不同连作年限土壤对茄子土壤生物学活性的影响及其嫁接调节

探讨了不同连作年限土壤对茄子根际土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性的影响及其相关性和嫁接对重要相关因子的调节作用。结果表明:随着连作年限的增加,茄子根际土壤细菌数量和放线菌数量呈下降趋势,真菌数量呈增加趋势;根际土壤中的过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、蛋白酶的活性呈降低趋势;土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性之间有显著的相关性。其中过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、蛋白酶是影响根际土壤中细菌和放线菌数量的主要因子,蛋白酶是影响根际土壤中真菌数量的主要因子。嫁接能提高土壤酶活性,缓解连作土壤带来的胁迫。     

不同种植方式对绿洲农田土壤酶活性与微生物多样性的影响

研究了玉米连作10年、小麦连作8年 棉花连作10年、棉花连作15年和棉花6年 6年小麦/油葵轮作4种种植方式对土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、芳基硫酸酯酶、脱氢酶和蛋白酶活性的影响,并分析了土壤细菌、真菌、氨氧化古菌与氨氧化细菌对北疆绿洲农田不同种植方式的响应.结果表明： 不同种植方式对土壤过氧化氢酶、芳基硫酸酯酶、脱氢酶和蛋白酶活性影响明显,但对蔗糖酶无显著影响;对氨氧化古菌多样性指数有显著影响,对土壤细菌、真菌和氨氧化细菌多样性指数无明显影响.土壤真菌和氨氧化细菌群落结构对不同种植方式的响应较细菌和氨氧化古菌敏感.长期棉花连作使绿洲农田土壤酶活性下降,微生物群落多样性降低,而轮作可提高土壤酶活性和微生物群落结构多样性.
     

花椒叶浸提液对土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性的影响

通过用花椒叶浸提液浇灌盆栽花椒幼苗,研究浸提液对土壤酶和土壤微生物的影响.结果表明, 花椒叶浸提液使根际土中细菌、真菌和放线菌数量以及微生物总数均有不同程度的减少,根际土中真菌和放线菌的数量变化呈降-升-降-升的趋势.20、60和80 g·L^-1浓度的叶浸提液使非根际土中细菌的数量显著增加21.59%、107.55%和8.62%,而40 g·L-1浓度的叶浸提液则使非根际土中细菌数量显著降低22.56%.叶浸提液使根际土蛋白酶、蔗糖酶和酸性磷酸酶活性明显低于非根际土相应的酶活性,而过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性则显著升高.土壤的蛋白酶活性与蔗糖酶活性呈显著正相关,与土壤放线菌数量呈显著负相关;多酚氧化酶活性与蔗糖酶活性呈显著负相关,与细菌、真菌、放线菌以及微生物总数呈显著正相关;放线菌只与蛋白酶、多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶3种酶活性及真菌呈显著相关,与过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶以及细菌和微生物总数的相关性均不显著.     

短期放牧对草甸草原土壤微生物与土壤酶活性的影响

【目的】为呼伦贝尔草甸草原生态系统的保护、恢复及重建提供微生物学基础数据。了解草原土壤微生物和酶活性对放牧强度的响应。【方法】分别采集六个不同放牧强度的土壤样品,测定土壤微生物数量、土壤微生物量和土壤酶活性,分析短时期不同放牧强度土壤微生物数量、土壤微生物量和土壤酶活性的变化特征及其相互关系。【结果】不同放牧强度下,菌群数量分布为细菌>放线菌>真菌;土壤微生物数量、微生物量均表现为放牧区高于对照区;在土壤表层(0 10 cm),土壤过氧化氢酶、转化酶和蛋白酶活性表现出随放牧强度的增加先上升后略降的趋势,且放牧区均高于对照区,与土壤表层比较,在较深层(10 cm 20 cm),土壤细菌、真菌的数量和微生物量碳、氮下降幅度随放牧强度的增大而增大。土壤微生物数量、微生物量及土壤酶活性的垂直分布为0 10 cm>10 cm 20 cm。相关分析结果表明:放牧干扰条件下,土壤微生物数量与微生物量之间均存在显著或极显著的相关性。土壤酶活性与微生物数量、微生物量密切相关,过氧化氢酶、转化酶与细菌、放线菌极显著相关(P<0.01)、与微生物量碳显著相关(P<0.05);蛋白酶与真菌及微生物量碳、氮极显著相关(P<0.01),与细菌显著相关(P<0.05)。【结论】适度放牧可使土壤微生物数量、微生物量和土壤酶活性增加。土壤微生物数量、微生物量与土壤酶活性之间具有密切关系。     

荒漠草原区土壤粒径组成对柠条根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响

柠条(Caragana korshinskii)是荒漠草原区主要的造林绿化树种,研究其根际土壤微生物和酶活性与不同土壤类型土壤粒径组成的关系有重要意义,然而土壤粒径对荒漠草原柠条根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响知之甚少,探讨土壤颗粒组分与微生物数量、土壤酶活性之间的关系,以及土壤颗粒组成对荒漠草原区固沙灌木植物柠条根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响,可为揭示荒漠草原土壤退化及生态修复提供参考。以宁夏荒漠草原区土壤粒径组成差异显著的灰钙土、红黏土、风沙土环境下栽植的柠条为研究对象,研究不同土壤颗粒组成对根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性的相互关系与影响。结果表明:土壤微生物的数量表现为细菌放线菌真菌。根际土壤中的细菌、真菌数量显著高于非根际,且在3种不同类型的土壤中随着细砂粒的增多,真菌和放线菌数量逐渐降低,而细菌数量呈先增大后减小的趋势;根际与非根际土壤的蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶及过氧化氢酶活性均呈现出灰钙土红黏土风沙土的趋势,红黏土根际土壤中的脲酶活性显著高于灰钙土与风沙土;除过氧化氢酶外,土壤酶活性表现为根际高于非根际,在3种不同类型的土壤中随着细砂含量的增加,土壤酶活性均呈递减趋势。土壤颗粒组成与微生物数量之间没有明显的相关性,而与土壤酶活性之间显著相关,土壤酶活性与黏粒、粉粒呈正相关,与细砂、中砂呈负相关关系,根际土壤中酶活性更高,能够为植物及微生物提供更多的营养。     

轮作与休闲对日光温室黄瓜连作土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同作物轮作和休闲方式对日光温室黄瓜连作土壤微生物数量、酶活性及后茬黄瓜生长和产量的影响.结果表明： 与连作相比,轮作有利于改善土壤微生物结构,增加细菌和放线菌数量,减少真菌数量;轮作与休闲有利于提高土壤转化酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性.在不同作物轮作和休闲方式下,后茬黄瓜结果期的细菌、放线菌数量和土壤转化酶活性均呈先升后降趋势,在盛瓜期达到最大值;真菌数量随生育期延长而增加;脲酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性则随生育期延长而降低,在初瓜期最高.不同栽培模式下,以大葱-黄瓜轮作和糯玉米-黄瓜轮作的效果更佳,明显改善了后茬黄瓜的生长,提高了产量.     

乌兰布和沙漠东北部沙区人工林土壤微生物及酶活性研究

以荒漠为对照,对乌兰布和沙漠东北部沙区9种人工林0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层的3大类微生物(细菌、放线菌和真菌)及4种酶活性(蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢和碱性磷酸酶)的生态分布特征进行了研究.结果表明:(1)各林地三大菌数量级均表现为细菌(106)＞放线菌(105)＞真菌(103);在0～40 cm垂直剖面内,细菌数在柠条、沙枣和沙棘林地中较多,两白杨林地中放线菌数量最多,真菌数在花棒和柠条林地中较多,微生物总数整体表现为灌木林地多于乔木林地;随土层加深各林地土壤微生物总数量均呈明显减少趋势.(2)在0～40 cm土层中,两白杨林地蔗糖酶活性最高,小美旱林地脲酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性均较高,沙棘和沙枣林地碱性磷酸酶活性较高;土壤酶活性具有明显垂直分异特征,除过氧化氢酶外其余几种酶活性均随土层深度增加而递减,其中脲酶活性降幅最大.(3)4种土壤酶活性间整体正相关性较好,土壤放线菌数量与其蔗糖酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性呈显著正相关.可见,人工乔、灌林地的土壤微生物数量比荒漠地增加,酶活性增强,土壤生物学性质得到改善;不同林地土壤微生物组成、数量、分布和土壤酶活性存在差异.     

我国南方红壤矿区复垦土壤的微生物生态特征研究Ⅰ对土壤微生物活性的影响

通过对浙江哩浦铜矿废弃地土壤微生物、土壤酶活性及生化作用强度研究表明,与对照土壤相比,矿区土壤微生物总数下降68．43％～80．32％,细菌、放线菌数量减少,但真菌变化不明显,各主要生理类群硝化细菌、氨化细菌、固氮菌、纤维素分解菌数量均呈下降趋势,土壤基础呼吸速率下降;土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶和脱氢酶酶活性均有不同程度减弱;土壤硝化作用、氨化作用、固氮作用和纤维素分解强度降低,抑制了矿区土壤C、N的周转速率和能量循环,土壤微生物活性减弱是矿区复垦土壤微生物生态的重要特征之一。     

川西亚高山/高山森林土壤氧化还原酶活性及其对季节性冻融的响应

川西亚高山/高山森林土壤通常具有明显的季节性冻融特征。为深入了解川西亚高山/高山森林冬季土壤生态过程,于2008年11月-2009年10月,在土壤初冻期、冻结期和融化期及生长季节,研究了不同海拔(3582 m、3292 m和3023 m)岷江冷杉林的土壤氧化还原酶活性及其对土壤冻融的响应。土壤冻结时间和冻融循环次数随海拔的增加而增加。冻融格局显著影响了土壤氧化还原酶活性,但不同土壤酶在不同海拔表现出明显差异。土壤过氧化物酶和脱氢酶活性受初冻期冻融循环和温度降低影响显著下降,而过氧化氢酶活性明显上升。3种土壤氧化还原酶活性在土壤温度相对稳定的冻结期变化不显著,但在融化期随着土壤温度急剧增加经历一个明显的活性高峰后快速降低,且冻结时间最长和冻融循环次数最多的3582 m变化更为显著。此外,海拔和土层的交互作用显著影响了过氧化物物活性,但对脱氢酶和过氧化氢酶活性不显著。脱氢酶活性与土壤温度极显著相关,但过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性与土壤温度的相关性随海拔差异而不同。这些结果表明川西亚高山/高山森林冬季土壤氧化还原酶仍然具有较高的活性,但受到季节性冻融及其变化的显著影响。     

沼液与化肥配施对冬小麦根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响

研究了等氮量条件下沼液与化肥配施对冬小麦根际土壤微生物(细菌、真菌和放线菌)数量及土壤酶(脲酶、蛋白酶和过氧化氢酶)活性的影响.结果表明:随着生育期的推进,不同施肥处理小麦根际土壤微生物数量和土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性均呈先降后升的变化趋势,而蛋白酶活性则呈"S"形曲线变化.沼液与化肥合理配施能显著增加根际土壤微生物数量,提高土壤脲酶和蛋白酶活性,以基施50%沼液氮基础上追施50%化学氮处理和基施25%沼液氮基础上追施75%化学氮处理较好,传统尿素处理和单一沼液处理效果均较差.土壤过氧化氢酶活性以基施25%沼液氮基础上追施75%化学氮处理及单施沼液处理在所有测定时期均表现最高,其他处理在各生育时期间差异很大.沼液与尿素配合施用可以提高小麦根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.