抑制Hedgehog信号通路促进C3H10T1/2间充质干细胞成脂分化

激活Hedgehog信号通路可抑制间充质干细胞成脂分化,但抑制Hedgehog信号通路是否可促进脂肪细胞分化研究结果却并不一致.本研究采用环靶明诱导C3H10T1/2细胞成脂分化,并以国际公认的成脂诱导剂混合物（胰岛素、地塞米松、吲哚美辛和IBMX）诱导细胞分化作为参考. qRT-PCR结果显示,在10 μmol/L环靶明(cyclopamine)处理的C3H10T1/2细胞中,Hedgehog信号通路各基因相对表达量显著下降,而成脂分化调控基因PPARγ,C/EBPα和成脂分化标志基因FABP4相对表达量显著升高（P < 0.05). 与此一致,Western印迹结果表明,在环靶明处理的C3H10T1/2细胞中,Hedgehog信号通路中的Shh蛋白和Gli1蛋白表达水平显著下降,成脂分化相关的PPARγ、C/EBPα和FABP4蛋白表达水平显著升高（P < 0.05）. 此外,油红O染色方法证明,环靶明处理可诱导C3H10T1/2细胞成脂分化.以上研究结果提示,抑制Hedgehog信号通路对小鼠胚胎间充质干细胞的成脂分化具有促进作用,并可能为瘦肉型猪的培育和猪肉品质调控研究提供参考依据.     

SAHA抑制间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2的增殖与成脂分化

本文研究组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂辛二酰苯胺异羟肟酸（suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid,SAHA）对间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs) C3H10T1/2增殖和成脂分化的影响及其可能的作用机制.用Western印迹验证SAHA对细胞内蛋白乙酰化的影响;用MTT和流式细胞术检测细胞活性和细胞周期;利用油红O染色检测细胞成脂分化,实时定量PCR检测PPARγ2和成脂分化标志物Fabp4、perilipin以及adipoq mRNA的转录.Western印迹结果显示,SAHA可促进细胞内蛋白的乙酰化.MTT和流式细胞术结果显示,SAHA对C3H10T1/2细胞活性的抑制呈浓度依赖性,随着SAHA浓度增加,细胞形态趋向于展平,并将细胞周期抑制在G0/G1期;SAHA可呈浓度依赖性抑制C3H10T1/2 细胞的成脂分化作用.同时实时定量PCR结果显示,SAHA抑制成脂关键转录因子PPARγ2,脂肪因子Fabp4、perilipin和adipoq mRNA的转录.综上所述,SAHA可影响间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2细胞形态,并呈剂量依赖性地抑制其增殖和成脂分化.     

BMP2具有诱导C3H10T1/2细胞成脂肪分化的能力

探讨骨形态发生蛋白2（BMP2）诱导鼠胚胎间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成脂肪分化能力,为临床脂肪代谢疾病的治疗提供理论基础．培养多潜能的间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2,用20 μg/ml BMP2对其诱导一定时间后,RT-PCR检测是否存在BMP信号通路中关键分子BMP受体BMPR I, BMPR Ⅱ及Smad 1/5/8的表达.Western印迹检测Smad 蛋白及MAPK 信号通路中p38磷酸化水平变化,QRT PCR检测成脂肪标志基因aP2以及成脂肪相关转录因子PPARγ,C/EBPα,C/EBPβ表达水平,同时用油红O染色,观测C3H10T1/2细胞成脂肪分化情况．经BMP2诱导后,C3H10T1/2细胞成脂肪分化标志(油红O染色)显著增加,Smad 蛋白及p38磷酸化水平有所上升,同时成脂肪标志基因aP2以及成脂肪相关转录因子PPARγ,C/EBPα,C/EBPβ表达水平各有一定程度提高．BMP2具有诱导C3H10T1/2细胞成脂肪分化能力,其成脂肪分化呈现对BMP2作用的时间依赖性．     

p38蛋白激酶参与BMP9诱导的C3H10T1/2细胞成骨分化

目的:初步分析丝裂原活化蛋白激酶p38在BMP9诱导间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成骨分化过程中的作用.方法:利用BMP9重组腺病毒感染C3H10T1/2细胞,Western blot检测p38激酶总蛋白表达水平和磷酸化水平.p38的特异性抑制剂SB203580抑制p38活性或RNA干扰抑制p38表达后,分析ALP活性...     

BMP9经JNK激酶途径调控间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成骨分化

为了证实JNK激酶在骨形态发生蛋白9(bone morphogenetic proteins 9,BMP9) 诱导间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成骨分化中的作用,利用重组腺病毒将BMP9导入间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2. 通过碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性测定、钙盐沉积实验、荧光素酶报告基因检测、Western印迹和组织化学染色等方法,检测BMP9是否可经JNK激酶途径调控间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2向成骨分化.动物实验验证在RNA沉默JNK蛋白激酶后,对BMP9诱导间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2向成骨分化的影响．结果发现,BMP9可以增强JNK 激酶的磷酸化;利用JNK抑制剂SP600125抑制JNK激酶活性后,BMP9诱导的间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2的早期成骨指标ALP活性和晚期指标钙盐沉积均受到抑制,而且经典SMAD信号的活化也相应受到抑制;RNA干扰沉默JNK基因表达后,同样也可抑制BMP9 诱导的C3H10T1/2细胞的ALP活性和裸鼠皮下异位成骨．因此表明,BMP9可活化JNK激酶途径从而诱导间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2向成骨分化．     

敲低低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白1抑制C3H10T1/2多潜能干细胞定向成脂

C3H10T1/2多潜能干细胞成脂过程分为定向和分化两个阶段,骨形成蛋白4(BMP4)可以诱导其定向成前脂肪细胞．已有的研究表明,脂肪组织特异性敲除低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白1(Lrp1)的小鼠体重减轻,脂肪组织含量减少,揭示此基因对成脂具有重要作用．然而,目前尚不清楚Lrp1是否在成脂定向过程中发挥作用．采用小干扰RNA技术(RNAi),在体外水平研究低密度脂蛋白Lrp1对C3H10T1/2多潜能干细胞成脂定向的作用．分别在C3H10T1/2成脂的定向期和脂滴成熟期敲低Lrp1,通过显微镜下观察、油红O染色、Western blotting等实验证实,定向期而非脂滴成熟期敲低Lrp1显著抑制C3H10T1/2多潜能干细胞成脂．BMP4通过激活下游Smad1/5/8信号通路发挥作用,而敲低Lrp1显著抑制BMP4诱导的Smad1/5/8磷酸化．这些结果说明：敲低Lrp1通过下调Smad信号通路,抑制BMP4诱导的C3H10T1/2多潜能干细胞成脂定向．     

过表达miR-155抑制BMP9诱导间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成骨分化

目的:研究过表达miR-155对BMP9诱导间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成骨分化的影响。方法:(1)用重组腺病毒Ad-BMP9(BMP9)诱导C3H10T1/2细胞成骨分化,定量PCR(qPCR)检测miR-155的表达,RT-PCR检测Runx2和ALP的表达。(2)miR-155和BMP9共同处理C3H10T1/2细胞,qPCR检测miR-155的表达,ALP活性和染色检测早期成骨能力。(3)miR-155和BMP9共同处理C3H10T1/2细胞,诱导分化14d茜素红S染色检测晚期成骨能力。(4)miR-155和BMP9共同处理C3H10T1/2细胞,qPCR检测成骨分化相关基因Runx2、OSX、COL1A1、ALP、OCN和OPN的表达。(5)miR-155和BMP9共同处理C3H10T1/2细胞,Western blot检测p-Smad1/5/8、OCN和OPN蛋白水平的表达。(6)qPCR和Western blot分别检测HIF1α和VEGF的mRNA表达水平和蛋白质表达水平。(7)应用荧光素酶报告基因对miR-155的靶基因进行筛选和验证。结果:在BMP9诱导C3H10T1/2细胞成骨分化过程中,过表达miR-155降低ALP活性及染色;减少钙盐沉积;成骨分化相关基因Runx2、OSX、COL1A1、ALP、OCN和OPN表达降低;抑制p-Smad1/5/8、OCN和OPN蛋白水平的表达;HIF1α和VEGF的mRNA和蛋白表达水平减少。在对靶基因的检测中,过表达miR-155可以抑制HIF1α蛋白水平的表达,但对其mRNA水平无明显影响。结论:miR-155过表达减弱BMP9诱导间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成骨分化,可能是通过抑制Smad/BMP信号通路发挥作用,也有可能是通过抑制靶基因HIF1α的表达来发挥作用。     

骨形态发生蛋白9通过p38激酶途径调控间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成骨分化

前期研究发现骨形态发生蛋白9(bone morphogenetic protein 9,BMP9)具有较强的诱导间充质干细胞成骨分化的能力.为进一步揭示其诱导和调控间充质干细胞成骨分化的机理,利用BMP9重组腺病毒感染间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2,通过体外细胞实验和体内动物实验,初步分析BMP9是否可通过p38激酶途径调控间充质干细胞成骨分化.结果发现,BMP9可以通过促进p38激酶磷酸化而导致其活化,p38抑制剂SB203580可抑制由BMP9诱导的C3H10T1/2细胞的碱性磷酸酶(alkalinephosphatase,ALP)活性、骨桥蛋白(osteopontin,OPN)表达和钙盐沉积,而且利用抑制剂SB203580抑制p38激酶活性后,BMP9诱导的Smad经典途径的激活也相应受到抑制,RNA干扰导致p38基因沉默同样也可抑制BMP9诱导的ALP活性、OPN表达、钙盐沉积以及裸鼠皮下异位成骨.因此,BMP9可通过活化p38激酶途径调控间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成骨分化.     

研究报告：骨形态发生蛋白9通过p38激酶途径调控间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成骨分化

前期研究发现骨形态发生蛋白9(bone morphogenetic protein 9,BMP9)具有较强的诱导间充质干细胞成骨分化的能力.为进一步揭示其诱导和调控间充质干细胞成骨分化的机理,利用BMP9重组腺病毒感染间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2,通过体外细胞实验和体内动物实验,初步分析BMP9是否可通过p38激酶途径调控间充质干细胞成骨分化.结果发现,BMP9可以通过促进p38激酶磷酸化而导致其活化,p38抑制剂SB203580可抑制由BMP9诱导的C3H10T1/2细胞的碱性磷酸酶(alkalinephosphatase,ALP)活性、骨桥蛋白(osteopontin,OPN)表达和钙盐沉积,而且利用抑制剂SB203580抑制p38激酶活性后,BMP9诱导的Smad经典途径的激活也相应受到抑制,RNA干扰导致p38基因沉默同样也可抑制BMP9诱导的ALP活性、OPN表达、钙盐沉积以及裸鼠皮下异位成骨.因此,BMP9可通过活化p38激酶途径调控间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成骨分化.     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶（HDAC）在间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成脂分化过程中的表达及HDAC11的作用

组蛋白去乙酰化酶（histone deacetylase, HDAC）通过参与调节组蛋白乙酰化修饰调控基因表达. 研究发现多种HDAC参与成脂分化,但其机制尚不清楚. 本研究旨在探讨间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成脂分化过程中组蛋白去乙酰化酶（HDAC）的表达变化及其对成脂分化的影响. 本研究首先建立了C3H10T1/2体外成脂分化的模型并以油红O染色鉴定成功诱导成脂分化. PCR检测C3H10T1/2细胞成脂分化过程中11种HDAC的变化趋势,发现成脂分化过程中,HDAC1、2、5、9和10的mRNA表达量下降而HDAC3、6、8和11的mRNA表达量明显上升,其中HDAC11上升最为显著. 进一步通过RNA干扰沉默HDAC11表达, PCR检测成脂分化的关键转录因子PPARγ2和成脂标志物Perilipin、Adipoq 的mRNA表达量下降,但Fabp4表达变化不明显. 油红O染色结果表明,诱导C3H10T1/2成脂分化过程中,干扰HDAC11表达,胞浆内脂滴形成数量减少,成脂分化受到抑制. 总之,我们实验的结果提示C3H10T1/2细胞成脂分化伴随着多种HDAC表达的变化,其中HDAC11的增加最显著,干扰HDAC11的表达可以抑制C3H10T1/2细胞的成脂分化.     

SIRT1 inhibits adipogenesis and promotes myogenic differentiation in C3H10T1/2 pluripotent cells by regulating Wnt signaling

Background

The directed differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is tightly controlled by a complex network. Wnt signaling pathways have an important function in controlling the fate of MSCs. However, the mechanism through which Wnt/β-catenin signaling is regulated in differentiation of MSCs remains unknown. SIRT1 plays an important role in the regulation of MSCs differentiation.

Results

This study aimed to determine the effect of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) on adipogenesis and myogenic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells. First, the MSC commitment and differentiation model was established by using 5-azacytidine. Using the established model, C3H10T1/2 cells were treated with SIRT1 activator/inhibitor during differentiation. The results showed that resveratrol inhibits adipogenic differentiation and improves myogenic differentiation, whereas nicotinamide promotes adipogenic differentiation. Notably, during commitment, resveratrol blocked adipocyte formation and promoted myotubes differentiation, whereas nicotinamide enhanced adipogenic potential of C3H10T1/2 cells. Furthermore, resveratrol elevated the expression of Cyclin D1 and β-catenin in the early stages. The luciferase assay showed that knockdown SIRT1 inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling, while resveratrol treatment or overexpression SIRT1 activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling. SIRT1 suppressed the expression of Wnt signaling antagonists sFRP2 and DACT1. Knockdown SIRT1 promoted adipogenic potential of C3H10T1/2 cells, whereas overexpression SIRT1 inhibited adipogenic differentiation and promoted myogenic differentiation.

Conclusions

Together, our results suggested that SIRT1 inhibits adipogenesis and stimulates myogenic differentiation by activating Wnt signaling.

     

Ⅲ型纤连蛋白组件包含蛋白5通过抑制ERK1/2磷酸化抑制C3H10T1/2细胞成脂分化

旨在探究Ⅲ型纤连蛋白组件包含蛋白5（typeⅢ domain-containing protein5,FNDC5）对C3H10T1/2细胞成脂分化的调控作用。利用qRT-PCR和Western 印迹检测FNDC5在C3H10T1/2细胞成脂分化过程中的时序性表达规律;构建慢病毒包被的过表达/干扰FNDC5载体,转染C3H10T1/2细胞,采用qRT-PCR检测成脂分化关键基因的表达情况,油红O染色检测脂滴含量,利用Western 印迹检测细胞外信号调节激酶（extracellularregulatedkinase1/2,ERK1/2）及磷酸化ERK1/2（P-ERK1/2）的表达水平。C3H10T1/2细胞成脂诱导分化8d,Fndc5的表达量明显升高（P＜0.05）;C3H10T1/2细胞中过表达FNDC5,成脂分化关键基因过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体-γ（peroxisome proliferator--activated receptor-γ,PPARγ）、脂肪酸结合蛋白4（fatty acid binding protein 4,FABP4）和CCAAT增强子结合蛋白α（CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha,C/EBPα）的表达量显著降低（P＜0.01）,CCAAT增强子结合蛋白β（CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta,C/EBPβ）表达量明显降低（P＜0.05）,脂滴含量明显减少,P-ERK1/2的含量明显降低（P＜0.05）。C3H10T1/2细胞中干扰FNDC5,成脂分化关键基因PPARγ、C/EBPβ、FABP4和C/EBPα的表达量显著升高（P＜0.01）,脂滴含量明显增加,P-ERK1/2的含量明显升高（P＜0.05）。本研究发现,FNDC5可以通过抑制ERK1/2的磷酸化水平,抑制C3H10T1/2细胞的成脂分化,为FNDC5调控脂肪沉积的机制研究提供参考数据。     

Rho激酶抑制剂Y-27632对C3H10T1/2细胞增殖与成脂分化的作用

探究Rho激酶抑制剂Y-27632对间充质干细胞（mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs）C3H10T1/2增殖和成脂分化的影响.实验分为对照组、成脂诱导组和Y-27632处理组（Y-27632+成脂诱导）. 利用MTT检测细胞增殖情况,油红O染色,异丙醇萃取法检测细胞成脂分化情况,半定量RT-PCR检测过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferator activiated receptor γ, PPARγ)和CCAAT增强子结合蛋白α (CCAAT enhancer binding protein α, C/EBPα)基因表达. 结果表明,Y-27632能够显著抑制C3H10T1/2细胞的增殖(P<0.05),并呈一定的浓度依赖性;高浓度Y-27632对C3H10T1/2细胞成脂分化具有显著抑制作用（P<0.05）;半定量RT-PCR结果显示,成脂诱导处理组PPARγ和C/EBPα表达量在第3 d、5 d和7 d显著低于成脂诱导组（P<0.05）. 综上所述,Y-27632能够抑制C3H10T1/2细胞增殖与成脂分化.     

Effects of macrophages and CXCR2 on adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

Macrophages and many chemokines are closely associated with the adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), but their roles in adipogenesis and the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we first investigated the influence of macrophages on the differentiation of MSCs in vitro. We found that RAW246.7 macrophages cocultured with MSCs strongly blocked the differentiation progress and inhibited the expression of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) during adipogenesis. Coculture with MSCs mainly induced macrophages toward M2 polarization. In addition, the expression of CXCL1 and its receptor, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 2, CXCR2 are high during adipogenic differentiation of MSCs and not in mature adipocytes. Although CXCL1 had no effect on adipogenesis, treatment with a specific CXCR2 inhibitor, SB225002, hampered the adipogenic differentiation of MSCs. Blocking CXCR2 decreased p38 and Elk1 phosphorylation but increased the extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation at the initial stage of adipogenesis, which suppressed the phosphorylation of p38/ERK-Elk1 at the late stage. Inhibition of ERK had similar effects on adipogenesis and Elk1 phosphorylation. Our data suggest that MSCs interact with macrophages during adipogenic differentiation. CXCR2 regulates the adipogenic differentiation of MSCs by altering the activation of the p38/ERK-Elk1 signaling pathway.     

Decrease of apoptosis markers during adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from human adipose tissue

Although the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from adipose tissue (AT) have been widely studied, relatively little information is available on the underlying mechanism of apoptosis during the adipogenic differentiation. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze how the expression of some apoptotic markers is affected by in vitro expansion during adipogenic differentiation of AT-MSCs. The cultures incubated or not with adipogenic medium were investigated by Western blot at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days for the production of p53, AKT, pAKT, Bax, PDCD4 and PTEN. MSCs were recognized for their immunoreactivity to MSC-specific cell types markers by immunocytochemical procedure. The effectiveness of adipogenic differentiation was assessed by staining with Sudan III and examination of adipogenic markers expression, such as PPAR-γ and FABP, at different time points by Western blot. The adipogenic differentiation medium led to the appearance, after 7 days, of larger rounded cells presenting numerous vacuoles containing lipids in which it was evident a red–orange staining, that increased in size in a time-dependent manner, parallel to an increase of the levels of expression of PPAR-γ and FABP. More than 50 % of human MSCs were fully differentiated into adipocytes within the four-week induction period. The results showed that during adipogenic differentiation of AT-MSCs the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is activated and that p53, PTEN, PDCD4, and Bax proteins are down-regulated in time-dependent manner. Our data provide new information on the behavior of some apoptotic markers during adipogenic differentiation of AT-MSCs to apply for tissues repair and regeneration.