肠道菌群在糖尿病发生发展中的作用机制研究进展

糖尿病已经成为严重威胁人类健康的疾病之一。目前已有研究证明肠道菌群在糖尿病的发生、发展中发挥着重要作用。肠道菌群在人体中处于动态平衡,但容易受到饮食、环境、细菌的相互作用以及抗菌药物等多种因素的影响。肠道菌群的变化可以导致肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、肠道渗透压改变以及代谢性内毒素血症等,从而促进糖尿病(1型及2型)的发生、发展,而益生菌在预防糖尿病的发生和改善糖尿病预后中的作用不可小视。本文从糖代谢、脂代谢、免疫及并发症等方面分析肠道菌群影响糖尿病发生发展的机制。     

肠道菌群影响宿主肥胖的研究进展

越来越多的研究结果表明,肠道菌群与宿主消化、呼吸、内分泌、心血管、神经等系统发生的疾病密切相关。目前,全世界患肥胖和Ⅱ型糖尿病的人逐渐增多。肠道菌群的平衡有利于维持宿主正常的能量代谢过程,而肠道菌群失调使机体产生慢性炎症反应及胰岛素抵抗,从而导致肥胖和Ⅱ型糖尿病等代谢性疾病的发生。本文综述了肠道菌群影响肥胖的机制,以及通过调控肠道菌群改善肥胖的方法。     

肠道菌群与慢性病关系的研究进展

肠道菌群是机体重要的“内分泌器官”和“代谢调节器”,它可以通过自身的成分、代谢物及衍生物等参与调控机体的代谢、免疫和内分泌等多个系统。肠道菌群与机体共存,互惠互利,共同维持机体健康。目前,慢性病已成为危害人类健康的首要问题,在我国慢性病形势也依旧严峻,防控迫在眉睫。近年研究证实肠道菌群结构或功能的改变与肥胖、2型糖尿病和脂肪肝等一系列慢性病的发生发展密切相关,并可通过改善肠道菌群紊乱延缓疾病进程。本文就肠道菌群与一些常见慢性病关系的研究进展进行简要综述,旨在为后续开展肠道菌群与相关疾病的研究提供参考。     

肠道菌群与脊髓损伤并发症

脊髓损伤是严重的致残性神经系统疾病,脊髓损伤后产生的水肿、炎症反应和代谢紊乱等并发症是致使脊髓损伤继发性加重的主要原因。近年来,随着对肠道微生物的研究越来越深入,肠道菌群对神经系统疾病的影响得到广泛关注。肠道菌群可以通过调节机体能量代谢、炎症反应及作用于神经内分泌和脑-肠轴的途径影响中枢神经系统疾病。最近研究发现,肠道菌群与脊髓损伤并发症的关系非常紧密。脊髓损伤后肠道菌群的变化可能影响脊髓损伤后并发症发生以及加重。本文主要就肠道菌群对脊髓损伤后并发症的影响和可能的作用机制进行综述,为临床研究和治疗脊髓损伤提供新思路。     

肠道菌群与甲状腺疾病

肠道菌群被称为人类的第二基因组。近年研究发现许多内分泌及免疫相关疾病如糖尿病、非酒精性脂肪肝、炎症性肠炎、类风湿性关节炎等的发生发展与肠道菌群紊乱存在相关性。甲状腺是机体重要的内分泌腺体,常见的甲状腺疾病包括:甲状腺功能亢进症、甲状腺功能减退症和甲状腺炎等。甲状腺疾病的病因及发病机制尚不清楚,多数学者认为其与自身免疫异常有关。肠道菌群可以通过影响机体免疫状态等多种机制参与甲状腺稳态的维持,本文对肠道菌群与甲状腺疾病之间的关联性研究进展进行简要综述,以期为肠道菌群和甲状腺疾病领域的研究提供理论依据。     

运动与肠道菌群的相关性

肠道菌群与人体互相依存,与机体的感染、营养、免疫及代谢密不可分,在某些疾病的预防和治疗中有着非常重要的作用。肠道菌群具有易变性,它的种类和数量是由遗传和环境因素共同决定的,环境因素主要包括宿主健康状态和生活方式等。近来发现,生活方式与代谢性疾病的发生发展密切相关,而这些代谢性疾病的发生发展都与肠道菌群的改变有关。本研究就机体不同代谢状态下肠道菌群的变化以及运动这种生活方式直接对肠道菌群的影响进行综述。     

肠道和呼吸道菌群与肺部疾病的研究新进展

宿主微生物群落对机体局部以及系统免疫的影响已逐渐引起人们的关注,目前发现局部的微生物群落能够对机体远端部位的免疫能力造成影响。肠道和呼吸道菌群稳态对机体免疫系统发育以及抗病原微生物感染至关重要,肠道和呼吸道菌群失衡与炎症性疾病、代谢性疾病以及过敏性疾病密切相关。肠道和呼吸道菌群失衡会通过"肠—肺轴"的相互作用,引起免疫系统改变与急性、慢性肺部疾病的发生。在这篇综述中,我们对肠道微生物和呼吸道微生物在肠-肺轴中发挥作用的研究进展作一总结,并对从微生物角度进行疾病治疗干预的可能性进行分析。     

肠道菌群调节在改善2型糖尿病中的研究进展

越来越多的研究表明肠道微生物和人体健康息息相关,2型糖尿病作为一种多因素疾病,肠道菌群在其疾病的发生发展过程中扮演了重要的角色,近年来有关肠道微生物与2型糖尿病的研究有新进展,2013年的一些研究成果也被《科学》杂志评选为10大科学突破之一。本研究就肠道微生态系统,肠道菌群与2型糖尿病的关系以及肠道菌群调节对2型糖尿病的作用的最新进展进行综述。     

代谢性疾病肠道菌群研究现状及其与中医诊疗关系的探讨

代谢性疾病的发生与肠道菌群有着密切的关系。当机体由于饮食、药物等因素引起肠道菌群紊乱时,会造成有益菌的减少和有害菌的增多,肠道菌群释放的炎性物质进入血液中,容易引发肥胖症和2型糖尿病等代谢性疾病。本文通过分析以往文献中肠道菌群在肥胖症、2型糖尿病以及非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者中的变化,以及中药或方剂对其干预后的菌群变化,为以肠道菌群为靶点治疗代谢性疾病提供依据。同时阐述了肠道菌群在中医辨证分型、辨证施治中的潜在应用,有利于促进微生态与中医的结合,更有利于促进中医证型的客观化与规范化的发展。     

肠道菌群与糖尿病相关性研究进展

近年来,对于糖尿病与肠道菌群的相关性已经进行了一定探索。研究认为,糖尿病发生伴随某些肠道菌群种类及数量的改变,肠道菌群在糖尿病的发生发展中起到重要作用。本研究从糖代谢、脂代谢、免疫、稳态、并发症及相关感染六个方面对肠道菌群与糖尿病患者及动物模型的作用进行综述。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.