干旱胁迫下沙棘叶片细胞膜透性与渗透调节物质研究

研究了在干旱胁迫下沙棘幼林苗木渗透调节能力与沙棘耐旱性的关系。结果表明：长期轻度及中度干旱胁迫下渗透调节物质中可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、Pro在干旱中、后期累积显著增加而降低渗透势,使沙棘具备较强的渗透调节能力而表现为低水势耐旱特性;K^ 在干旱下无显著累积。渗透调节物质（可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、Pro）的共同作用,使长期轻度、中度干旱下沙棘叶片可溶性蛋白降解少,细胞膜透性和MDA含量增加缓慢,重度二进下也能在一定时间内保持稳定,这些物质是构成沙棘强耐旱性的内在基础。     

盐胁迫对四种基因型冬小麦幼苗Na+、K+吸收和累积的影响

以4种不同基因型冬小麦品种为试验材料,研究了盐胁迫下小麦幼苗的生长及Na^＋、K^＋和Cl^-的吸收、累积规律。结果表明,盐胁迫下小麦吸水困难,幼苗生长受抑;幼苗含水量、生物量及干物质量明显下降;Na^＋、Cl^-含量和单株累积量显著增加。K^＋含量和单株累积量则明显降低。Na^＋／K^＋比值随介质中的盐浓度的增加而升高。盐胁迫下各基因型冬小麦幼苗Na^＋、K^＋和Cl^-的单株累积量及其在地上部分和根系中的含量变化较大,说明小麦根系对Na^＋、K^＋和Cl^-的吸收存在基因型差异。盐处理下,暖型小麦NR9405对K^＋的选择吸收能力强,对Na^＋的吸收和累积少,植株体内的K^＋浓度较高,Na^＋／K^＋比值小;幼苗的生物量较大,耐盐性强。冷型小麦RB6对K^＋的选择能力差,对Na^＋的吸收和累积量大,幼苗的Na^＋／K^＋比值大,生物量小,耐盐性较差。低盐浓度下,Na^＋可作为渗透调节物质维持植物体内渗透平衡。高盐浓度下,Na^＋的过度吸收和累积可能是盐害的主要原因。维持体内较低的Na^＋水平和Na^＋／K^＋比值是小麦耐盐性的一个重要特征。     

低纬高原两个亚生态区烤烟种植生态适应性

选择地处低纬高原地区海拔存在显著差异的云南省昭通市昭阳区(海拔1949.5m)和大关县(海拔1065.5m)2个种植烤烟的亚生态区,研究了烤烟品种K326在旺长期至成熟期的碳同位素组成(δ13C)、光合色素及抗性生理特征。结果表明:大关烟叶的δ13C值高于昭阳,成熟期与旺长期相比,昭阳烟叶δ13C值升高了0.19‰,而大关烟叶δ13C值降低了0.16‰;昭阳烟叶叶绿素降低速率和丙二醛的累积速率都比大关快;昭阳烟叶旺长期至成熟期总多酚的累积量大于大关;昭阳烟叶比叶重显著高于大关(P<0.05),且昭阳烟叶的比叶重从旺长期至成熟期的增加幅度更大。试验结果说明,烤烟K326在同化能力和抗性生理等方面对不同生态环境条件的适应性存在差异。     

水分胁迫对短枝型果树光合作用的非气孔限制

水分胁迫使叶片相对含水量降低,气孔阻力增大.水分胁迫光合速率的下降除受气孔因素影响之外,随着胁迫时间的延长和胁迫程度的加剧,水分胁迫导致O-·2累积,H2O2含量增加,从而引发膜脂过氧化,造成膜渗漏,质膜相对膜透性增大,膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量升高,由膜系统破坏而诱发的非气孔因素成为光合速率下降的主要原因.     

钾肥用量及基追肥比例对烤烟干物质累积和钾素吸收动态的影响

采用田间小区试验研究了钾肥用量及基追肥比例对种植于红壤性水稻土上的烤烟干物质积累和钾素吸收动态的影响.结果表明,烤烟干物质累积高峰出现在烟株移栽后50～60 d,栽后30 d内以及80 d后累积较少.烤烟干物质累积总量随钾肥用量增加和追肥比例提高而增加.烟株含钾量在移栽后30～50 d最高,随后迅速降低,至成熟期仅为最高含钾量的一半.315 kg·hm^-2施钾处理在各生育期烟株平均含钾量均显著高于225 kg·hm^-2施钾处理.烟叶成熟时,225 kg·hm^-2施钾处理出现干物质累积负增长和钾素损失现象,而315 kg·hm^-2处理干物质累积和吸钾总量均呈持续增加趋势.成熟时基追肥比例为3∶7处理的烟株含钾量明显高于基追肥比例为5∶5和7∶3的处理.     

等渗盐分与水分胁迫对三角叶滨藜和玉米光合作用的影响

以溶液培养的三角叶滨藜(Atriplex triangularis)和玉米(Zeamays)为材料,测定了等渗的盐分和水分胁迫对2种植物光合作用的短期影响。结果表明:等渗的水分和盐分胁迫均会造成三角叶滨藜和玉米净光合速率(Pn)的降低,而且随着胁迫程度的增强,水分胁迫引起Pn下降的幅度要明显高于等渗的盐分胁迫;在较低渗透胁迫强度下,2种胁迫导致光合速率下降的主要原因是气孔限制;但在环境溶液渗透势为-1.0MPa时,水分胁迫对光合作用的影响逐渐转化成非气孔限制,而盐胁迫仍然是气孔限制起主要作用;由此可见,等渗透势的水分胁迫对2种植物光合系统的影响要明显大于盐分胁迫。     

水分胁迫下嫁接对杭白菊渗透调节物质及相关代谢酶基因表达的影响

以盆栽的杭白菊嫁接苗与扦插苗为材料,采用自然干旱的方法,研究水分胁迫下嫁接对杭白菊叶片渗透调节物质及其代谢关键酶相关基因的表达规律。结果表明,水分胁迫抑制了杭白菊的生长,但嫁接苗可保持较高根系生长量,进而保持较高的叶片含水量和叶片干重,缓解水分胁迫对植株生长的抑制程度。在水分胁迫下,杭白菊叶片活性氧含量、相对电导率和丙二醛含量呈上升趋势,而嫁接苗缓解活性氧胁迫,减轻细胞膜脂质过氧化,降低细胞膜受伤害程度。水分胁迫前期,扦插苗Cm P5CR、Cm P5CS和Cmδ-OAT基因表达量上调,促进脯氨酸较早积累;同时Cm NI、Cm AI和Cm SPS基因表达量上调,导致可溶性糖含量增加,进而说明杭白菊扦插苗对水分胁迫更加敏感。极度水分胁迫下,与扦插苗相比,嫁接苗Cm P5CS基因表达上调,抑制Cm Pro DH基因表达,保持相对较高的Cm NI和Cm SPS基因表达量,以维持较高的可溶性糖和脯氨酸合成能力,保证渗透调节的正常进行。短期水分胁迫条件下,嫁接有利于提高杭白菊的耐旱性。     

干旱胁迫对蒙古黄芪生长及根部次生代谢物含量的影响

以山西道地药材黄芪一年生幼苗为试验材料,设置常规水分条件(CK)、轻度干旱胁迫(A1)、中度干旱胁迫(A2)、重度干旱胁迫(A3)4个不同处理,研究土壤干旱胁迫对黄芪生长及生理的影响。结果表明:黄芪茎叶快速生长集中在出苗后80—120d,以后生长减缓;当茎叶枯萎时,根中生物量短期快速积累。与常规水分条件相比,干旱胁迫处理显著降低了黄芪苗高及茎叶生物量,但对抗氧化能力、根系生长及次生代谢物积累产生了不同的影响。轻度干旱胁迫下SOD、POD、CAT 3种抗氧化酶活性升高,丙二醛(MDA)含量和细胞膜透性降低,同时根长与根生物量增加、多糖与皂苷两种次生代谢物积累增多,黄芪药材的质量得到显著提高(P0.05);胁迫上升到中度、重度时,SOD酶活性逐渐降低,重度胁迫下低于对照,而POD及CAT酶活性、MDA含量、细胞膜透性均随胁迫增强而升高,相反,根长、根生物量、多糖与皂苷含量降低,导致黄芪药材的质量显著降低(P0.01)。综上表明,干旱胁迫下,SOD酶表现较为敏感,可能在清除活性氧中起主要作用;轻度水分胁迫能有效启动黄芪体内抗氧化酶系统和次生代谢,它们相互协作共同对抗胁迫对细胞产生的伤害,通过降低地上部分的生长,将营养物质优先运往根部,促进根产量及药材质量的提高。这一结论,可在黄芪多糖和皂苷次生代谢物定向培育的水分管理中加以利用。     

养分对旱地小麦水分腔迫的生理补偿效应

利用不同深度渗漏池供水差异所造成的水分胁迫,分期测定冬小麦叶片的净光合速率、气孔阻力、叶肉胞间ＣＯ２浓度、蒸腾强度、叶绿素含量和叶片吸光强度。研究养分对小麦水分胁迫的生理补偿效应。结果表明,水分腔迫后,气孔阻力增加,叶绿素含量和净光合速率显著下降。但在水分胁迫时施用氮肥,蒸腾速率减弱,叶绿素含量,叶片吸光强度和净光合速率增加,因而,短时水分利用效率显著提高。这表明,因水分胁迫导致净光合速率和短时水     

增施控释复合肥对烤烟叶片生理特性和氮、磷、钾含量的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了施用控释复合肥对烤烟叶片生理特性和氮、磷、钾含量的影响。结果表明:增加控释复合肥的用量能显著提高烤烟叶片生育期的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素(团棵-打顶期)、抗坏血酸(ASA)含量(旺长-成熟期)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性(团棵-打顶期)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性(旺长-成熟期),同时,烤烟叶片氮、磷、钾含量也呈现上升趋势;相反,增施控释复合肥显著降低了烤烟叶片类胡萝卜素(成熟期)、丙二醛(MDA)、抗坏血酸(团棵期)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量(团棵-旺长期)和超氧阴离子自由基(O2·-)产生速率;增施控释复合肥不仅能提高烤烟的抗氧化能力,还能促进对氮、磷、钾营养元素的积累。     

Effect of Cold Osmotic Shock on K+ Efflux from Nicotiana tabacum L. Leaf Discs Induced by Abscisic Acid and Ionophores

Cold osmotic shock, i.e., transfer of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL. cv. Samsun NN) leaf discs from 0.5 M mannitol at 25°Cto distilled water at 2°C appears to modify the events selectivelyat the plasma membrane of tobacco leaf cells. Especially, theefflux of K+ and ion leakage was markedly increased by coldosmotic shock, which is dependent on both osmotic pressure andthe temperature of the solution bathing the discs; i.e., K+efflux was increased by raising the osmotic pressure of mannitoland further intensified by subsequently lowering the temperature.The shock effects are temporary and disappear 2 to 3 hr afterthe treatment. The efflux of K+ from the discs into the external medium (1mM MES-Tris, pH 6.0) was stimulated by abscisic acid (ABA) andgramicidin S, slightly stimulated by nigericin and slightlyinhibited by kinetin. Valinomycin was insensitive to K+ efflux. ABA-induced stimulation of K+ efflux was inhibited by cold osmoticshock, but not the gramicidin-induced stimulation. The ABA-inducedstimulation was partly inhibited by kinetin, whereas the gramicidin-inducedone was not. The stimulatory effect on K+ efflux was additivewhen ABA and ionophore were added together to the external medium. These results indicate that ABA acts at the plasma membranethat is selectively modified by cold osmotic shock. The stimulationof K+ efflux induced by ABA and ionophore occurs via differentprocesses. (Received December 22, 1980; Accepted May 21, 1981)     

盐胁迫下Ca~(2 )对小麦根无机离子分布和膜脂脂肪酸的影响

用扫描电镜、X—射线能谱仪和等离子耦合吸收光谱(ICP)分析发现,培养在含NaCl培养液中,小麦柜吸收大量Na~ 和Cl~-,K~ 和Ca~(2 )的吸收降低,质膜相对透性提高,K~ 、Na~ 和Cl~-的相对外渗百分率增加。培养在补充CaCl_2含NaCl培养液的,Na~ 和Cl~-含量明显减低,K~ 和Ca~(2 )提高,质膜相对透性下降,K~ 、Na~ 和Cl~-相对外渗百分率减少。由气相色谱分析可知,用含NaCl或补充CaCl_2培养液培养的幼苗,根的膜脂脂肪酸组分没有变化,但培养在补充CaCl_2的培养液中的根,亚麻酸含量和脂肪酸不饱和指数下降。     

NaCl对小麦根生长和无机离子分布的影响

培养在含NaCl营养液中的幼苗,根生长被抑制,线粒体超微结构受损伤。用扫描电镜、X-射线能谱仪和电感耦合等离子直读光谱（ICP）分析发现,培养在含NaCl营养液中的根,积累大量Na+和Cl-,而K+和Ca~（2+）的含量降低,无机离子总量和Na+/K+比值提高。     

水稻(威优49)幼苗根系K~+(~(86)Rb~+)吸收的调节

杂交稻威优49幼苗根系的K~+(~(86)Rb~+)吸收速率受到根含钾量的直接反馈调节,而与地上部的含钾量无显著相关性。随着根部含钾量的增加,K~+(~(86)Rb~+)净吸收的速率减小。净吸收速率的改变主要是由于内流速率的变化,而受外流速率变化的影响不大。根系上运K~+(~(86)Rb~+)滞后于吸收约1.5h。但上运一旦开始后,运输速率便不受根和地上部含钾量变化的影响。这表明杂交稻威优49幼苗根系K~+(~(86)Rb~+)吸收速率的改变主要受根部液泡含钾量的调节,而向上运输则决定于细胞质的K~+(~(86)Rb~+)状态。     

Zm HAK5 and Zm HAK1 function in K~+ uptake and distribution in maize under low K~+ conditions

Potassium(K~+ ) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development. Transporters from the KT/HAK/KUP family play crucial roles in K~+ homeostasis and cell growth in various plant species. However, their physiological roles in maize are still unknown. In this study,we cloned ZmH AK5 and ZmH AK1 and investigated their functions in maize(Zea mays L.). In situ hybridization showed that Zm HAK5 was mainly expressed in roots,especially in the epidermis, cortex, and vascular bundle.ZmH AK5 was characterized as a high-affinity K~+ transporter.Loss of function of ZmH AK5 led to defective K~+ uptake in maize, under low K~+ conditions, whereas ZmH AK5-overexpressing plants showed increased K~+ uptake activity and improved growth. ZmH AK1 was upregulated under low K~+ stress, as revealed by RT-q PCR. ZmH AK1 mediated K~+ uptake when heterologously expressed in yeast, but its transport activity was weaker than that of ZmH AK5.Overexpression of Zm HAK1 in maize significantly affected K~+ distribution in shoots, leading to chlorosis in older leaves.These findings indicate that ZmH AK5 and ZmH AK1 play distinct roles in K~+ homeostasis in maize, functioning in K~+ uptake and K~+ distribution, respectively. Genetic manipulation of ZmH AK5 may represent a feasible way to improve K~+ utilization efficiency in maize.     

盐分和水分胁迫对菊芋幼苗离子吸收及叶片酶活性的影响

采用砂培试验,用不同浓度的NaCl和等渗PEG6000(聚乙二醇6000,渗透势约为-0．44MPa)处理生长20d的菊芋幼苗,3d后分别测定其根、茎、叶中的Na^ 、K^ 、Cl^-含量以及叶片SOD、POD活性。结果表明,在NaCl和PEG胁迫下,根、茎、叶的Na^ 、Cl^-含量不断升高,而K^ 含量保持稳定。其中,茎中Na^ 含量高于根和叶。NaCl胁迫下,根、茎、叶的SX、Na值随胁迫强度的增加而递增,茎中SK、Na值小于根和叶。随着NaCl胁迫强度的增加,菊芋幼苗叶片的SOD和POD活性先上升后下降;PEG处理下,SOD活性分别高于对照和等渗NaCl处理31．1％和27．1％;而POD活性却分别低于对照和等渗NaCl处理26．0％和36．1％。     

Extracellular Ca2+ ameliorates NaCl-induced K+ loss from Arabidopsis root and leaf cells by controlling plasma membrane K+ -permeable channels

Calcium can ameliorate Na+ toxicity in plants by decreasing Na+ influx through nonselective cation channels. Here, we show that elevated external [Ca2+] also inhibits Na+ -induced K+ efflux through outwardly directed, K+ -permeable channels. Noninvasive ion flux measuring and patch-clamp techniques were used to characterize K+ fluxes from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root mature epidermis and leaf mesophyll under various Ca2+ to Na+ ratios. NaCl-induced K+ efflux was not related to the osmotic component of the salt stress, was inhibited by the K+ channel blocker TEA+, was not mediated by inwardly directed K+ channels (tested in the akt1 mutant), and resulted in a significant decrease in cytosolic K+ content. NaCl-induced K+ efflux was partially inhibited by 1 mm Ca2+ and fully prevented by 10 mm Ca2+. This ameliorative effect was at least partially attributed to a less dramatic NaCl-induced membrane depolarization under high Ca2+ conditions. Patch-clamp experiments (whole-cell mode) have demonstrated that two populations of Ca2+ -sensitive K+ efflux channels exist in protoplasts isolated from the mature epidermis of Arabidopsis root and leaf mesophyll cells. The instantaneously activating K+ efflux channels showed weak voltage dependence and insensitivity to external and internal Na+. Another population of K+ efflux channels was slowly activating, steeply rectifying, and highly sensitive to Na+. K+ efflux channels in roots and leaves showed different Ca2+ and Na+ sensitivities, suggesting that these organs may employ different strategies to withstand salinity. Our results suggest an additional mechanism of Ca2+ action on salt toxicity in plants: the amelioration of K+ loss from the cell by regulating (both directly and indirectly) K+ efflux channels.     

Exogenously supplied compatible solutes rapidly ameliorate NaCl-induced potassium efflux from barley roots

It has been suggested that the role of compatible solutes in plant stress responses is not limited to conventional osmotic adjustment, but also includes some other regulatory or osmoprotective functions. In this study, we hypothesized that one such function is in maintaining cytosolic K+ homeostasis by preventing NaCl-induced K+ leakage from the cell, a feature that may confer salt tolerance in many species, particularly in barley. This hypothesis was investigated using the non-invasive microelectrode ion flux (MIFE) measuring technique. We show that low (0.5-5 mM) concentrations of exogenously supplied proline or betaine significantly reduced NaCl-induced K+ efflux from barley roots in a dose-response manner. This effect was instantaneous, implying that large intracellular concentrations of compatible solutes are not required for an amelioratory role. Exogenously supplied betaine also significantly enhanced NaCl-induced H+ efflux, but only in pre-incubated roots, implying some alternative mechanism of regulation. Sap K+ and Na+ analysis and membrane potential measurements are also consistent with the model that one function of compatible solutes is in maintaining cytosolic K+ homeostasis by preventing NaCl-induced K+ leakage from the cell, possibly through the enhanced activity of H+-ATPase, controlling voltage-dependent outward-rectifying K+ channels and creating the electrochemical gradient necessary for secondary ion transport processes. These data provide the first direct evidence for regulation of ion fluxes across the plasma membrane by physiologically relevant low concentrations of compatible solutes.     

盐胁迫下盐地碱蓬体内无机离子含量分布特点的研究

用不同浓度NaCl溶液处理盐地碱蓬（Suaeda salsa)植株后,测定并比较老叶、幼叶及根部的无机离子含量和对K的选择性,叶片及根部的Na^ 、Cl^-含量随盐度的增加而升高,且累积趋势相似,盐胁迫下根部Na^ 、Cl^-及总离子含量（K^ 、Na^ 、Ca^2 ,NO3^-,Cl^-)明显低于叶片,说明盐地碱蓬地盐胁迫下,以叶片优先积累大量离子（如Na^ ,Cl^-) 为其适应特征。NaCl处理下,叶片的K^ ,Ca^2 含量低于对照,但随盐度的增加保持相对稳定,而根部K^ 含量,K/Na比、对K的选择性则高于叶片,这对盐胁迫下地上部的K^ 亏缺有一定补偿作用。低盐度处理（100mmol/LNaCl)促进NO3^-的吸收,另外随盐度的增加,叶片渗透势下降,渗透调节能力增强,幼叶渗透势低于老叶,但渗透调节能力相同。