Molecular characterization of China human rabies vaccine strains

To understand the molecular characteristics of China human rabies vaccine strains, we report the full-length genome of the aG strain and present a comprehensive analysis of this strain and almost all available lyssavirus genomes (58 strains) from GenBank (as of Jan 6, 2011). It is generally considered that the G protein plays a predominant role in determining the pathogenicity of the virus, to this end we predicted the tertiary structure of the G protein of aG strain, CTN181 strain and wild type strain HN10 based on the crystal structure of Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) G. The predicted RABV G structure has a similar topology to VSV G and the ectodomain can be divided into 4 distinct domains DI — DIV. By mapping the characterized mutations to this structure between China vaccine strains and their close street strains, we speculate that the G303(P-H) mutations of CTN181 and HN10 causing DII 3D change may be associated with the II attenuated virulence in both strains. Specifically, the two signature mutations (G165P and G231P) in the aG strain are withinßsheets, suggesting that both sites are of structural importance.     

Molecular epidemiology and sequencing of the G-L intergenic region of rabies viruses isolated in China

A group of 25 rabies viruses (RABVs),recovered from 24 dogs and one human case,were collected from various areas in China between 2004 and 2006.Genetic and phylogenetic analyses of the G-L intergenic region were carried out in 25 street RABV isolates and CTN vaccine strains of 7 generations.The study was based on the comparison of a 519 bp nucleotide sequence,encompassing the G-L intergenic region.The nucleotide sequence homologies of Chinese street strains were from 95.5% to 100%.The phylogenetic analysis showed that all Chinese isolates clearly supported the placement of all Chinese viruses in Lyssavirus genotype 1 and they were distributed according to their geographical origins.All of the Chinese strains were closely related but they could still be divided into two groups:group of street strains and group of CTN strains.This study presents details about the molecular epidemiology of rabies viruses based on the sequences of the G-L Intergenic region.     

Epidemic and maintenance of rabies in chinese ferret badgers (Melogale moschata) indicated by epidemiology and the molecular signatures of rabies viruses

An epidemic of Chinese ferret badger-associated human rabies was investigated in Wuyuan county, Jiangxi province and rabies viruses isolates from ferret badgers in different districts in Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces were sequenced with their nucleotides and amino acids and aligned for epidemiological analysis. The results showed that the human rabies in Wuyuan are only associated with ferret badger bites; the rabies virus can be isolated in a high percentage of ferret badgers in the epidemic areas in Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces; the isolates share the same molecular features in nucleotides and have characteristic amino acid signatures, i.e., 2 sites in the nucleoprotein and 3 sites in the glycoprotein, that are distinct from virus isolates from dogs in the same region. We conclude that rabies in Chinese ferret badgers has formed an independent transmission cycle and ferret badgers may serve as another important rabies reservoir independent of dog rabies in China.     

Analysis on Factors Related to Rabies Epidemic in China from 2007-2011

To analyze features of the rabies epidemic in China between 2007 and 2011,identify factors influencing the epidemic and to provide a scientific basis for further control and prevention of rabies,Descri...     

Molecular characterization of avian-like H1N1 swine influenza a viruses isolated in Eastern China, 2011

Currently, three predominant subtypes of influenza virus are prevalent in pig populations worldwide: H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2. European avian-like H1N1 viruses, which were initially detected in European pig populations in 1979, have been circulating in pigs in eastern China since 2007. In this study, six influenza A viruses were isolated from 60 swine lung samples collected from January to April 2011 in eastern China. Based on whole genome sequencing, molecular characteristics of two isolates were determined. Phylogenetic analysis showed the eight genes of the two isolates were closely related to those of the avian-like H1N1 viruses circulating in pig populations, especially similar to those found in China. Four potential glycosylation sites were observed at positions 13, 26, 198, 277 in the HA1 proteins of the two isolates. Due to the presence of a stop codon at codon 12, the isolates contained truncated PB1-F2 proteins. In this study, the isolates contained 591Q, 627E and 701N in the polymerase subunit PB2, which had been shown to be determinants of virulence and host adaptation. The isolates also had a D rather than E at position 92 of the NS1, a marker of mammalian adaptation. Both isolates contained the GPKV motif at the PDZ ligand domain of the 3′ end of the NS1, a characteristic marker of the European avian-like swine viruses since about 1999, which is distinct from those of avian, human and classical swine viruses. The M2 proteins of the isolates have the mutation (S31N), a characteristic marker of the European avian-like swine viruses since about 1987, which may confer resistance to amantadine and rimantadine antivirals. Our findings further emphasize the importance of surveillance on the genetic diversity of influenza A viruses in pigs, and raise more concerns about the occurrence of cross-species transmission events.     

中国2000-2004年鸡传染性支气管炎病毒地方分离株核蛋白基因的遗传变异分析

对2000-2004年从中国9个省市分离到的13株IBV的核蛋白基因片段进行序列测定及分析的结果表明,13株IBV分离株核蛋白基因均含有一个长1230bp的ORF,但存在基因突变现象.与GenBank中的42株参考毒株核蛋白基因序列进行比较和分析,系统进化关系显示55株IBV毒株分属于9个群.第Ⅰ-Ⅲ群主要包括美国、日本、荷兰等国家以及中国的部分IBV分离株和疫苗株.其中本研究中的CK/CH/LHN/00I可能为一株分离的疫苗毒,CK/CH/LSD/03I、CK/CH/LDL/01I可能为重组毒.而中国近十年来分离的IBV毒株主要分布在第Ⅵ-Ⅷ群中,此3群内IBV毒株之间N蛋白推导氨基酸同源性为88.3%～100%,与其他各群之间同源性为62.3%～95.1%.因此,此基因型的IBV毒株可能在中国已有较长时期的存在且发生了较大程度的变异.其中第Ⅵ群中两株韩国分离株与中国IBV分离株具有较近的亲缘关系.以上结果表明,中国大多数IBV分离株在N基因进化关系上较为独立,与国外毒株相比,和韩国毒株进化关系密切.此外,中国IBV毒株基因重组现象更加普遍,尤其是疫苗毒和野毒之间的重组.     

狂犬病毒鼠脑复壮后的典型形态恢复及感染细胞内的形态发生学

[目的]观察比较鼠脑复壮前后狂犬病毒的形态变化,并观察病毒感染BHK-21细胞后不同时间的形态发生情况.[方法]以保存时间较长的SRV9毒株为原始材料,经乳鼠脑传代复壮后接种BHK-21细胞,浓缩、纯化后观察.[结果](1)未经复壮的病毒中DI粒子占较高比例,典型粒子只占少数,而复壮后典型粒子所占比例升高到病毒粒子总数的90%.(2)感染24h后在细胞浆内可以观察到典型病毒粒子,其数量随着培养时间的延长而增加.带毒传代之后的培养过程中细胞内病毒数量增加不明显.(3)病毒可以在细胞内的空泡膜表面以多种方式成堆出芽.[结论](1)鼠脑复壮可恢复狂犬病毒中典型粒子所占比例.(2)带毒传代1～2次时为狂犬病毒收获的最佳时机.(3)本研究为狂犬病毒的装配机制补充了数据.     

Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B viral serotypes and genotypes in taiwan

Subtypes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) have specific geographic distributions and can serve as epidemiological markers. The relationship of HBV serotypes and genotypes in Taiwan and their correlation with the domiciles of origin in 122 patients with chronic HBV infection were investigated. The serotype of HBV was determined by comparing the surface gene encoding amino acids 22-148 of the major surface protein with published sequences. Genotyping of HBV was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Serotype adw accounted for 70% (85/122) of all HBVs, with the remaining belonging to serotype adr. All adr HBVs were genotype C, regardless of the patient's domicile. Of the 85 adw HBVs, 69 (81%) were genotype B, 10 (12%) were genotype C, 5 (6%) were genotype F and only 1 (1%) was genotype A. In the 31 patients originating from mainland China, the prevalence of adr/genotype C was higher than in the 91 Taiwanese patients (15/31 vs. 22/91; p < 0.05). The distribution of the HBV serotypes and genotypes was not significantly different between 17 patients born in Taiwan (6 adw/genotype B, 2 adw/genotype C, 1 adw/genotype F and 8 adr/genotype C) and 14 patients born in mainland China (5 adw/genotype B, 2 adw/genotype C and 7 adr/genotype C). Our results indicate that in Taiwan, most HBVs of serotype adw are genotype B, and all HBVs of serotype adr are genotype C. Patients with origins in mainland China have a higher proportion of serotype adr/genotype C infection.     

Generation and characterization of human monoclonal antibodies to G5, a linear neutralization epitope on glycoprotein of rabies virus, by phage display technology

The aim of the present study was to discover distinct human MAbs to RV with high neutralizing potency and a broad neutralization spectrum. A phage display technology was used to produce human scFv to G5, a conserved linear neutralization epitope on Gp of RV. A phage display scFv library with 6 x 10(7) members was constructed and the phage-scFv with 'antigen-binding' activities were selected with synthetic peptide G5-24. The obtained scFv genes were cloned into pET22b(+)/BL21(DE3) and from this we prepared purified scFv fragments. The assay of the specificity characteristics and neutralization capacity showed that two distinct clones with new human immunoglobulin V genes can recognize G5 specifically as well as neutralize different RV strains. They have potential for inclusion in an antibodies combination aimed for use in rabies PEP.     

中国2000—2004年鸡传染性支气管炎病毒地方分离株核蛋白基因的遗传变异分析

对2000-2004年从中国9个省市分离到的13株IBV的核蛋白基因片段进行序列测定及分析的结果表明,13株IBV分离株核蛋白基因均含有一个长1230bp的ORF,但存在基因突变现象。与GenBank中的42株参考毒株核蛋白基因序列进行比较和分析,系统进化关系显示55株IBV毒株分属于9个群。第Ⅰ-Ⅲ群主要包括美国、日本、荷兰等国家以及中国的部分IBV分离株和疫苗株。其中本研究中的CK/CH/LHN/00I可能为一株分离的疫苗毒,CK/CH/LSD/03I、CK/CH/LDL/01I可能为重组毒。而中国近十年来分离的IBV毒株主要分布在第Ⅵ-Ⅷ群中,此3群内IBV毒株之间N蛋白推导氨基酸同源性为88.3%～100%,与其他各群之间同源性为62.3%～95.1%。因此,此基因型的IBV毒株可能在中国已有较长时期的存在且发生了较大程度的变异。其中第Ⅵ群中两株韩国分离株与中国IBV分离株具有较近的亲缘关系。以上结果表明,中国大多数IBV分离株在N基因进化关系上较为独立,与国外毒株相比,和韩国毒株进化关系密切。此外,中国IBV毒株基因重组现象更加普遍,尤其是疫苗毒和野毒之间的重组。     

检测狂犬病疫苗抗原含量的竞争ELISA的建立及初步应用

为满足狂犬病疫苗生产质量控制的需要,建立了竞争ELISA检测法,通过标准曲线的确定来计算病毒抗原的相对含量,并与ELISA间接法和双抗体夹心法结果进行比较。该方法方便准确,可对培养中的病毒抗原相对含量进行全程监测,是一种有效的辅助检测手段。     

Molecular cloning and characterization of a flower-specific class III peroxidase gene in <Emphasis Type="Italic">G. Hirsutum</Emphasis>

A fundamental focus of plant biology is to understand the relationship between flowering and plant reproduction, but it is also of practical interest in agriculture. To investigate the genes involved in flowering, reproduction and male sterility, DDRT-PCR was performed in vegetative and reproductive tissues of the cotton genic male sterile line LangA. A 683 bp partial peroxidase cDNA was amplified from cotton (G. hirsutum) pollen, using degenerate oligonucleotide primers and arbitrary primers in DDRT-PCR. The full-length cDNA clone, designated Ghpod (cDNA GenBank accession number: EU196676), was isolated using 5'-RACE strategy and a partial 5'-UTR was isolated applying TAIL-PCR. Ghpod was characterized as a mature 330 amino acid protein, containing all evolutionarily conserved residues present in different members of the plant peroxidase family. The molecular mass of this unprocessed and unmodified deduced protein was estimated to be 35.54 kDa, and the pI value was 4.34. According to the Ghpod protein localization prediction by PSORT, Ghpod may be secreted extracellularly. Unlike other cotton class III peroxidases, Ghpod was expressed exclusively in reproductive organs, particularly pollen. A genomic DNA fragment encoding Ghpod was also cloned and fully sequenced, revealing a "three intron" structural organization in a category of genes belonging to a normal class III plant secretory peroxidase. In conclusion, the flower-specific expression of Ghpod, predominantly in pollen, suggested that the peroxidase is involved in the male reproductive processes of angiosperms.     

Molecular epidemiology of rabies in Thailand.

For the purpose of making clear the dynamics of rabies viruses that are prevalent among dogs in Asia, especially Thailand, nucleoprotein (N) genes of isolates derived from Thailand were partially sequenced, and a phylogenetic analysis was performed on the basis of the sequencing data. Firstly, all 27 isolates from Thailand belonged to one group that was distantly related to an isolate from China and was separated into at least six lineages. On the other hand, the isolate from Japan was related to viruses from the Arctic. Secondly, in order to analyze the diversity of the N gene more conveniently, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was performed on the N gene of 27 isolates from Thailand. The RFLP analysis could distinguish the lineages of each isolate, and the lineages of additional 34 isolates were deduced by this method. On examination of the geographical distribution of the six lineages, based on the results of phylogenetic and RFLP analyses, it was clear that infection cycles of the rabies virus in Thailand have tended to be maintained endemically.     

狂犬病病毒N基因的杆状病毒表达及鉴定

利用分子克隆的方法,将CVS-11株狂犬病毒N基因片段克隆入杆状病毒穿梭载体Bacmid中,构建出含CVS-11 NP基因重组杆状病毒表达质粒Bacmid-N;脂质体介导Bacmid-N转染Sf9昆虫细胞获得表达CVS-11 NP的重组杆状病毒(AcMNPV-N)。用ELISA、FA、SDS-PAGE和Western-blot法对表达产物进行鉴定和分析,证实CVS-11 NP为胞内表达,且具有天然核蛋白良好的免疫反应性,为进一步研制高效、敏感的狂犬病病毒检测试剂和建立实验室检测方法奠定基础。     

重庆中华蜜蜂囊状幼虫病病毒多聚蛋白基因分子特性分析

【目的】分析地处中国南方的重庆地区中华蜜蜂 Apis cerana cerana（简称“中蜂”）囊状幼虫病病毒（sacbrood virus, SBV）（AcSBV-S.Chn-CQ）的遗传特性。【方法】采用RT-PCR法对采自重庆23个区县的阳性中蜂幼虫进行SBV多聚蛋白基因扩增、序列测定和序列分析,采用邻接法（neighbor-joining method）基于基因组和基因组片段SB11-SB12构建系统进化树,使用RDP3检测SBV的基因重组。【结果】AcSBV-S.Chn-CQ与中国南方中蜂SBV（AcSBV-S.Chn）其他分离株、越南北部东方蜜蜂 A. cerana SBV（AcSBV-N.Vie）、越南北部西方蜜蜂 A. mellifera SBV（AmSBV-N.Vie）、韩国东方蜜蜂SBV（AcSBV-S.Kor）的同源性较高。AcSBV-S.Chn-CQ在结构蛋白编码区域存在连续51个核苷酸缺失,在非结构蛋白编码区域有3个不连续的核苷酸缺失,与AcSBV-N.Vie, AmSBV-N.Vie和AcSBV-S.Kor核苷酸缺失相同。AcSBV-S.Chn-CQ与AcSBV-S.Chn-FZ, AcSBV-N.Vie, AmSBV-N.Vie和AcSBV-S.Kor在亚洲基因型中形成一亚型,亚型内检测到重组事件。【结论】推测AcSBV-S.Chn-CQ与SBV-N.Vie和AcSBV-S.Kor可能来自一个共同祖先。     

The full-length genome analysis of a street rabies virus strain isolated in Yunnan province of China

The epidemic of rabies has rapidly increased and expanded in Yunnan province in recent years.In order to further analyze and understand the etiological reasons for the rapid expansion of rabies in Yunn...     

2001～2011年上海市风疹病毒分子流行病学研究

本研究对2001～2011年本实验室保存的血清标本检测结果为麻疹IgM阴性,风疹IgM阳性病例相对应的咽拭子标本进行风疹病毒（Rubella virus,RV）分离,用RT-PCR方法对细胞培养产物鉴定后扩增病毒E1基因,扩增产物用于核苷酸序列测定,并进行分子流行病学分析。结果表明,60份咽拭子标本共分离到31株RV,获得27株RV的739nt（nt8 731～nt9 469）核苷酸序列,系统同源性分析表明,27株RV分离株分别属于两个不同的基因型,除分离自2011年的11009株、11052株和11106株为2B基因型外,其他分离株均为1E基因型。27株RV分离株大部分的核苷酸突变为无义突变,氨基酸序列高度保守。24株1E基因型分离株中大部分毒株氨基酸序列完全一致,自2001年以来可能有来自同一传播链的RV在持续传播。本研究首次监测到2B基因型RV2011年开始在上海流行,经GenBank核苷酸序列比对发现,其与越南、日本、阿根廷等国家近几年的RV分离株核苷酸序列同源性达99%。由于以前对风疹的监测较少,尚不能证明其来源。     

贵州省安龙县狂犬病的流行病学研究

为了探讨局部地区暴发流行的因素,对2004年与2005年间在贵州省安龙县及其周边发生的人间狂犬病进行个案调查,用直接免疫荧光法检测犬脑组织中的狂犬病毒抗原,用RT-PCR法扩增G基因片段,测定核苷酸序列并构建系统发生树进行遗传特征分析.自1994-2003年安龙县报告无人间狂犬病疫情,但于2004与2005年分别报告44例与27例人狂犬病.71例狂犬病患者中68人被犬所伤,3人被猫所伤.在有完整记录的69例患者中,潜伏期平均为47.5d(10～282),13例狂犬病患者的潜伏期≤15d(18.84%);32例的潜伏期≤30d(46.38%),尤其是在2004年的患者中,潜伏期≤20d的病例有13例,占30%.2005年在疫点周围采集的85只犬脑组织中,5只犬脑组织狂犬病毒抗原阳性,阳性率为5.88%.A13株与A48株病毒之间的G基因核苷酸序列同源性为86.5%,与已报道病毒株比较发现,A13株与广西分离株有最高的同源性,而A48株却与印度尼西亚分离株SN01-23的同源性最高.比较分析两株病毒G基因编码的氨基酸序列,发现包括GⅠ、GⅡ,以及GⅢ抗原位点内的区间,A13与A48分别有19和28个氨基酸位点发生了氨基酸的替代.用全G基因核苷酸序列进行系统分析发现,两株毒株全为Ⅰ型狂犬病毒.结果表明引起安龙县的狂犬病流行的病毒不是新型狂犬病毒,犬饲养量大与病毒携带率高是狂犬病发病暴发流行的直接原因.