUB-α>eIF-4A>GAPDH>CYP>act。因此,可以选取UBQ作为斑地锦RT-qPCR分析的内参基因,用于不同生长期基因组织特异性表达研究。