Description ofOceanospirillum kriegii sp. nov. andO. jannaschii sp. nov. and assignment of two species ofAlteromonas to this genus asO. commune comb. nov. andO. vagum comb. nov

Immunological studies of Fe-containing superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) and glutamine synthetase (GS) have established a close relationship betweenOceanospirillum linum (the type species of the genus),O. beijerinckii, Alteromonas communis, A. vaga, and two unnamed species of marine bacteria (groups H-1 and I-1). The four latter species have, consequently, been assigned to the genusOceanospirillum asO. commune comb. nov.,O. vagum comb. nov.,O. kriegii sp. nov. (group H-1; type strain 197, ATCC 27133), andO. jannaschii sp. nov. (group I-1; type strain 207, ATCC 27135). The phenotypic properties of these species are presented together with their distinguishing traits.     

PHYCOLOGICAL NOTES. H. EUGLENA MYXOCYLINDRACEA SP. NOV.12

A previously undescribed species of Euglena, E. myxocylindracea, sp. nov., is described from soil in a garden and in a while pine woods in Pike County, Pa. In addition to the, type, an organism (No. 457) in the Culture Collection of Algae. Indiana University, hitherto designated E. viridis var. terricola. is transferred to E. myxocylindracea as var. terricola. Differences such as the usual absence of an emergent flagellum, or the presence of an extremely short one (ca. 3.5–4 μ), and the dominance of a palmelloid state in a variety of liquid and solid culture media in which the cells secrete dichotomously branching slimy cylinders distinguish the new species from E. viridis.     

Streptomyces muensis sp. nov.

A strain of Streptomyces, MBRL 179^T, isolated from a sample from a Limestone quarry located at Hundung, Manipur, India, was characterized by polyphasic taxonomy. The strain formed a monophyletic clade with Streptomyces spinoverrucosus NBRC 14228^T (16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 99.3 %) in the Neighbour-joining tree. DNA–DNA hybridization experiment gave a DNA–DNA relatedness value of 34.7 % between MBRL 179^T and S. spinoverrucosus NBRC 14228^T. Strain MBRL 179^T contained LL-diaminopimelic acid, xylose, glucose, and mannose in the whole cell-wall hydrolysates along with small amount of ribose. The major polar lipids detected were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositolmannoside, with other unknown phospholipids and aminophospholipid. MK-9(H₆), MK-9(H₈) and MK-9(H₄) were the predominant menaquinones detected. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C_16:0 (28.1 %), iso-C_16:0 (20.3 %), C_16:0 (9.4 %) and anteiso-C_17:0 (8.3 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 71.1 %. Based on the polyphasic experiment results, the strain MBRL 179^T merits recognition as a representative of a novel species of the genus Streptomyces for which the name Streptomyces muensis sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is MBRL 179^T (=JCM 17576^T = KCTC 29124^T).     

Theodoropoulos, D.I. Invasion biology. Critique of a pseudoscience.

The back cover of this book states that ‘contrary to theclaims of the nativists, research shows that man-dispersed speciesincrease biological diversity, benefit ecosystems, and act asan important force for healing the planet’. This is anuncompromising statement, and David Theodoropoulos divides hisdevelopment of the arguments supporting this statement intothree parts. Part I (Chapters 1–6) is ‘Nature, Dispersaland Reaction’. Part II (Chapters 7 and 8) is ‘Why?Psychology, Politics and Pseudoscience’. Part III (Chapters9–11) is ‘Humanity and Diversity’. There isalso an ‘Introduction’ including a summary of findingsand ‘An outline for a new theory of anthropogenic dispersal’,     

Trichosporium mantegazzae Poll. e Cladosporium chlamydeum n.sp.

Summary Trichosporium mantegazzae Poll. from a human case, through the study of the original strain, has been recognized as a typicalAureobasidium pullulans (De By.) Arn. (formelyDematium orPullularia).From the skin of a dog affected by a purulent, eczematous dermatitis, a species ofCladosporium has been isolated. It is described as a new species (C. chlamydeum) on account of the poorly developed, unbranched, as a rule monocondial conidiophores, and for the chlamydospores produced in culture.     

New types of acetate-oxidizing,sulfate-reducing Desulfobacter species,D. hydrogenophilus sp. nov., D. latus sp. nov., and D. curvatus sp. nov.

Sulfate-reducing bacteria with oval to rod-shaped cells (strains AcRS1, AcRS2) and vibrio-shaped cells (strains AcRM3, AcRM4, AcRM5) differing by size were isolated from anaerobic marine sediment with acetate as the only electron donor. A vibrio-shaped type (strain AcKo) was also isolated from freshwater sediment. Two strains (AcRS1, AcRM3) used ethanol and pyruvate in addition to acetate, and one strain (AcRS1) grew autotrophically with H₂, sulfate and CO₂. Higher fatty acids or lactate were never utilized. All isolates were able to grow in ammonia-free medium in the presence of N₂. Nitrogenase activity under such conditions was demonstrated by the acetylene reduction test. The facultatively lithoautotrophic strain (AcRS1), a strain (AcRS2) with unusually large cells (2×5 m), and a vibrio-shaped strain (AcRM3) are described as new Desulfobacter species, D. hydrogenophilus, D. latus, and D. curvatus, respectively.     

Bryophytes of St Helena,South Atlantic Ocean. 6. Cheilolejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn. (Jungermanniales: Lejeuneaceae), including C. microscypha (Hook.f. & Taylor) M.Wigginton,comb. nov. and C. rotalis (Hook.f. & Taylor) M.Wigginton,comb. nov.

Abstract

Two little known species of Cheilolejeunea, C. microscypha (Hook.f. & Taylor) M.Wigginton, comb. nov. (a reinstated St Helena liverwort), and C. rotalis (Hook.f. & Taylor) M.Wigginton comb. nov., endemic to St Helena, South Atlantic Ocean, are described and illustrated, and oil bodies of C. ascensionis (Hook.f. & Taylor) Grolle are newly described and illustrated.     

Iron . bleomycin . DNA system evidence of a long-lived bleomycin . iron . oxygen intermediate

When Fe(II) is added to a bleomycin. DNA mixture in the presence of air a long-lived $\text{(}\text{t}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{= 45}\text{minutes}\text{)}$ EPR silent species (I′) is formed; the circular dichroism and absorption spectra of which have been characterized. This complex slowly decays yielding a ferric complex (III′) analogous to the well known low spin Fe(III). BLM species.     

Microsomacanthus kaulobatroni n. sp. et Wardium neotropicale n. sp. parasites d' Himantopus melanurus du Paraguay

The authors describe and illustrate two hymenolepidid cestodes parasitising Himantopus melanurus (Aves) from Paraguay. Microsomacanthus kaulobatroni n. sp., 20–30 long × 0.6 mm wide, with 10 diorchoid hooks 33–38 µm long, three testes in a transverse row, short cirrus 20–28 µm long armed with very minute spines, a short vagina with a sphincter, and a multi-lobed ovary, with genital ducts similar to those of Hymenolepis himantopodis ( sensu Fuhrmann, 1906) but with rostellar hooks different from those of Tænia himantopodis Krabbe, 1869 sp. inq. Wardium neotropicale n. sp., 40-50 long x 0.9 mm wide, has campanulate proglottides, scolex with 10 aploparaksoid rostellar hooks 9 µm long, testes arranged in a triangle, a short cirrus pouch without a transverse retractor muscle, very short, unarmed cirrus, a short vagina with a sphincter (30–35 µm in diameter) but no retractor muscle, a multi-lobed ovary and a bipartite uterus. The shape of the hooks distinguishes this species from T. himantopodis Krabbe, 1869 and other aspects of its anatomy from other species of Wardium with hooks of a similar size. A single specimen of a third Hymenolepis (sensu lato) species (lacking the scolex) could not be identified.     

Miscanthus subgen. Rubimons subgen. nov. (Poaceae) and Miscanthus villosus sp. nov. from southwest Yunnan,China

Miscanthus subgen. Rubimons (B. S. Sun) Y. C. Liu et H. Peng, a new subgenus of Miscanthus Anderss. (Poaceae) is established and Miscanthus (Rubimons) villosus Y. C. Liu et H. Peng, a new species of this subgenus from southwest Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. It is closely related to M. paniculatus (B. S. Sun) S. L. Chen & Renvoize, but differs mainly by its villous panicle axis, long callus hair, lanceolate lower lemma and the consistently longer awn of the upper lemma.     

Regional hemodynamics during postexercise hypotension. II. Cutaneous circulation.

After an acute bout of exercise, there is an unexplained elevation in systemic vascular conductance that is not completely offset by an increase in cardiac output, resulting in a postexercise hypotension. The contributions of the splanchnic and renal circulations are examined in a companion paper (Pricher MP, Holowatz LA, Williams JT, Lockwood JM, and Halliwill JR. J Appl Physiol 97: 2065-2070, 2004). The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of the cutaneous circulation in postexercise hypotension under thermoneutral conditions (approximately 23 degrees C). Arterial blood pressure was measured via an automated sphygmomanometer, internal temperature was measured via an ingestible pill, and skin temperature was measured with eight thermocouples. Red blood cell flux (laser-Doppler flowmetry) was monitored at four skin sites (chest, forearm, thigh, and leg), and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated (red blood cell flux/mean arterial pressure) and scaled as percent maximal CVC (local heating to 43 degrees C). Ten subjects [6 men and 4 women; age 23 +/- 1 yr; peak O(2) uptake (Vo(2 peak)) 45.8 +/- 2.0 ml.kg(-1).min(-1)] volunteered for this study. After supine rest (30 min), subjects exercised on a bicycle ergometer for 1 h at 60% of their Vo(2 peak) and were then positioned supine for 90 min. Exercise elicited a postexercise hypotension reaching a nadir at 46.0 +/- 4.5 min postexercise (77 +/- 1 vs. 82 +/- 2 mmHg preexercise; P < 0.05). Internal temperature increased (38.0 +/- 0.1 vs. 36.7 +/- 0.1 degrees C preexercise; P < 0.05), remaining elevated at 90 min postexercise (36.9 +/- 0.1 degrees C vs. preexercise; P < 0.05). CVC at all four skin sites was elevated by the exercise bout (P < 0.05), returning to preexercise values within 50 min postexercise (P > 0.05). Therefore, although transient changes in CVC occur postexercise, they do not appear to play an obligatory role in mediating postexercise hypotension under thermoneutral conditions.     

Xenococconeis opunohusiensis gen. et sp. nov. and Xenococconeis neocaledonica comb. nov. (Bacillariophyta) from the tropical South Pacific

During a survey of the coral reef diatoms of Moorea Island (Society Archipelago, South Pacific) a small‐sized member of the order Achnanthales was studied using a light microscope (LM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). This marine taxon has: a raphe valve (RV) with a non‐crenulate edge; a high cingulum; a sternum valve (SV) often irregularly striated and areolae with concave hymenate pore occlusion; a thick and plain SV valvocopula (SVVC), ring‐shaped, composed of large fused fimbriae, with a central elliptic foramen bordered by the peg‐like edge of the fimbriae. On abvalvar side, the SVVC bears radiate concave and robust transapical ribs, interlinking with short elevated transverse ribs of the RV valvocopula (RVVC). Large marginal fenestrae of the RVVC give access to pseudoloculi. One oblong, unique and striated papilla is located on each RVVC rib. Given this unique set of features, we describe Xenococconeis opunohusiensis gen. et sp. nov. as a new taxon belonging to the Achnanthales. The characteristics of the new taxon are compared with Campyloneis Grunow and Cocconeis Ehrenberg. From New Caledonia, Cocconeis neocaledonica Maillard ex Lange‐Bertalot et Steindorf, a freshwater diatom, was described with two internal septa with marginal pseudoloculi. Based on subsequent SEM illustrations and remarks, we propose the transfer of C. neocaledonica to the new genus, and compare it to the type species, Xenococconeis opunohusiensis.     

Tree-ring and varve scales combined,c. 13500 B.C. to A.D. 1977

Varve chronologies are of several kinds but glacial varves respond to summer temperature and fluvial varves to summer rainfall.Tree-ring chronologies near the timberline respond to summer temperature but European oak chronologies respond to summer rainfall.Certain global features of the weather of the summer season, notably the Biennial Index, are therefore parameters that can be used for cross-dating both varves and tree-rings in different continents.Characteristic curves for different parameters in the Late Glacial (Zones Ia, Ib and II) and in the past thousand years are presented. A moisture curve is given for the North European Plain (200 B.C.–A.D. 1100). A conversion chart for tree-rings and radiocarbon dates is extended back into the Late Glacial on the tentative assumption that the radiocarbon error was about 950 years at the beginning of the Holocene (III/IV), i.e. that 10300 b.p. should be 11250 B.P. or 9300 B.C.Supplementary sources of information useful in obtaining approximate dates include: (a) palaeomagnetism; (b) tephrochronology and X-ray analysis; (c) cycle analysis; (d) climatic peculiarities associated with specific radiocarbon centuries; (e) X-ray analysis of specific varves; and (f) new methods of varve-analysis.The varve-series used for the Late Glacial, if the author's cross-dating between North America and Scandinavia is acceptable, constitute a floating chronology of about 4000 years. Given approximate ¹⁴C dates for any long series of varves or tree-rings in one part of the world, it is now possible to obtain cross-dating with any other long series in another part of the world, and it will be easy to replace the tentative ‘950-year’ error by a precise figure determined from a combined varve and tree-ring scale extending back from the present day to (say) the zero of Sauramo's scale for varves in Finland. In the meantime the ‘950’ is mnemonically convenient, as this would make the year on the B.C. scale one thousand less than the year on the b.p. scale.     

First elucidation of a didymozoid life cycle: Saccularina magnacetabula n. gen. n. sp. infecting an arcid bivalve

The first first-intermediate host for a species of Didymozoidae (Trematoda: Hemiuroidea), a bivalve of the family Arcidae, is identified using multi-loci molecular data. First intermediate, (likely) third intermediate, and adult stages of a new didymozoid taxon (Saccularina magnacetabula n. gen. n. sp.) from Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia were collected from the Sydney cockle Anadara trapezia (Deshayes) (Arcoidea: Arcidae), Sillago sp. (Sillaginidae) and Elops hawaiensis Regan (Elopiformes: Elopidae), respectively, and genetically matched. Infections in A. trapezia were present as sporocysts and cystophorous cercariae, and infected tissue at the base of the gills. Morphologically, S. magnacetabula is distinctive relative to all other didymozoids in the combination of hermaphroditism, mate-pairing, filiform body shape, the presence of a ventral sucker, a single testis, and a saccular excretory vesicle at the posterior extremity. Molecular sequence data were generated for S. magnacetabula and 42 other putative didymozoid species to explore relationships within the Didymozoidae and Hemiuroidea. In molecular phylogenetic analyses of the 28S rDNA region, the new genus forms a clade with an undescribed taxon from the redthroat emperor, Lethrinus miniatus (Bloch & Schneider) (Perciformes: Lethrinidae), from the Great Barrier Reef, and another uncharacterised taxon from E. hawaiensis. This clade is sister to a moderately well-supported clade comprising all other didymozoid species for which sequences are available, including representatives of five of the six presently recognised subfamilies. The infection of a bivalve by a didymozoid is discussed in the context of the overwhelming use of gastropod molluscs as first intermediate hosts by the Hemiuroidea.     

Tylenchulus graminis n. sp. and T. palustris n. sp. (Tylenchulidae), from Native Flora of Florida,with Notes on T. semipenetrans and T. furcus

Tylenchulus graminis n. sp. and T. palustris n. sp. are described and illustrated from broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus L.) and pop ash (Fraxinus caroliniana Mill.), respectively. T. graminis resembles T. furcus in having a distinct anus, but T. graminis second-stage juveniles (J2) do not have a bifid tail. T. semipenetrans does not have a perceptible anus. The mature female of T. graminis has a mucronate pointed terminus while T. semipenetrans has a smooth and round terminus. T. graminis males have wider stylet knobs and basal bulb and a longer tail than T. semipenetrans males. T. graminis J2 have a longer posterior body portion (without large fat globules) than T. semipenetrans J2. T. palustris resembles T. semipenetrans in having an undetectable anus but differs by the short and conoid mature female postvulval section. The male of T. palustris has larger stylet knobs and basal bulb than those of T. semipenetrans and a bluntly rounded tail terminus, which is tapered in T. semipenetrans. T. palustris differs from T. furcus and T. graminis in having an undetectable anus, by the conoid postvulval section of mature females, by the shorter and rounded tail of males, and the shorter J2 posterior body section without large fat globules. T. graminis and T. palustris are parasites of indigenous flora of Florida.     

Haplodontium zangii X.R.Wang & J.C.Zhao,sp. nov. (Bryaceae,Bryopsida) from Xizang,China

Haplodontium zangii X.R.Wang &; J.C.Zhao, a new moss species from Xizang, China, is described and illustrated. Previously, specimens of H. zangii have been identified as Mielichhoferia himalayana Mitt. However, H. zangii is distinctly different from M. himalayana in having excurrent costae with short awns (vs long denticulate awns), short-pyriform capsules, 0.8–1?mm (vs long-pyriform capsules, 2.5–3?mm), and densely papillose exostome teeth (vs smooth or vertically striped exostome teeth). Haplodontium zangii is similar to H. macrocarpum (Hook.) J.R.Spence, which was traditionally placed in Mielichhoferia Nees &; Hornsch. as M. macrocarpa (Hook.) Bruch &; Schimp. The main differences between H. zangii and H. macrocarpum are in the morphology of the leaves, capsules, guide cells, and stomata. Mielichhoferia himalayana and another Chinese species of Mielichhoferia, M. sinensis Dix., are also transferred to Haplodontium Hampe, a new genus in the bryoflora of China, as H. himalayanum (Mitt.) X.R.Wang &; J.C.Zhao and H. sinensis (Dix.) X.R.Wang &; J.C.Zhao. A morphological comparison and a key to the three species of Haplodontium in China as well as to H. macrocarpum, a species that is likely to be found in China, are provided.     

Trois Especes Nouvelles d'Ophryoglenes: O. gelifera n. sp., O. mucosa n. sp., O. multimicronucleata n. sp. (Cilies Holotriches Peniculiens)

SYNOPSIS. A previous study with P. de Puytorac on O. bacterocaryon(3) has shown the methods of studying this Ciliate and has specified the general and buccal morphology, the morphogenesis, and the biology of vegetative individuals (theront, trophont, tomont, tomites) of this species. Three species we are describing now offer numerous common features with O. bacterocaryon. We consider them as the proper characters of genus Ophryoglena and we only insist on the specific particularities of O. gelifera, O. mucosa and O. multimicronucleata. O. gelifera is a large Ophryoglene differing from the others by a slightly asymetric, curved, spindle-shaped theront; the ellipsoidal tomont secretes abundant and clear jelly. The theront possesses one thick spindle-shaped macronucleus, one voluminous spherical micronucleus, fitting with the macronucleus. Its somatic infraciliature is dense, its buccal infraciliature is characteristic, especially in the shape of peniculus P1. This species cannot be mistaken for O. pectans Mugard(2) although it is rather near it. O. mucosa is a very small Ophryoglene. The theront has one thick elliptical macronucleus, one small micronucleus; the buccal orifice is not kidney-shaped, but quite pointed in front; there is no tragus; the somatic infraciliature is not close; the peniculus P1 is characteristic. The tomont is ellipsoidal and surrounded by a thick mucous gangue. The tomites are not close together. O. mucosa is very different from O. gelifera and O. pectans Mugard(2). O. multimicronucleata. Near to O. polymicrocaryon Mugard(2), this Ophryoglene differs from it by the small size of all its vegetative elements and especially by its nuclear-apparatus. The latter includes numerous (5 to 6) bulky spherical micronuclei and one macronucleus looking like blackpudding which can be compared to that of O. singularis Canella and Trinchas(1). The theront is spindle-shaped and of a dark-grey colour. The spherical tomont secretes a mucous gangue which is not very thick. Besides, the somatic infraciliature and buccal in fraciliature of the theront (peniculus P1 especially) make O. multi micronucleata quite distinct from O. polymicrocaryon Mugard(2).     

The glycolipids of Lactobacillus casei A.T.C.C. 7469

1. The lipids were extracted from Lactobacillus casei A.T.C.C. 7469 with chloroform-methanol mixtures. The glycolipids were obtained by chromatography on silicic acid and DEAE-cellulose (acetate form). 2. Hydrolysis of the glycolipids with alkali gave two glycerol glycosides and a mixture of fatty acids. 3. The glycosides were separated and their structures elucidated. The major component was O-alpha-d-galactopyranosyl-(1-->2)-O-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-->1)-glycerol and the minor component O-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-O-alpha-d-galactopyranosyl-(1-->2)-O-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-->1)-glycerol. 4. Analysis of the fatty acids by gas-liquid chromatography showed that they were predominantly palmitic acid, octadecenoic acid and lactobacillic acid.     

The response ofPlantago lanceolata L. andP. major L. spp.major to nitrate depletion

To study aspects of the ecology of grassland species, in a comparative experiment, plants ofP. lanceolata andP. major were grown in pots in a greenhouse, and subjected to a gradual nitrate depletion for several weeks. Control plants were weekly supplied with nitrate. Growth, leaf appearance and disappearance, concentrations of cations and inorganic anions, soluble and insoluble reduced nitrogen concentrations,in vivo nitrate reductase activity (NRA) and the concentration of non-structural carbohydrates in several parts of the plants were followed. Depletion of nitrate caused a reduction of shoot growth, both in biomass and number of leaves. Withering of leaves increased. Accumulation of root dry matter was little (P. lanceolata), or not (P. major) affected. The concentration of reduced nitrogen in all tissues also decreased, both that of the soluble and that of the insoluble fraction. As a result, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE, g dry matter produced per mmol N incorporated) increased by nitrate depletion. NRA was higher in the roots than in the leaves, and decreased with increasing nitrate depletion. In control plants, nitrate became also limiting. This resulted in decreasing nitrate concentrations in leaves and roots. In the leaves, the decrease in nitrate concentration was preceded by a decrease in NRA. The decrease of the nitrate concentration was parallelled by an increase in the concentration of soluble sugar. No major differences in the response towards nitrate depletion were observed between the two species. Grassland Species Research Group, publication no. 129