一株水禽流感病毒分离株表面膜蛋白基因的序列分析

禽流感(Avian Influenza,AI)是由A型流感病毒所引起的各种家禽及野生禽类感染和/或疾病综合征[1].根据其表面糖蛋白血凝素蛋白(Hemagglutinin,HA)和神经氨基酸酶(Neuraminidase,NA)的抗原关系不同,目前可分为16种HA亚型和9种NA亚型[2,3].近几年来,南亚国家屡有禽流感病毒突破种间屏障作用,直接感染人类或其它哺乳动物,甚至致人死亡事件[4～6]的情况发生,因而赋予了禽流感全新的公共卫生学意义.因此,准确的了解和把握水禽,尤其是家养水禽的流感生态,对预防禽流感的发生具有非常重要的现实意义.为了防患于未然,近年来扬州大学农业部畜禽传染病学重点开放实验室,对我国华东地区的家养水禽带毒情况进行了两年多的监测,分离到多株H11亚型,迄今国内极少见该亚型报道.本文就国内家养水禽中分离株Dk/YZ/44/02(H11N2)的表面膜蛋白基因序列进行了测序和序列分析.     

禽流感病毒毒力与生态学选择

禽流感（Avian Influenza,AI;也有俗称为Bird Flu）是禽流行性感冒的简称,是由甲型流感病毒引起的一种禽类（家禽和野禽）的感染和（或）疾病综合征^[1]。甲型流感病毒具有16个血凝素亚型（Subtype）,分别为HA1～16;9个神经氨酸酶亚型,分别为NA1-9。与其他动物来源的流感病毒不同的是,从禽（鸟）来源的甲型流感病毒含有所有不同的HA与NA亚型,因此被认为禽（鸟）是甲型流感病毒的储存基因库。HA亚型与NA亚型的组合构成了甲型流感病毒的亚型联合（HANA）,即为血清型^[2]。     

水禽流感病毒分离株A/Duck/Yangzhou/233/02(H6N2)膜蛋白基因遗传进化分析

采用常规的血清学收验和特异性RT-PCR方法对华东地区家养水禽中流感病毒的带毒状况进行两年多的监测,分离鉴定出多株H6亚型禽流感病毒。对其中的一株A/Duck/Yangzhou/233/02(H6N2)(简称DkYZ23302)(H6N2)的表面膜蛋白基因进行了序列测定,并与GenBank中收录的其它序列进行了比较,遗传进化结果表明DkYZ23302的血凝素基因(HA)与近年香港分离的鸭源毒株DkHK346199(H6N1)、中国台湾鸡源毒株CkTaiwanna398的亲缘关系最近;而神经氨酸酶基因(NA)遗传进化分析结果表明DkYZ23302(H6N2)的NA基因起源于禽源H9N2亚型流感病毒,这可能是不同亚型禽流感病毒在水禽体内发生基因重配的结果。DkYZ23302(H6N2)的HA推导的氨基酸剪切位点序列为P-Q-I-E-T-R-D,为典型低致病性禽流感病毒的特征序列,与对SPF鸡的致病力试验相吻合。     

近年来华东地区家鸭中禽流感病毒的亚型分布

[目的]为了研究近年来华东地区家鸭中禽流感病毒的亚型分布情况.[方法]对2002-2006年分离自华东地区家鸭的180株禽流感病毒的HA亚型和其中88株禽流感病毒的NA亚型分别进行了测定.[结果]近年来华东地区家鸭中至少存在9种HA亚型和6种NA亚型组成的H1N1,H3N1,H3N2,H3N8,H4N6,H5N1,H5N2,H6N2,H6N8,H8N4,H9N2,H10N3,H11N2共13种亚型的禽流感病毒.[结论]华东地区家鸭中有多种亚型的禽流感病毒分布,应加强家鸭禽流感的监测和防制工作.     

一株H5N2亚型鹦鹉源禽流感病毒分子进化分析

2005年在广东进行流行病学调查时分离到一株鹦鹉源禽流感病毒,经鉴定为H5N2亚型禽流感病毒(A/Parrot/Guangdong/268/2005)。该毒株的HA裂解位点附近的氨基酸序列为RETRGLF,只含有一个碱性氨基酸,符合低致病性禽流感病毒的HA裂解位点附近氨基酸序列的分子特征;与H5N2亚型禽流感代表毒株相比,该毒株HA和NA基因的糖基化位点、HA基因的受体结合位点编码区、NA基因的耐药性位点均未发生变异。将该毒株全基因组序列与GenBank已公布的19株H5N2亚型禽流感病毒株的相应序列进行比较分析并绘制系统进化树后发现:其与低致病性禽流感毒株A/Pheasant/NJ/1355/1998(H5N2)-like的亲缘关系最近,位于以A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/1/1983(H5N2)为代表的美洲进化分支。     

一株H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的分离与鉴定

2004年1月湖北宜昌某鸡场暴发疫病,从该鸡场濒死鸡肺组织中分离到了一株病毒,电镜切片观察到典型的禽流感病毒粒子;采用ELISA检测禽流感抗原为阳性;RT-PCR扩增HA、NA基因并测序,经BLAST分析,HA基因与A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96(H5N1)HA基因同源性为97%;NA基因与A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96(H5N1)NA基因同源性为96%,确定该分离株为禽流感病毒H5N1亚型(A/Chicken/Yichang/Lung-1/04(H5N1)).     

一株H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的分离与鉴定

2004年1月湖北宜昌某鸡场暴发疫病,从该鸡场濒死鸡肺组织中分离到了一株病毒,电镜切片观察到典型的禽流感病毒粒子;采用ELISA检测禽流感抗原为阳性;RT-PCR扩增HA、NA基因并测序,经BLAST分析,HA基因与A／Goose／Guangdong／1／96(H5N1)HA基因同源性为97％;NA基因与A／Goose／Guangdong／1／96(H5N1)NA基因同源性为96％,确定该分离株为禽流感病毒H5N1亚型(A／Chicken／Yichang／Lung-1／04(H5N1))。     

1株H6N6亚型禽流感病毒分子遗传特性分析

本研究采用无特定病原体(specific pathogen free,SPF)鸡胚,从某活禽市场环境中分离出1株H6N6亚型禽流感病毒(A/environment/Zhenjiang/zj18/2013,en/zj18)。通过二代测序技术进行全基因组测序,通过BLASTn 进行同源性检索,并采用MEGA5.0软件构建系统发生树。基因进化树分析表明,分离株en/zj18的所有8个基因节段(PB2、PB1、PA、HA、NP、NA、M和NS)均与近年来中国华东地区流行的H6N6亚型禽流感病毒的相应基因位于同一进化分支,与参考株的核苷酸同源性达96.7%～99.6%。分离株en/zj18的HA蛋白裂解位点为PQIETR↓GL,是低致病性禽流感病毒的分子特征。HA蛋白上关键受体结合位点190和228位(按H3亚型的HA蛋白序列排序)氨基酸分别是E和G,理论上更易与α2,3-半乳糖苷唾液酸受体结合。结果提示,需加强活禽市场禽流感病毒的持续监测,从而为有效应对禽流感病毒对公共卫生的持续威胁提供科学依据。     

广州市两株人感染H5N6禽流感病毒全基因组序列特征分析

H5N6禽流感是重要的人兽共患病,给公共卫生带来严重威胁。为研究人感染H5N6禽流感病毒的基因特征,本文对广州市两株人感染H5N6禽流感病毒进行全基因组序列扩增,应用生物信息学软件分析分子变异和遗传进化特征。结果显示:两毒株各基因片段同源性存在差异,血凝素(Hemagglutinin,HA)基因同源性最高为98.3%,PB2基因同源性最低为85.2%。A/Guangzhou/41641/2014(H5N6)病毒的HA、神经氨酸酶(Neuraminidase,NA)、聚合酶碱性蛋白2(Polymerase basic protein 2,PB2)基因与猫源毒株A/feline/Guangdong/1/2015(H5N6)亲缘关系较近,推测可能起源于共同祖先。两株病毒均为禽源高致病性病毒,HA和NA表面蛋白受体结合位点、裂解位点和耐药位点未发生变异。内部基因重要位点均有不同程度的变异,其中以41641病毒变异较大,并发生PB2蛋白E627K突变。两株病毒均发生与不同亚型病毒之间的重组现象,41641病毒的内部基因分别与H5和H9N2/H7N9发生重组,其中PB2和PB1基因分别与2013年暴发的华南分支和华东分支H7N9禽流感病毒亲缘关系相近,A/Guangzhou/37845/2015(H5N6)病毒的内部基因与H5N1/H5N6病毒发生重组。因此,广州市两株人感染H5N6禽流感病毒进化起源不同,属于两种不同的基因型,本研究推测2013年暴发的H7N9禽流感病毒在新型H5N6重组病毒的进化过程中起到重要作用。     

A型流感病毒RNA聚合酶及其对基因组复制和转录的调控作用

A型流感病毒是正粘病毒科成员,为单股负链分节段RNA病毒,全基因组由八个节段组成,分别编码八种结构蛋白(PB2、PB1、PA、HA、NP、NA、M1和M2)和两种非结构蛋白(NS1和NS2)。核蛋白(NP)和RNA聚合酶复合体与病毒的八个RNA节段组成八个螺旋丝状的病毒核衣壳(RNP),核衣壳被双层类脂膜包裹,脂膜内为基质蛋白(M1)层,膜上镶嵌着HA、NA和M2三种膜蛋白。HA和NA为流感病毒的主要抗原。根据HA和NA抗原性的差异,A型流感病毒可分16个HA亚型和9个NA亚型[1]。A型流感病毒具有广泛的宿主范围和超强的重组变异能力,对人类健康的威胁日趋…     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒广东分离株的全基因克隆及序列分析

本研究以一株2006年广东省分离的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒A/Chicken/Guangdong/HL/2006(H9N2)(简称Ck/GD/HL/06)为研究对象,用RT-PCR法扩增病毒基因组各片段(包括5′端和3′端的非编码区序列),将扩增片段进行克隆、测序并与参考毒株的相应序列进行比较分析,绘制各基因片段的系统发生树。分析结果表明,Ck/GD/HL/06株的HA基因同1997年中国香港鸭源毒株Dk/HK/Y280/97(H9N2)在同一进化分支,从HA的糖基化位点、受体结合位点等综合分析,该毒株HA基因未发生明显的变异,符合我国大陆H9亚型禽流感病毒的特点。HA的226位氨基酸残基为亮氨酸(Leu),具有同哺乳动物SAα,2-6受体结合的特性。Ck/GD/HL/06的PB1、PA和NP基因,同2004年越南分离的人源高致病性H5N1亚型流感病毒A/VietNam/1203/2004(H5N1)株(简写A/VN/1203/04)的核苷酸序列一致性分别是93.8%、95%和96.8%,在先前的研究中未见有类似特性毒株的报道,而这种特性H9N2亚型AIV的出现,是否会增加在重组过程中产生新的高致病性H5N1亚型AIV的可能性,是值得我们关注的一个问题,也提醒在我国华南地区应更加重视防控H9N2亚型AIV,做好长期对H9N2亚型AIV监控及分子流行病学调查的工作。     

一株鹅源H5N2亚型高致病性禽流感病毒的分离鉴定及生物学特性分析

分离到一株鹅源 H5N2亚型高致病性禽流感病毒,SPF鸡静脉接种致病指数为2.99,但鸭子对该病毒不敏感．病毒感染小鼠后不致病,但能够在肺内有效复制,表明其具有感染哺乳动物的潜在风险．血凝素(hemagglutinin, HA)蛋白裂解位点上插入有多个连续的碱性氨基酸(-RRRKKR-),从分子上证实这是一株高致病性禽流感病毒．核酸序列比较分析表明,分离的流感病毒HA基因与A/chicken/Hubei/489/2004 (H5N1)同源率达到99.4%,神经氨酸酶(neuraminidase, NA)基因与A/chicken/Jilin/53/01(H9N2)同源率达到99.8%;氨基酸水平上,HA与2004年分离到的A/chicken/Hubei/489/2004(H5N1)、A/swan/Guangxi/307/2004(H5N1)、A/wildduck/Guangdong/314/　2004(H5N1)和A/chicken/Henan/210/2004(H5N1)同源率均为99.3%,NA 与A/chicken/Jilin/53/01(H9N2)同源率为99.6%．进化树分析结果表明,该流感病毒分离株可能是由H5N1和H9N2两个亚型病毒重排而来．     

A型猪流感病毒山东分离株鉴定及其HA基因序列分析

从山东各地疑似流感发病猪分离到10株流感病毒,经国家流感中心鉴定均为A型流感病毒H9N2亚型。将其中一株Sw／SD／1／2003(H9N2)的血凝素全基因(HA)进行克隆与测序,与GenBank收录的其它猪流感和禽流感H9N2亚型的HA基因进行比较,发现Sw／SD／1／2003(H9N2)的血凝素基因在核苷酸序列方面同广西1999年分离的禽流感毒株Ck／GX／99(H9N2)和2000年云南分离的禽流感毒株Ck／YN／2000(H9N2)的同源性最高;进化树分析表明Sw／SD／1／2003(H9N2)起源于禽源的H9N2亚型流感病毒;Sw／SD／1／2003的HA氨基酸裂解位点与其他H9N2亚型不问,Sw／SD／1／2003的HA氨基酸裂解位点是R-S-L-R-G,而其它猪流感和禽流感H9N2亚型都是R-S-S-R-G。     

Reassortant H9N2 influenza viruses containing H5N1-like PB1 genes isolated from black-billed magpies in Southern China

H9N2 influenza A viruses have become endemic in different types of terrestrial poultry and wild birds in Asia, and are occasionally transmitted to humans and pigs. To evaluate the role of black-billed magpies (Pica pica) in the evolution of influenza A virus, we conducted two epidemic surveys on avian influenza viruses in wild black-billed magpies in Guangxi, China in 2005 and characterized three isolated black-billed magpie H9N2 viruses (BbM viruses). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that three BbM viruses were almost identical with 99.7 to 100% nucleotide homology in their whole genomes, and were reassortants containing BJ94-like (Ck/BJ/1/94) HA, NA, M, and NS genes, SH/F/98-like (Ck/SH/F/98) PB2, PA, and NP genes, and H5N1-like (Ck/YN/1252/03, clade 1) PB1 genes. Genetic analysis showed that BbM viruses were most likely the result of multiple reassortments between co-circulating H9N2-like and H5N1-like viruses, and were genetically different from other H9N2 viruses because of the existence of H5N1-like PB1 genes. Genotypical analysis revealed that BbM viruses evolved from diverse sources and belonged to a novel genotype (B46) discovered in our recent study. Molecular analysis suggested that BbM viruses were likely low pathogenic reassortants. However, results of our pathogenicity study demonstrated that BbM viruses replicated efficiently in chickens and a mammalian mouse model but were not lethal for infected chickens and mice. Antigenic analysis showed that BbM viruses were antigenic heterologous with the H9N2 vaccine strain. Our study is probably the first report to document and characterize H9N2 influenza viruses isolated from black-billed magpies in southern China. Our results suggest that black-billed magpies were susceptible to H9N2 influenza viruses, which raise concerns over possible transmissions of reassortant H9N2 viruses among poultry and wild birds.     

用8质粒病毒拯救系统产生H9N2/WSN重组A型流行性感冒病毒

把禽流行性感冒(流感)病毒A／Chicken／Shanghai／F／98(H9N2)的血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA)基因cDNA克隆至polⅠ-pol Ⅱ双向转录和表达载体pHW2000,用这两种质粒与8质粒病毒拯救系统中流感病毒A／WSN／33(H1N1)6个内部基因cDNA的质粒组合(6 2重排),共转染COS-1细胞,产生了能在鸡胚中高滴度增殖的H9N2／、WSN重组病毒。用A／WSN／33的8个基因cDNA质粒作对照,也产生了转染子病毒。经过EID50测定和MDCK感染实验,新基因型H9N2／WSN病毒感染鸡胚的能力强(EID50为10^-11／0．2m1),而且对鸡胚的毒力弱,在不加胰酶的情况下不使MDCK细胞产牛病变。经电镜观察,两个转染子病毒的形态与野生型流感病毒相似。反向遗传操作技术的建立,为对禽流感病毒基因功能和疫苗构建等方面的研究提供了新的手段。     

一株H3N2亚型猪流感病毒广东分离株的基因组序列分析

从广东省疑似流感发病猪分离到1株H3N2亚型猪流感病毒(A/Swine/Guangdong/01/2005(H3N2)),对其各个基因进行克隆与测序,并与GenBank中收录的其它猪流感、禽流感和人流感的相关基因进行比较,结果表明,HA全基因与广东2003~2004年分离的H3N2猪流感毒株的核苷酸序列同源性在99%以上,与纽约90年代末分离的H3N2人流感毒株同源性在98.5%以上;NA基因与纽约1998~2000年分离的H3N2人流感毒株的核苷酸序列同源性在99%以上;NS基因、M基因的核苷酸序列与H1N1亚型猪流感毒株A/swine/HongKong/273/1994(H1N1)的核苷酸序列同源性较高,分别为97.9%、98.4%,与美洲A/swine/Iowa/17672/1988(H1N1)的核苷酸序列同源性分别为96.7%、97.1%;其他基因的核苷酸序列与H3N2人流感毒株具有很高的同源性。因此,推测其M和NS基因来源于H1N1亚型猪流感病毒,HA、NA及其他基因均来源于H3N2亚型人流感病毒。表明此H3N2亚型猪流感病毒为H3N2亚型人流感病毒和H1N1亚型猪流感病毒经基因重排而得到的重组病毒。     

Improvement of influenza A/Fujian/411/02 (H3N2) virus growth in embryonated chicken eggs by balancing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activities, using reverse genetics

The H3N2 influenza A/Fujian/411/02-like virus strains that circulated during the 2003-2004 influenza season caused influenza epidemics. Most of the A/Fujian/411/02 virus lineages did not replicate well in embryonated chicken eggs and had to be isolated originally by cell culture. The molecular basis for the poor replication of A/Fujian/411/02 virus was examined in this study by the reverse genetics technology. Two antigenically related strains that replicated well in embryonated chicken eggs, A/Sendai-H/F4962/02 and A/Wyoming/03/03, were compared with the prototype A/Fujian/411/02 virus. A/Sendai differed from A/Fujian by three amino acids in the neuraminidase (NA), whereas A/Wyoming differed from A/Fujian by five amino acids in the hemagglutinin (HA). The HA and NA segments of these three viruses were reassorted with cold-adapted A/Ann Arbor/6/60, the master donor virus for the live attenuated type A influenza vaccines (FluMist). The HA and NA residues differed between these three H3N2 viruses evaluated for their impact on virus replication in MDCK cells and in embryonated chicken eggs. It was determined that replication of A/Fujian/411/02 in eggs could be improved by either changing minimum of two HA residues (G186V and V226I) to increase the HA receptor-binding ability or by changing a minimum of two NA residues (E119Q and Q136K) to lower the NA enzymatic activity. Alternatively, recombinant A/Fujian/411/02 virus could be adapted to grow in eggs by two amino acid substitutions in the HA molecule (H183L and V226A), which also resulted in the increased HA receptor-binding activity. Thus, the balance between the HA and NA activities is critical for influenza virus replication in a different host system. The HA or NA changes that increased A/Fujian/411/02 virus replication in embryonated chicken eggs were found to have no significant impact on antigenicity of these recombinant viruses. This study demonstrated that the reverse genetics technology could be used to improve the manufacture of the influenza vaccines.     

禽流感病毒H9N2血凝素基因和神经氨酸酶因在大肠杆菌中的表达

克隆、表达和鉴定禽流感病毒H9N2 HA,NA基因序列,为制备抗体和基因工程疫苗打下基础。在成功克隆禽流感病毒H9N2全长HA、NA基因并测序的基础上,将部分基因序列克隆到表达载体pET32a(+)上,全基因序列克隆到表达载体pGEX4T-1上,构建了重组表达质粒pET32a(+)/HA(截短)、pET32a(+)/NA(截短)、pGEX4T-1/HA、pGEX4T-1/NA,转化大肠杆菌BL21/rosetta,IPTG诱导表达,利用Ni2+亲和层析柱和GSTrap4B亲和层析柱对重组蛋白进行纯化,并用Western Blotting和ELISA方法检测其抗原性。结果重组蛋白在大肠杆菌中可以高效表达,SDS-PAGE显示其相对分子质量与预计大小一致。ELISA和Western Blotting实验证实,重组蛋白具有良好的抗原性。本研究成功克隆和表达了禽流感病毒H9N2 HA、NA基因序列。为禽流感病毒H9N2诊断试剂和疫苗的开发等进一步的研究奠定了基础。     

H9N2 influenza viruses possessing H5N1-like internal genomes continue to circulate in poultry in southeastern China

The transmission of H9N2 influenza viruses to humans and the realization that the A/Hong Kong/156/97-like (H5N1) (abbreviated HK/156/97) genome complex may be present in H9N2 viruses in southeastern China necessitated a study of the distribution and characterization of H9N2 viruses in poultry in the Hong Kong SAR in 1999. Serological studies indicated that H9N2 influenza viruses had infected a high proportion of chickens and other land-based birds (pigeon, pheasant, quail, guinea fowl, and chukka) from southeastern China. Two lineages of H9N2 influenza viruses present in the live-poultry markets were represented by A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (Qa/HK/G1/97)-like and A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97 (Dk/HK/Y280/97)-like viruses. Up to 16% of cages of quail in the poultry markets contained Qa/HK/G1/97-like viruses, while about 5% of cages of other land-based birds were infected with Dk/HK/Y280/97-like viruses. No reassortant between the two H9N2 virus lineages was detected despite their cocirculation in the poultry markets. Reassortant viruses represented by A/Chicken/Hong Kong/G9/97 (H9N2) were the major H9N2 influenza viruses circulating in the Hong Kong markets in 1997 but have not been detected since the chicken slaughter in 1997. The Qa/HK/G1/97-like viruses were frequently isolated from quail, while Dk/HK/Y280/97-like viruses were predominately associated with chickens. The Qa/HK/G1/97-like viruses were evolving relatively rapidly, especially in their PB2, HA, NP, and NA genes, suggesting that they are in the process of adapting to a new host. Experimental studies showed that both H9N2 lineages were primarily spread by the aerosol route and that neither quail nor chickens showed evidence of disease. The high prevalence of quail infected with Qa/HK/G1/97-like virus that contains six gene segments genetically highly related to HK/156/97 (H5N1) virus emphasizes the need for surveillance of mammals including humans.