缺血预处理对兔脊髓缺血再灌注损伤水通道蛋白-4表达的影响

目的探讨缺血预处理（IPC）对兔脊髓缺血再灌注损伤后水通道蛋白-4（AQP-4）表达的影响。方法日本大耳白兔72只,随机分为3组：假手术组（S组）、脊髓缺血再灌注损伤组（I／R组）和缺血预处理组（IPC组）。I／R组和IPC组阻断腹主动脉30min造成脊髓缺血再灌注损伤,IPC组在损伤前短暂阻断腹主动脉5min二次实施预处理,S组暴露肾动脉下腹主动脉但不阻断。分别于再灌注损伤后4h和24h进行神经功能评分,并取L4—6脊髓缺血节段,计算脊髓组织含水量,免疫组化法测定脊髓组织中AQP-4表达水平。结果与S组比较,I／R组神经运动功能评分降低,脊髓组织含水量增加,AQP-4表达增加（P〈0．05）。与I／R组比较,IPC组神经运动功能评分增高,脊髓组织含水量降低,AQP-4表达减少（P〈0．05）。结论IPC可抑制脊髓损伤后AQP-4的表达,进而减轻脊髓水肿,保护缺血再灌注损伤的脊髓。     

缺血预处理对肢体缺血／再灌注肾损伤保护作用的机制初探

目的：探讨缺血预处理对肢体缺血／再灌注时肾损伤的保护作用。方法：复制家兔肢体缺血／再灌注（I／R）损伤模型,观察肢体缺血4h再灌注4h后以及应用缺血预处理干预对肾损伤的影响。分别从右颈外静脉、肾动脉和肾静脉取血,代表外周血以及入、出肾血,观察外周血超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）及尿素氮（BUN）;同时测定入肾血和出肾血NO、SOD、MDA和肾组织SOD、MDA、诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）以及缺血预处理对上述指标的影响。结果：与对照组比较,缺血再灌组松夹后4h外周血、入、出肾血及肾组织SOD活性明显降低,MDA含量增高（P〈0．01）;外周血BUN以及入、出肾血NO和肾组织iNOS含量升高（P〈0．01）;在缺血前给予缺血预处理组．SOD活性升高,而MDA、BUN、NO、iNOS含量降低（P〈0．01）。相关分析显示MDA与SOD间存在明显负相关（P〈0．01）．而MDA与NO、BUN间呈显著正相关（P〈0．01）。结论：肢体缺血／再灌注时伴有肾脏氧自由基代谢紊乱,缺血预处理可以增强肾组织的抗氧化能力,对肢体缺血再灌注肾损伤具有保护作用。     

缺血后处理对兔脊髓缺血再灌注微循环损伤的影响

探讨缺血后处理对兔脊髓缺血再灌注微循环损伤的影响.成年新西兰大白兔24只随机分为假手术组(C组),缺血再灌注损伤组(IR组),缺血后处理组(P组).IR组和P组采用Zivin改进法制备脊髓缺血再灌注模型,P组在缺血30 min后行复灌1 min/缺血1 min相同处理3次.采用激光多普勒检测缺血前,缺血时及再灌注各时点血流量值,在再灌注24 h时取兔脊髓组织作HE染色观察病理形态学,比色法检测脊髓组织一氧化氮(Nitric oxide,NO)的含量,放免法检测内皮素-1(Endothelin-1,ET-1)及免疫组化法检测血红素氧合酶(Hemeoxygenase-1,HO-1)的表达.研究发现与缺血前基础值相比,再灌注10 min时IR组与P组血流量均有增高,在再灌注30、60、120 min,IR组血流量值有不同程度的降低;与IR组相比,P组血流量值在再灌注各时点均有不同程度的增高.与IR组相比,P组NO含量与HO-1表达均有增加,ET-1含量明显减少,NO/ET-1显著高于IR组(P<0.05或0.01),且P组脊髓病理学损伤轻于IR组.结果表明缺血后处理可减轻兔脊髓缺血再灌注微循环损伤,改善脊髓血流量,...     

肢体远程预处理通过上调机体抗氧化酶活性诱导兔脊髓缺血耐受

目的:证实抗氧化酶活性上调是肢体远程预处理(remote preconditioning,RPC)诱导兔脊髓缺血耐受效应的主要机制之一。方法:60只雄性新西兰大白兔随机分成对照组、远程预处理组、缺血组及RPC 缺血组(对照组n=6,余组n=18)。RPC组行双下肢短暂缺血2次(每次10min,间隔10min);缺血组仅行脊髓缺血模型;RPC 缺血组在远程预处理后1h行脊髓缺血;对照组为假手术组。对照组于脊髓缺血再灌注后48h行神经功能评分后取脊髓,作为对照。余三组分别于再灌注后6h、24h及48h评分后取材,各时间点各取6只。所有动物于缺血前、缺血20min、再灌注20min及再灌注6h采动脉血测血清抗氧化酶活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量;于取材后测定脊髓匀浆抗氧化酶活性和MDA含量。结果:再灌注后6h、24h及48h时对照组、远程预处理组及远程预处理 缺血组神经功能评分均明显高于缺血组(P<0.05)。血浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在每个时间点RPC组均高于对照组,RPC 缺血组高于缺血组(P<0.05);其中缺血20min时,缺血组血浆SOD、CAT活性低于对照组,RPC 缺血组低于RPC组(P<0.05);而与缺血前相比,缺血20min时缺血组及RPC 缺血组SOD和CAT活性显著下降(P<0.05)再灌注24h和48h时,脊髓匀浆SOD、CAT活性对照组低于RPC组,缺血组低于RPC 缺血组(P<0.01);而MDA含量再灌注24h时对照组高于RPC组,缺血组高于RPC 缺血组(P<0.05)。脊髓匀浆SOD、CAT活性与神经功能评分具有显著相关性。结论:RPC诱导脊髓缺血耐受的机制可能为上调抗氧化酶活性,增强机体在缺血再灌注过程中清除氧自由基的能力,从而减少氧自由基介导的损伤,发挥脊髓保护作用。     

缺血预处理及低温对幼兔心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的影响

目的：探讨缺血预处理(ischemic preconditioning,IP)及低温对幼兔心脏缺血／再灌注损伤的影响。方法：采用Langendorff离体心脏灌注模型,取3～4周龄幼兔心脏,分别给予不同次数的IP后使其在20℃低温下缺血或给予同样次数的IP后使其分别在不同低温下缺血。常温再灌注30min。记录心脏缺血／再灌注前后左心室功能指标,测定再灌注末心肌组织中ATP和丙二醛(MDA)含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及Ca^2 -ATP酶的活性。结果：再灌注末,IP2组左心室各功能指标的恢复率及心肌组织的ATP含量及Ca^2 -ATP酶的活性均显著高于Con组和IP3组;SIP1、SIP2组的左心室各功能指标的恢复率及心肌组织的ATP含量均分别显著高于SConn1组和SCon2组。其心肌组织MDA含量亦分别低于SCon1组和SCon2组。结论：IP可减轻低温缺血的幼兔心肌缺血／再灌注损伤,其效应与IP的次数和低温程度有关。     

缺血后处理、ATP后处理减轻兔缺血再灌注损伤:与腺苷受体激活有关

目的:近期实验研究显示,在再灌注的早期给予短暂、重复的缺血再灌(缺血后处理Postconditioning)能够减轻心肌再灌注损伤。本实验旨在探明三磷酸腺苷(ATP)用于缺血后处理是否产生上述保护效应,以及了解腺苷受体在此保护作用机制中的地位。方法:家兔开胸后左前降支均给予40min结扎和180min的再灌注,并随机分为5组:(1)对照组;(2)缺血后处理组;(3)ATP后处理组;(4)缺血后处理 SPT(硫苯茶碱)组;(5)SPT对照组。于实验终点测定心肌梗死面积(TTC染色),血浆CK-MB、SOD、MDA含量。结果:和时照组相比,缺血后处理组与ATP后处理组心梗面积减少(p<0．05),CK-MB也显著降低(p相似文献   

注射用内给氧对缺血再灌注损伤兔肝脏能量代谢的影响

为了探讨注射用内给氧对肝脏缺血再灌注(I/R)损伤肝脏能量代谢的影响,将48只健康新西兰长耳大白兔随机分为4组:假手术组(A组),缺血再灌注组(B组),缺血再灌注 周围静脉注射用内给氧组(C组),缺血再灌注 肝动脉注射内给氧组(D组),每组12只,采用Pringle氏法建立肝脏I/R模型,比较4组大白兔缺血再灌注后1、2、24h肝组织内三磷酸腺苷(ATP)、二磷酸腺苷(ADP)、一磷酸腺苷(AMP)含量、肝脏的细胞能荷(EC)及肝组织形态学的变化.结果表明,与A组比较,8、C、D三组肝功能损害重,肝组织ATP含量,能荷值(EC)降低(P<0.05);肝组织病理学改变明显(P<0.05),B组以上各项指标差异更为显著,与B组比较,C、D二组肝组织ATP含量,能荷值(EC)高(P<0.05);肝组织病理学改变较轻(P<0.05);C组与D组比较,各参数无显著性差异.以上研究表明.注射用内给氧可通过改善肝细胞的能量代谢而减轻肝缺血再灌注损伤.     

腺苷预处理对大鼠心脏移植缺血再灌注损伤心肌的保护作用

目的探讨腺苷（adenosine,Ado）预处理在心脏移植缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法健康雄性Sprague．Dawley（SD）大鼠40只,建立大鼠同系异位心脏移植模型。随机分为3组：假手术组、对照组、实验组（供体心在获取前15min给予Ado预处理后4℃改良St．Thoms液10mL。主动脉根部灌注停跳）。术后5h测定血清中丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）含量,电镜观测心肌细胞超微结构变化。结果实验组MDA、CK-MB明显减少（P〈0．01）,SOD明显增加（P〈0．01）,心肌超微结构改变明显减轻。实验组的移植心脏存活时间较对照组明显延长[（22．1±2．9）dw（12．0±1．8）d,P〈0．01）]。结论Ado预处理对心脏移植缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用,使受者的移植心脏存活期延长。     

缺血预处理对肢体缺血/再灌注大鼠胃粘膜损伤的保护效应

目的：观察肢体缺血再灌注（LI／R）对胃粘膜的损伤作用及缺血预处理对其影响,探讨胃粘膜损伤的机制及缺血预处理（IPC）的作用机理。方法：观察并测定肢体缺血4h再灌注4h后以及应用肢体缺血预处理干预后各组胃粘膜损伤指数,胃结合粘液量;检测胃粘膜中髓过氧化物酶（MPO）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、黄嘌呤氧化酶（XOD）含量的变化以及血浆中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）的含量变化。结果：大鼠LI／R后胃粘膜损伤指数增加;胃结合粘液量较对照组显著下降;胃粘膜中MPO、MDA、XOD的值均较对照组增加,血浆中LDH的含量亦较对照组显著增加,胃粘膜组织中SOD的酶活力下降;IPC组与LIR组对比,胃结合粘液量较LIR组显著增加：胃粘膜损伤指数、胃粘膜中MPO的含量、以及胃粘膜中MDA、XOD、LDH均较LI／R组明显降低;胃粘膜中SOD酶活力增强。结论：LI／R作为应激原可引起胃粘膜损伤,导致应激性溃疡的发生;自由基在肢体缺血再／灌注后继发胃粘膜损伤过程中发挥作用。缺血预处理可减轻肢体缺血再灌注后的胃粘膜损伤,其作用机制可能是通过减少自由基的产生而发挥其保护作用。     

缺血预处理对大鼠缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡及相关基因蛋白表达的影响

目的：探讨缺血预处理对大鼠缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡及相关基因Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的影响。方法：制备缺血预处理（IP）和缺血再灌注损伤（I／R）模型,采用末端标记技术（TUNEL）检测心细胞凋亡,应用免疫组织化学方法检测Bcl-2和Bax的蛋白表达,结果：缺血再灌注组心肌细胞凋亡率明显比正常对照组高（P＜0．05）,而缺血预处理组心肌细胞凋亡率明显比缺血再灌注组低（P＜0．05）,缺血再灌注组Bcl-2表达阳性细胞率明显比正常组低（P＜0．05）,而缺血预处理组Bcl-2表达阳性细胞率明显较缺血再灌注组高（P＜0．05）。缺血再灌注组Bax表达阳性细胞率明显较正常组高,而缺血预处理组Bax表达阳性细胞率明显较缺血再灌注组低（P＜0．05）。结论：缺血再灌注可诱导心肌细胞凋亡,缺血预处理可减少心肌细胞凋亡,Bcl-2和Bax的蛋白表达在心肌凋亡发生中起重要作用,缺血预处理可上调Bcl-2蛋白表达和下调Bax蛋白表达。     

Effects of incomplete ischemia and subsequent recirculation on free palmitate, stearate, oleate and arachidonate levels in lumbar and cervical spinal cord of rabbit

The effect of severe incomplete ischemia, induced by abdominal aorta ligation for 40 minutes, and subsequent recirculation for one and four days on accumulation of free fatty acids was studies in the lumbar and cervical part of rabbit spinal cord. Changes in free fatty acid levels were determined separately in gracile fascicle (Fg), dorsal part (Dp, without Fg) and ventral part (Vp) of both spinal cord regions. In lumbar spinal cord increases in free fatty acid levels, especially that of arachidonate, were observed in Fg, Dp and Vp a the end of the ischemic period. During recirculation all values were similar to nonischemic controls. In cervical spinal cord a slight increase in free fatty acid levels was found in Fg after four days of recirculation, and in Dp arachidonate and stearate levels were most markedly elevated after one day of recirculation. No changes at any interval were found in Vp of cervical spinal cord. The present results indicate that the experimental insult induced typical ischemic injury to spinal cord tissue demonstrated by fatty acid liberation from membrane lipids. This injury may affect neurotransmission and other processes and free fatty acids themselves impair tissue metabolism (inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation, edema precipitation, synthesis of eicosanoids) and thus restrict the possibilities to enhance recovery in the recirculation period.     

Effect of repetitive ischemic preconditioning on spinal cord ischemia in a rabbit model

A completely randomized controlled study based on a rabbit model was designed to study the effect of repetitive ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on a spinal cord ischemic reperfusion injury. Twenty four white adult Japanese rabbits were randomly assigned to one of the 3 groups (n = 8 per group): Group I: sham-operation group, Group II: ischemic reperfusion group, and, Group III: IPC group. Spinal cord ischemia was induced by infra-renal aortic cross-clamp for 45 min in Group II. Before 45 min ischemia, the rabbits in Group III underwent four cycles of IPC (5 min of ischemia followed by 5 min of reperfusion). Post-operative neurological function, electromyography (EMG) of rear limbs, and spinal cord histopathological changes were measured. The concentrations of calcium, magnesium, copper, and zinc in spinal cord were measured in the 7th day. The neurological function and histopathological changes in Group II were significantly different from those in Group I or Group III (P < 0.05 or 0.01). There was a more significant change of EMG in Group II than that in Group III (P < 0.05). The concentrations of calcium and copper in Group II were significantly higher (P < 0.05 or 0.01), but magnesium and zinc were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those in Group I. Calcium and copper in Group II were significantly higher (P < 0.05), but zinc was significantly lower (P < 0.01) than those in Group III. In conclusion, repetitive IPC can protect rabbit spinal cord from ischemic reperfusion injury in a timely manner, which is associated with corrections of imbalance of calcium, magnesium, copper, and zinc in the ischemic region.     

Ependyma as a Possible Morphological Basis of Ischemic Preconditioning Tolerance in Rat Spinal Cord Ischemia Model: Nestin and Fluoro-Jade B Observations

1. To test our hypothesis that a transient nonlethal ischemic insult benefits the lumbosacral spinal cord ischemic injury, nestin, the marker of proliferating cells, and Fluoro-Jade B, the marker of degenerating cells, were used in rats. Morphological outcome was evaluated after 12-min ischemia versus 12-min ischemia preconditioned by 3-min ischemic period and 30-min recirculation (IPC), in each group followed by 2, 3, and 4 days of posttreatment survival. 2. Twelve-minute ischemia, inducing nestin-positivity in ependyma and reactive astrocytes at the L(1-3) spinal cord segments, shows this region as the viable region of spinal cord in all postischemic survival periods. On the other hand, abundance of Fluoro-Jade B-positive cells, distributed throughout the dorsal horn and intermediate zone of L4-S2 segments, points out the most injured spinal cord region by ischemia. 3. After the same ischemic insult in IPC rats only a few nestin-positive ependymal cell and reactive astrocytes appeared beside the nestin-positive vessels in the lower lumbar and sacral spinal cord segments of all survival periods. The appearance of nestin-positive cells in the spinal cord segments, which "should have been affected" by ischemia indicates protection of this region by the IPC treatment. 4. The number and density evaluation of Fluoro-Jade B fluorescent cells of L4-S2 segments after ischemia and IPC confirmed that degenerating cells were significantly reduced in the IPC rats in all survival periods. 5. Our results showing the immunohistochemical response of epemdyma, committed to the presence of viable tissue, indicate that the ependymal cells may contribute to the ischemic resistance in the IPC rats.     

神经生长因子对兔坐骨神经损伤后脊髓前角运动神经元乙酰胆碱酯酶的影响

钳夹损伤兔右坐骨神经,于损伤处注射蛇毒ＮＧＦ４００Ｂｕ／ｋｇ／日,损伤术后１,３,７天和２,３,４,６,８周动态观察脊髓腰段伤侧第Ⅸ板层外侧群的大型运动神经元的ＡＣｈＥ活性改变。结果表明术后１,３天实验组（指损伤给药组）和对照组（指损伤对照组）ＡＣｈＥ活性均下降（Ｐ＞００５）;术后１,２,３周对照组ＡＣｈＥ活性明显下降,而实验组ＡＣｈＥ活性逐渐趋于恢复（Ｐ＜００１）;术后６周实验组ＡＣｈＥ活性恢复至正常水平（Ｐ＜００１）。本研究显示蛇毒ＮＧＦ对坐骨神经损伤后脊髓前角运动神经元ＡＣｈＥ活性恢复有促进作用,从而对运动神经元可起一定的保护作用和促进恢复的作用     

Neuroprotective Effects of PEP-1-Cu,Zn-SOD against Ischemic Neuronal Damage in the Rabbit Spinal Cord

A rabbit model of spinal cord ischemia has been introduced as a good model to investigate the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion (I-R)-induced paraplegia. In the present study, we observed the effects of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) against ischemic damage in the ventral horn of L(5-6) levels in the rabbit spinal cord. For this study, the expression vector PEP-1 was constructed, and this vector was fused with SOD1 to create a PEP-1-SOD1 fusion protein that easily penetrated the blood-brain barrier. Spinal cord ischemia was induced by transient occlusion of the abdominal aorta for 15 min. PEP-1-SOD1 (0.5 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered to rabbits 30 min before ischemic surgery. The administration of PEP-1-SOD1 significantly improved neurological scores compared to those in the PEP-1 (vehicle)-treated ischemia group. Also, in this group, the number of cresyl violet-positive cells at 72 h after I-R was much higher than that in the vehicle-treated ischemia group. Malondialdehyde levels were significantly decreased in the ischemic spinal cord of the PEP-1-SOD1-treated ischemia group compared to those in the vehicle-treated ischemia group. In contrast, the administration of PEP-1-SOD1 significantly ameliorated the ischemia-induced reduction of SOD and catalase levels in the ischemic spinal cord. These results suggest that PEP-1-SOD1 protects neurons from spinal ischemic damage by decreasing lipid peroxidation and maintaining SOD and catalase levels in the ischemic rabbit spinal cord.     

Energy metabolism and mechanical recovery after cardioplegia in moderately hypertrophiedrats

It is well established that severe hypertrophy induces metabolic and structural changes in the heart which result in enhanced susceptibility to ischemic damage during cardioplegic arrest while much less is known about the effect of cardioplegic arrest on moderately hypertrophied hearts. The aim of this study was to elucidate the differences in myocardial high energy phosphate metabolism and in functional recovery after cardioplegic arrest and ischemia in mildly hypertrophied hearts, before any metabolic alterations could be shown under baseline conditions.Cardiac hypertrophy was induced in rats by constriction of the abdominal aorta resulting in 20% increase in heart weight/body weight ratio (hypertrophy group) while sham operated animals served as control. In both groups, isolated hearts were perfused under normoxic conditions for 40 min followed by infusion of St.Thomas' Hospital No. 1 cardioplegia and 90 min ischemia at 25øC with infusions of cardioplegia every 30 min. The changes in ATP, phosphocreatine (PCr) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) were followed by³¹ P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Systolic and diastolic function was assessed with an intraventricular balloon before and after ischemia.Baseline concentrations of PCr, ATP and Pi as well as coronary flow and cardiac function were not different between the two groups. However, after cardioplegic arrest PCr concentration increased to 61.8 ± 4.9 mol/g dry wt in the control group and to 46.3 ± 2.8 mol/g in hypertrophied hearts. Subsequently PCr, pH and ATP decreased gradually, concomitant with an accumulation of Pi in both groups. PCr was transiently restored during each infusion of cardioplegic solution while Pi decreased. PCr decreased faster after cardioplegic infusions in hypertrophied hearts. The most significant difference was observed during reperfusion: PCr recovered to its pre-ischemic levels within 2 min following restoration of coronary flow in the control group while similar recovery was observed after 4 min in the hypertrophied hearts. A greater deterioration of diastolic function was observed in hypertrophied hearts.Moderate hypertrophy, despite absence of metabolic changes under baseline conditions could lead to enhanced functional deterioration after cardioplegic arrest and ischemia. Impaired energy metabolism resulting in accelerated high energy phosphate depletion during ischemia and delayed recovery of energy equilibrium after cardioplegic arrest observed in hypertrophied hearts could be one of the underlying mechanisms.     

Effect of massive sympathetic nervous system activation on coronary blood flow and myocardial energy pool

Our previous work indicates that myocardial ischemia could be the mechanism responsible for the left ventricular (LV) dysfunction that frequently develops after massive sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation. In this study, coronary blood flow (CBF) and myocardial ATP, creatine phosphate, and lactate concentrations were measured after massively activating the SNS of anesthetized rabbits with an intracisternal injection of veratrine. CBF was measured at time 0 (baseline), and at 2, 10, and 20 min after SNS activation in one group, and at 0, 45, 90, and 150 min in a second group. Myocardial ATP, creatine phosphate, and lactate were measured at 0, 2, 10, 20, 90, and 150 min in separate groups of rabbits. SNS activation caused LV dysfunction in approximately 60% of the rabbits. SNS-related increases in CBF kept pace with the increases in myocardial energy demand as determined from the systolic pressure-heart rate product. The subendocardial-to-subepicardial blood flow ratio did not change significantly. Myocardial creatine phosphate concentration was depressed 2 min after SNS activation and remained depressed for at least 20 min. ATP fell continuously and was significantly lower than baseline by 20 min. Tissue lactate concentration was elevated at this time. By 90 min, the concentrations of all three metabolites had recovered. These results indicate that myocardial high-energy phosphate compounds fall after massive SNS activation, but ischemia does not appear to be the underlying mechanism.