野生生物、野生动植物和野生来源的定义及范畴

关于野生生物、野生动植物和野生来源的定义是科学研究、物种保护和政策管理工作 ,特别是野生动植物立法和执法方面经常遇到的问题。对见于各种法规和文献中的野生生物、野生动植物、野生来源、人工繁殖、人工培植、天然、人工合成等概念的定义进行了分类、比较与分析 ,讨论了这些概念的相对性和使用范畴 ,提出了野生动植物的简要定义 ,并指出了这些概念的定义需根据实际需要而发展调整。     

野生动植物贸易活动的特点及影响因子研究

不受控制的贸易可能导致野生动植物面临生存危机。探讨野生动植物贸易活动的特点和影响因子有利于提高野生动植物贸易的管理水平。本文从生物因素、社会因素、经济因素和文化因素等角度综合分析了除木材与海洋渔业以外的野生动植物贸易活动的特点。与一般贸易相比,这些野生动植物贸易活动具有传统性、地域性、流动的方向性、季节性、分散性、替代效应、反馈效应和补充性等特征。影响某一野生动植物物种进入野生动植物贸易活动的生物因子包括种群大小、易获得性、个体大小、周期性波动、耐受性、替代性等;社会因子包括政策、执法力度、社会心理、收入水平、猎捕技术等;同时,文化传统也会影响人们利用野生动植物和进行相关贸易的方式与范围。对野生动植物贸易活动特点和影响因子的分析为管理相关野生动植物贸易活动提供了依据。     

Accumulation of Knowledge and Changes in Red List Classifications within the Family Galliformes1980–2004

The IUCN Red List classification scheme has, for many years, aided the prioritisation of conservation action by identifying taxa most at risk of extinction. This is a study of the accumulation of knowledge concerning extinction risk in gamebirds over the last 25 years (the Red Lists published in 1981, 1988, 1994, 2000 and 2004). The change from the rather subjective assessment criteria of the 1980s to the more quantitative scheme of 1994 was marked by a sharp increase in the proportion of species classed as threatened. Between 1994 and 2000, 17% of threatened species moved threat category (21 upgraded and 28 downgraded) while between 2000 and 2004 just 7% of species shifted category. The main threat criteria (those associated with ‘declining population’, ‘small range’ and ‘small population’) were used in similar proportions in 1994 and 2000, suggesting no real change in the ways that classifications are arrived at. Decision tree analysis showed that species moving between threat categories between 1994 and 2004 tended to be polytypic and have large global ranges, suggesting that such species are amongst those most difficult to classify. Considering actual direction of change between 1994 and 2004, geographic region and taxonomic group were important, with pheasants, and partridges and their allies (species of the Palearctic and Oriental regions), tending to be downgraded, and the grouse, megapodes and cracids of the New World and Australasia tending to be upgraded. While there are now few movements in threat category between assessments, we caution that this certainly does not mean that we have accumulated adequate knowledge to properly support the classifications for most species.     

Response of young<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Tsuga heterophylla</Emphasis> to deer browsing: developing tools to assess deer impact on forest dynamics

We used dendroecology to describe and understand the consequences of deer browsing on regenerating western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). We compared tree shape, growth rate, height and age at four different sites in Haida Gwaii (British Columbia, Canada) that had trees representative of the range of deer impact on trees: (1) trees showing no sign of browsing, (2) escaped trees which were still browsed below the browse line and (3) stunted and heavily browsed trees. Repeated and intense browsing resulted in the small size, compact heavily ramified shape of stunted trees and in the short compact and ramified lower branches of escaped trees. These contrasted with the shape of non-browsed trees, a shape that was also found in escaped trees above the browse line. Before release, all browsed trees experienced stagnation in growth characterised by narrow rings (0.3 mm/year) and a small annual height increment (2.5 cm/year). At release, growth rate increased and stabilised: rings were wider (1.3 mm/year) and annual height increments were greater (10.5 cm/year). Non-browsed trees had a mean ring-width of 1.3 mm/year and an annual height increment of 22 cm/year. Delay in tree recruitment caused by deer varied from site to site. It had been about 15 years for the escaped trees and is estimated at 30–40 years for the stunted trees. Spatial variation in deer impact may reflect spatial variation of browsing pressure resulting from local differences in the availability of preferred forage or to differences in tree chemical defences/nutritional values.     

森林生态系统健康与野生动植物资源的可持续利用

研究了森林生态系统健康与野生动植物资源之间的关系,以及人类活动对森林生态系统健康的影响,提出了以下三个论点：(1)野生动植物资源是构成森林生态系统的基本物质内容。野生动植物资源对森林生态系统具有不可估量的影响和作用。(2)野生动植物资源的减少是森林生态系统健康状况下降的“显示器”。森林生态系统健康状况的下降或衰退,会导致野生动植物资源数量或种类的减少甚至种群灭绝。(3)森林生态系统是野生动植物资源与人类活动关系的集合体和反映体。人类与野生动植物资源是对立又统一的矛盾综合体,而森林生态系统健康与否就取决于这二者的关系。如果人类对野生动植物资源在保护的基础上进行合理的利用,就能保证森林生态系统的结构的完整和功能的良好,因此森林生态系统处于健康的状态;但若人类对野生动植物资源过度利用而不加保护,那么随着野生动植物资源的逐渐衰竭,森林生态系统将逐渐失去某些功能且变得支离破碎,也就无法保持健康的状态。提出了维持森林生态系统健康并实现野生动植物资源可持续利用的解决途径：(1)实行森林的可持续经营。森林可持续经营是指长期保持森林的生产力和可再生性,以及森林生态系统的物种和生物多样性。(2)发展“接近自然的林业”。近自然林业是在服从自然规律的前提下为人类的木材及林产品利用目的而设计的容许有一点偏离自然的森林模式,以森林生态健康为目标的建设方法。     

Repeated floristical observations on islets in the Aegean

Repeated observations are made on species and numbers of individuals in some islets. The changes after 14 years are reported for 11 islets. They include several extinctions and invasions. Great changes in numbers of individuals were found, especially for many of the annuals, in some of them as great as between 0–10 and over 10 000 individuals. The greatest constancy was found in a few dominant and subdominant perennials.Dedicated to Prof.K. H. Rechinger on the occasion of his 80th birthday.     

我国重点保护动植物物种价值评估

对野生动植物生态经济价值的认识是有效保护的基础,运用条件价值评估法对我国重点保护动植物物种的价值进行研究。通过网络问卷调查法共收集到5500份问卷,其中有效问卷4672份。通过对有效问卷分析得到总的平均支付意愿为209元人~(-1)a~(-1)。其中,动物和植物分别是111.37元人~(-1)a~(-1)和97.65元人~(-1)a~(-1),不同保护级别物种的支付意愿大小差别显著。基于2016年全国城镇就业人口数据求得我国重点保护动植物物种的保护效益为18.29万亿元/a,其中动物8.20万亿元/a,植物10.09万亿元/a。支付意愿影响因素分析表明,收入、学历、对重点保护物种的了解和感兴趣程度以及是否参加过重点保护物种保护活动对支付意愿大小有显著影响。     

Effects of a Severe Drought on Water and Nitrogen Use by Quercus ilex and Phyllyrea latifolia

A severe drought that took place in Spain and other Mediterranean countries in 1994 produced a dieback of Quercus ilex trees on south-facing conglomerates but only minor defoliations in trees on north-facing schists. The foliar ¹³C of damaged trees continued to decrease in the next two wet years probably indicating increasing water use efficiency, and their ¹⁵N continued to increase indicating progressive ecosystem N saturation and/or N losses whereas there were no significant changes in undamaged trees. Pre-drought ¹³C values were reached in the third year after the drought, but ¹⁵N values did not yet recover. Another co-occurring small tree, Phyllyrea latifolia, did not show any damage and gained dominance in the most affected stands.     

Flora and fauna of the sublittoral hard substrata in the Oosterschelde (The Netherlands) — interactions with the North Sea and the influence of a storm surge barrier

Since 1979 the flora and fauna of the artificial rocky shores of the Oosterschelde estuary have been investigated by diving biologists.Spatial and temporal patterns of species diversity and biomass were studied and several groups of species (communities) were distinguished. A west-east gradient in species composition was found. Species distribution proved to be mainly determined by current velocities, silt and plankton concentrations in the water, underwater irradiance, and the nature of the substratum. Some indications of migration between the basin and the North Sea are shown. Biomass of the hard substratum fauna was compared with that of the soft bottom fauna; the ratio appeared to be about 1 : 2, which is surprisingly high considering the small area available for hard substratum fauna.The key to the interactions with the North Sea is found in the water movements and the volume of water passing through the mouth of the basin during each tide. The abiotic and subsequent biotic changes in the basin caused by the building of the storm surge barrier are discussed, and used to illustrate the measure of dependence of the Oosterschelde on the North Sea.     

四川被子植物区系特征的初步研究

四川地区被子植物区系188科1493属8711种及1252变种,全球50％以上的科都有代表,与毗邻地区及世界植物区系有着广泛而密切的联系。区系古老而原始,珍稀孑遗类群丰富;单型或少种的科属众多,含100种以上的大科和大属也十分繁荣;含5种以下的属占76.89%,但占总属数约22.64%的多种属和大属是区系的主体,包含区系总种数的63.28%。科的分布类型有明显热带性质,属、种的分布类型反映出典型的亚热带属性。优势现象明显,特有类群和表征类群丰富。该地区被子植物区系对中国乃至东亚都有代表性。     

History of vegetation and land use from 3200 B.P. to the present in the north-west Burren,a karstic region of western Ireland

A radiocarbon-dated pollen profile provides the first evidence for the vegetation history of the north-west Burren, a karstic region in Co. Clare, western Ireland. The profile, which spans the period ca. 3200-0 B.P., shows that Corylus was the main woody species and that, apart from the later eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when woody species were almost totally cleared, it constituted a more important element in the landscape than at present. The data indicate that small populations of Quercus, Fraxinus, Betula, Alnus and possibly Ulmus were also present until at least the mid seventeenth century. Exceptionally high values of Plantago lanceolata (mostly in excess of 20% total terrestrial pollen) suggest intensive pastoral farming over most of the period. Between A.D. 200–580, a lull in activity is recorded during which woody species and, in particular, hazel scrub regenerated. The separation of pollen of cereal origin from large cereal-type pollen produced by non-cultivated grasses proved particularly problematic. Reliance has therefore been placed on the weed pollen flora as a guide to arable activity. This flora indicates that arable farming was of some importance in the Burren from A.D. 1000 onwards. The implications of the various findings for the longer term history of the rarer elements of the Burren flora and the relationship between the pollen record and the archaeological and historical evidence for settlement and land use are discussed.     

A population founded by a single pair of individuals: establishment,expansion, and evolution

Events occurring at the founding of a population, and in the next few generations, are potentially of great importance for the future evolution of the population. This study reports demographic, genetic, and morphological changes that took place during and after the colonization of the small Galápagos island of Daphne Major by three male and two female large ground finches, Geospiza magnirostris, at the end of 1982. Using assignment tests with microsatellite DNA data we demonstrate heterogeneity among the immigrants. Their sources included both a near island (Santa Cruz) and a far island (Marchena). However, almost all immigrants that stayed to breed were from an intermediate island (Santiago) and its satellites. Song may have been responsible for this selectivity. Mean heterozygosity stayed roughly constant over the next 15 years while allelic diversity almost doubled, after an initial decline, as the breeding population increased to a maximum of 30 pairs. Although close inbreeding occurred, with a reduction in heterozygosity, an expected net decline in heterozygosity did not occur, for two reasons: it was counteracted by continuing gene flow from immigrants at a low rate, and inbred birds (in one cohort) were at a selective disadvantage. An abrupt step-function shift in beak shape occurred after 9 years. Thus the study provides evidence of drift and selection causing morphological and genetic divergence in the establishment of a new population and in the first few generations.     

Active management of an artificial rocky coast

Some aspects of the flora and fauna of the Dutch artificial rocky shores are described, together with abiotic factors determining their distribution. This leads to recommendations for future management. It is shown that there are many ways for a multifunctional use of the dikes and its flora and fauna. Certain types of flora and fauna might be used to strengthen a seawall. Examples are given of the possible application of hard substrate flora and fauna for water purification purposes and for monitoring of water and substrate quality.