Aestuariihabitans beolgyonensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel alphaproteobacterium isolated from tidal flat sediment

A Gram-negative, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated BB-MW15^T, was isolated from a tidal flat of the southern coast of the Korean peninsula, and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain BB-MW15^T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2–3 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain BB-MW15^T exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values to the type strains of Marivita byunsanensis (96.8 %), Thalassobius maritimus (96.6 %), Sulfitobacter marinus (96.4 %) and Marinovum algicola (96.3 %). Neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain BB-MW15^T forms an independent lineage within the evolutionary radiation encompassed by the Roseobacter clade of the class Alphaproteobacteria. Strain BB-MW15^T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C_18:1 ω7c as the predominant fatty acid. The major polar lipids detected in strain BB-MW15^T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified aminolipid and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain BB-MW15^T is 62.7 mol%. Based on phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and other phenotypic characteristics, strain BB-MW15^T represents a new genus and a new species within Alphaproteobacteria, for which the name Aestuariihabitans beolgyonensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of A. beolgyonensis is BB-MW15^T (= KCTC 32324^T = CCUG 63829^T).     

Sabulilitoribacter multivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a polysaccharide-degrading bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seashore sand

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated, non-gliding and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated M-M16^T, was isolated from seashore sand around a seaweed farm on the South Sea, South Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic study. Strain M-M16^T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain M-M16^T exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values to the type strains of Gaetbulibacter lutimaris (96.5 %) and Flaviramulus basaltis (95.8 %). Neighbour-joining and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain M-M16^T clustered with the type strains of Gaetbulibacter species and F. basaltis. Strain M-M16^T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C_15:1 G, iso-C_15:0 and iso-C_17:0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids detected in strain M-M16^T were phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain M-M16^T was 37.4 mol%. The phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic data and other phenotypic properties revealed that strain M-M16^T represents a novel genus and species within the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Sabulilitoribacter multivorans gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of S. multivorans is M-M16^T (= KCTC 32326^T = CCUG 63831^T).     

Photobacterium malacitanum sp. nov., and Photobacterium andalusiense sp. nov., two new bacteria isolated from diseased farmed fish in Southern Spain

Three strains, H01100409B^T, H01100413B, and H27100402H^T, were isolated from several internal organs of diseased redbanded seabream (Pagrus auriga) reared in Andalusia (Southern Spain). All strains were studied by phenotypic, including chemotaxonomy, and genomic characteristics. Phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated sequences of six housekeeping genes (gyrB, ftsZ, topA, mreB, gapA, and 16S rRNA) supported the inclusion of the strains within the clade Phosphoreum of the genus Photobacterium, and two of the strains (H27100402H^T and H01100409B^T) formed a tight group separated from the closest species P. aquimaris. Genomic analyses, including average nucleotide identity (ANIb and ANIm) and DNA–DNA hybridization (DDH), clearly separated strains H27100402H^T and H01100409B^T from the other species within the clade Phosphoreum with values below the thresholds for species delineation. The chemotaxonomic features (including FAME analysis and MALDI-TOF-MS) of H27100402H^T and H01100409B^T strains confirmed their differentiation from the related taxa. The results demonstrated that strain H01100413B was classified as P. aquimaris and the strains H27100402H^T and H01100409B^T represented a new species each in the genus Photobacterium, for which we propose the names Photobacterium malacitanum sp. nov., type strain H27100402H^T (=CECT 9190^T = LMG 29992^T), and Photobacterium andalusiense sp. nov., type strain H01100409B^T (=CECT 9192^T = LMG 29994^T).     

Halocynthiibacter namhaensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel alphaproteobacterium isolated from sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi

A Gram-negative, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated RA2-3^T, was isolated from a sea squirt (Halocynthia roretzi) collected from the South Sea, Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Strain RA2-3^T was observed to grow optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–7.5 and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain RA2-3^T exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values to the type strains of Litoreibacter meonggei (95.7 %), Planktotalea frisia (95.6 %), Thalassobius gelatinovorus (95.5 %) and Pelagicola litoralis (95.4 %). A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain RA2-3^T clustered with the type strains of Planktotalea frisia, Pelagicola litoralis, Pacificibacter maritimus and Roseovarius marinus. Strain RA2-3^T was found to contain Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C_18:1 ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids detected in strain RA2-3^T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified aminolipid and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain RA2-3^T was 52.9 mol%. On the basis of the phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic properties, strain RA2-3^T is considered to represent a new genus and species within the family Rhodobacteraceae, for which the name Halocynthiibacter namhaensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of H. namhaensis is RA2-3^T (=KCTC 32362^T=NBRC 109999^T).     

Echinimonas agarilytica gen. nov., sp. nov., a new gammaproteobacterium isolated from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius

A novel Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic and motile bacterial strain, designated KMM 6351^T, was isolated from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius and examined using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the strain formed a distinct phyletic line in the class Gammaproteobacteria and was most closely related to the genera Aliivibrio, Photobacterium and Vibrio. Strain KMM 6351^T grows at 4–40 °C and with 0.5–12 % NaCl and decomposes aesculin, agar, gelatin, starch, chitin and DNA. The DNA G+C content of the strain was determined to be 46.1 mol%. The prevalent fatty acids were found to be C_16:0, C_18:1 ω7c, C_12:0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (comprising C_16:1 ω7c and/or iso-C_15:0 2-OH fatty acids). The major polar lipids were determined to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified aminolipid. The predominant ubiquinone was found to be Q-8. The results of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic analyses clearly indicated that the novel strain should be assigned to a new genus and species within the class γ-Proteobacteria for which the name Echinimonas agarilytica gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KMM 6351^T (=KCTC 22996^T = LMG 25420^T).     

Tenacibaculum halocynthiae sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi

A Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic, non-flagellated, non-gliding and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated P-R2A1-2^T, was isolated from sea squirt (Halocynthia roretzi) collected from the South Sea, Korea. It grew optimally at 25–28 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the strain fell within the clade comprising Tenacibaculum species. Strain P-R2A1-2^T exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.6, 97.2 and 97.0 % to Tenacibaculum aestuarii SMK-4^T, T. lutimaris TF-26^T and T. aiptasiae a4^T, respectively, and of 94.5–96.8 % to the type strains of the other Tenacibaculum species. Strain P-R2A1-2^T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and C_16:1 ω7c and/or iso-C_15:0 2-OH, iso-C_15:0 3-OH and iso-C_15:0 as the major fatty acids. The DNA G + C content of strain P-R2A1-2^T was 30.7 mol % and its DNA–DNA relatedness values with the type strains of T. aestuarii, T. lutimaris and T. aiptasiae were 17 ± 4.2, 21 ± 6.1 and 16 ± 5.2 %, respectively. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that the novel strain is separate from other Tenacibaculum species. On the basis of the data presented, strain P-R2A1-2^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Tenacibaculum, for which the name Tenacibaculum halocynthiae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is P-R2A1-2^T (=KCTC 32262^T = CCUG 63681^T).     

Loktanella aestuariicola sp. nov., an alphaproteobacterium isolated from a tidal flat

A Gram-stain negative, aerobic, non-motile and coccoid, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, J-TF4^T, which was isolated from a tidal flat in the South Sea of South Korea, was characterized taxonomically. Strain J-TF4^T was found to grow optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in presence of 2.0–3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. In the neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain J-TF4^T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of Loktanella species, clustering with the type strains of Loktanella cinnabarina, Loktanella hongkongensis, Loktanella soesokkakensis, Loktanella pyoseonensis and ‘Loktanella variabilis’ showing sequence similarity values of 97.2–98.4 %. The strain exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 94.1–95.4 % to the type strains of the other Loktanella species. Strain J-TF4^T was found to have Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C_18:1 ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids of strain J-TF4^T were identified as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified glycolipid and an unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain J-TF4^T was determined to be 67.9 mol% and its mean DNA–DNA relatedness values with the type strains of five phylogenetically related Loktanella species were 17.7–23.3 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic data, demonstrate that strain J-TF4^T is separated from other Loktanella species. On the basis of the data presented, strain J-TF4^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Loktanella, for which the name Loktanella aestuariicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is J-TF4^T (=KCTC 42135^T=NBRC 110408^T).     

Albirhodobacter marinus gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Rhodobacteraceae isolated from sea shore water of Visakhapatnam, India

A novel marine, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain N9^T, was isolated from a water sample of the sea shore at Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh (India). Strain N9^T was found to be positive for oxidase and catalase activities. The fatty acids were found to be dominated by C_16:0, C_18:1 ω7c and summed in feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c). Strain N9^T was determined to contain Q-10 as the major respiratory quinone and phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, two aminophospholipids, two phospholipids and four unidentified lipids as polar lipids. The DNA G+C content of the strain N9^T was found to be 63 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Rhodobacter johrii, Pseudorhodobacter ferrugineus, Rhodobacter azotoformans, Rhodobacter ovatus and Pseudorhodobacter aquimaris were the nearest phylogenetic neighbours, with pair-wise sequence similarities of 95.43, 95.36, 94.24, 95.31, 95.60 and 94.74 %, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain N9^T formed a distinct branch within the family Rhodobacteraceae and clustered with the clade comprising species of the genus Pseudorhodobacter, together with species of the genera Roseicitreum, Roseinatronobacter, Roseibaca and Rhodobaca. Species of the genus Pseudorhodobacter are phylogenetically close with a 16S rRNA gene sequence dissimilarity of 5.9–7.3 % (92.7–94.1 % similarity). Based on the above-mentioned phenotypic characteristics and on phylogenetic inference, strain N9^T is proposed as a representative of a new genus and a novel species of the family Rhodobacteraceae as Albirhodobacter marinus gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of Albirhodobacter marinus is N9 (= MTCC 11277^T = JCM 17680^T).     

Halococcus sediminicola sp. nov., an extremely halophilic archaeon isolated from a marine sediment

A novel, red-pigmented and coccoid haloarchaeon, designated strain CBA1101^T, was isolated from a marine sediment. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain CBA1101^T is most closely related to the genus Halococcus in the family Halobacteriaceae. Strain CBA1101^T had a highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 98.4 % with Halococcus dombrowskii DSM 14522^T, followed by 93.7–98.3 % with sequences of other type strains in the genus Halococcus. The RNA polymerase subunit B′ gene sequence similarity of strain CBA1101^T with that of Halococcus qingdaonensis JCM 13587^T is 89.5 % and lower with those of other members of the genus Halococcus. Strain CBA1101^T was observed to grow at 25–40 °C, pH 6.0–9.0 and in the presence of 15–30 % (w/v) NaCl, with optimal growth at 35–40 °C, pH 7.0 and with 20 % NaCl. The cells of strain CBA1101^T are Gram-negative and did not lyse in distilled water. The major polar lipids were identified as phosphatidylglyerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, sulfated diglycosyl diether, unidentified phospholipids and unidentified glycolipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined 66.0 mol%. The DNA–DNA hybridization experiment showed that there was less than 40 % relatedness between strain CBA1101^T and the reference species in the genus Halococcus. Based on this polyphasic taxonomic analysis, strain CBA1101^T is considered to represent a new species in the genus Halococcus, for which the name Halococcus sediminicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CBA1101^T (=JCM 18965^T = CECT 8275^T).     

Yamadazyma siamensis sp. nov., Yamadazyma phyllophila sp. nov. and Yamadazyma paraphyllophila sp. nov., three novel yeast species isolated from phylloplane in Thailand and Taiwan

Four strains representing three novel anamorphic yeast species were isolated from the external surface of sugarcane leaves (DMKU-RK254^T), corn leaves (DMKU-RK548^T), bean leaves (K129) in Thailand and hengchun pencilwood leaves (TrB1-1^T) in Taiwan. On the basis of morphological, biochemical, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, the sequence analysis of the D1/D2 region of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the actin gene (ACT1) and the elongation factor 2 gene (EF2), the four strains were determined to represent novel Yamadazyma species although formation of ascospores was not observed. Strain DMKU-RK254^T was determined to be related to Candida diddensiae, Candida naeodendra and Candida kanchanaburiensis but with 1.8, 1.8 and 2.0 % nucleotide substitutions in the D1/D2 region of the LSU rRNA gene, respectively. It was assigned to Yamadazyma siamensis sp. nov. (type strain DMKU-RK254^T = BCC 50730^T = NBRC 108901^T = CBS 12573^T). The sequences of the D1/D2 region of the LSU rRNA gene, the ITS region, ACT1 gene and EF2 gene of two strains (DMKU-RK548^T and K129) were identical but differed from that of strain TrB1-1^T by 0.6, 1.0, 3.3 and 5.9 % nucleotide substitutions, respectively. Therefore, the two strains (DMKU-RK548^T and K129) and strain TrB1-1^T were assigned to be two separate species. The closest species in terms of pairwise sequences similarity of the D1/D2 region to the two novel species was Yamadazyma philogaea but with 1.1–1.7 % nucleotide substitutions. The two strains (DMKU-RK548^T and K129) were assigned to Yamadazyma phyllophila sp. nov. (type strain DMKU-RK548^T = BCC 50736^T = NBRC 108906^T = CBS 12572^T) and the strain TrB1-1^T was named Yamadazyma paraphyllophila sp. nov. (type strain TrB1-1^T = BCRC 23030^T = CCTCC AY 204005^T = CBS 9928^T).     

Diaminobutyricibacter tongyongensis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Homoserinibacter gongjuensis gen. nov., sp. nov. Belong to the Family Microbacteriaceae

Two bacterial strains, KIS66-7^T and 5GH26-15^T, were isolated from soil samples collected in the South Korean cities of Tongyong and Gongju, respectively. Both strains were aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, mesophilic, flagellated, and rodshaped. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that both strains belonged to the family Microbacteriaceae of the phylum Actinobacteria. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain KIS66-7^T had the highest similarities with those of Labedella gwakjiensis KSW2-17^T (97.3%), Cryobacterium psychrophilum DSM 4854T (97.2%), Leifsonia lichenia 2Sb^T (97.2%), Leifsonia naganoensis JCM 10592^T (97.0%), and Cryobacterium mesophilum MSL-15^T (97.0%). Strain 5GH26-15^T showed the highest sequence similarities with Leifsonia psychrotolerans LI1T (97.4%) and Schumannella luteola KHIAT (97.1%). The 16S rRNA gene sequence from KIS66-7^T exhibited 96.4% similarity with that from 5GH26-15^T. Strain KIS66-7^T contained a B2γ type peptidoglycan structure with D-DAB as the diamino acid; MK-13, MK-12, and MK-14 as the respiratory quinones; ai-C_15:0, ai-C_17:0, and i-C_16:0 as the major cellular fatty acids; and diphosphatidylglycerol, phatidylglycerol, and glycolipids as the predominant polar lipids. Strain 5GH26-15T had a B2β type peptidoglycan structure with D-DAB as the diamino acid; MK-14 and MK-13 as the respiratory quinones; ai-C_15:0, i-C_16:0, and ai-C{vn17:0} as the major cellular fatty acids; and diphosphatidylglycerol, phatidylglycerol, and glycolipids as the predominant polar lipids. Both strains had low DNA-DNA hybridization values (<40%) with closely related taxa. Based on our polyphasic taxonomic characterization, we propose that strains KIS66-7^T and 5GH26-15^T represent novel genera and species, for which we propose the names Diaminobutyricibacter tongyongensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain KIS66-7^T=KACC 15515^T=NBRC 108724^T) and Homoserinibacter gongjuensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain 5GH26-15^T=KACC 15524^T=NBRC 108755^T) within the family Microbacteriaceae.     

Colwellia meonggei sp. nov., a novel gammaproteobacterium isolated from sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi

A Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped or ovoid bacterial strain, designated MA1-3^T, was isolated from a sea squirt (Halocynthia roretzi) collected from the South sea in South Korea. Strain MA1-3^T was found to grow optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain MA1-3^T fell within the clade comprising Colwellia species, clustering coherently with the type strains of Colwellia aestuarii, Colwellia polaris and Colwellia chukchiensis, showing sequence similarity values of 97.2, 96.4 and 95.6 %, respectively. It exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 93.9–96.1 % to the type strains of the other Colwellia species. Strain MA1-3^T was found to contain Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c, C_16:0 and C_16:1 ω9c as the major fatty acids. The DNA G+C content of strain MA1-3^T was determined to be 39.1 mol% and its mean DNA–DNA relatedness value with the type strain of C. aestuarii was 13 ± 5.4 %. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that the novel strain is separated from other Colwellia species. On the basis of the data presented, strain MA1-3^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Colwellia, for which the name Colwellia meonggei sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MA1-3^T (=KCTC 32380^T = CECT 8302^T).     

Ogataea kanchanaburiensis sp. nov. and Ogataea wangdongensis sp. nov., two novel methylotrophic yeast species from phylloplane in Thailand

Three strains (KM03^T, KM13 ^T and KM15) representing two novel methylotrophic yeast species were isolated from the external surface of plant leaves, which were collected from Kanchanaburi province, Thailand, by three-consecutive enrichments in methanol broth. Strain KM03^T was isolated from phylloplane of a mango tree (Mangifera indica) and two strains, KM13^T and KM15, were obtained from phylloplane of different wine grapes (Vitis vinifera). The sequences of the D1/D2 region of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene of the two strains (KM13^T and KM15) were identical and differed markedly from that of strain KM03^T. In terms of pairwise sequence similarity of the D1/D2 region the closest species to the strains KM13^T and KM15 were Candida suzukii (CBS 9253^T) and Candida nitratophila (CBS 2027^T) but with 2.1 % nucleotide substitutions. Strain KM03^T differed from Ogataea wickerhamii (CBS 4307^T), its closest relative, by 2.3 % nucleotide substitutions. Phylogenetic analysis based on the D1/D2 sequences placed the three strains in the Ogataea clade. On the basis of morphological, biochemical, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, the sequence analyses of the D1/D2 and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nrRNA) operon, the three strains represent two novel Ogataea species although formation of ascospores was not observed. Ogataea kanchanaburiensis sp. nov. is proposed for strain KM03^T (=BCC 47626^T = NBRC 108603^T = CBS 12673^T). Two strains, KM13^T and KM15, were assigned to Ogataea wangdongensis sp. nov. (type strain KM13^T = BCC 42664^T = NBRC 107778^T = CBS 12674^T). GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the sequences of the D1/D2 and the ITS regions of O. kanchanaburiensis KM03^T are AB734090 and AB734093, respectively, of O. wangdongensis KM13^T are AB734091 and AB734094, respectively, and of O. wangdongensis KM15 are AB734092 and AB734095, respectively.     

Winogradskyella undariae sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from a brown algae reservoir

A novel bacterial strain, designated WS-MY5^T, capable of degrading a variety of polysaccharides was isolated from a brown algae (Undaria pinnatifida) reservoir at Wando in the South Sea, South Korea. Strain WS-MY5^T was found to grow optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–7.5 and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain WS-MY5^T falls within the clade comprising Winogradskyella species, clustering with the type strains of Winogradskyella pacifica, Winogradskyella arenosi, Winogradskyella rapida and Winogradskyella thalassocola, with which it exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.3–98.8 %. It exhibited sequence similarity values of 93.0–96.2 % to the type strains of the other recognized Winogradskyella species. Strain WS-MY5^T was found to contain MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and anteiso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:0 3-OH, iso-C_17:0 3-OH and iso-C_15:1 G as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain WS-MY5^T were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified lipids and two unidentified aminolipids. The DNA G+C content of strain WS-MY5^T was determined to be 33.2 mol% and its DNA–DNA relatedness values with the type strains of W. pacifica, W. arenosi, W. rapida and W. thalassocola were in the range 16–28 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, enabled strain WS-MY5^T to be differentiated from the recognized Winogradskyella species. On the basis of the data presented here, strain WS-MY5^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Winogradskyella, for which the name Winogradskyella undariae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WS-MY5^T (=KCTC 32261^T=CCUG 63832^T).     

Algoriphagus boseongensis sp. nov., a member of the family Cyclobacteriaceae isolated from a tidal flat

A Gram-stain negative, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterial strain, BS-R1^T, was isolated from a tidal flat at Boseong, South Korea. Strain BS-R1^T was found to grow optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain BS-R1^T belongs to the genus Algoriphagus, clustering consistently with the type strain of Algoriphagus mannitolivorans, with which it exhibited 98.4 % sequence similarity. Sequence similarities between strain BS-R1^T and the type strains of the other Algoriphagus species were between 92.7 and 97.0 %. Strain BS-R1^T was found to contain MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c) as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain BS-R1^T were identified as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 42.3 mol% and its mean DNA–DNA relatedness values with A. mannitolivorans KACC 11349^T was 17 ± 5 %. The phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness and differential phenotypic properties demonstrated that strain BS-R1^T is distinguishable from the other Algoriphagus species as well as A. mannitolivorans. On the basis of the data presented, strain BS-R1^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Algoriphagus, for which the name Algoriphagus boseongensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BS-R1^T (=KCTC 32580^T = CECT 8446^T).     

Ornithinibacillus heyuanensis sp. nov., isolated from South China

A novel Gram-stain-positive, motile, hemolytic, endospore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium was isolated and designated as strain GIESS003^T. The strain grew optimally at 35 °C, at pH 7.0–7.5, and with 3.0–3.5 % (w/v) NaCl. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain GIESS003^T was associated with the genus Ornithinibacillus and was most closely related to the type strain of Ornithinibacillus contaminans (96.5 % similarity). The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C_15:0 and anteiso-C_15:0. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-7. Strain GIESS003^T contained a peptidoglycan of type A4β l-Orn-d-Asp. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 40.1 mol%. On the basis of polyphasic evidence from this study, a new species of the genus Ornithinibacillus, Ornithinibacillus heyuanensis sp. nov., is proposed, with strain GIESS003^T (=KCTC 33159^T=CCTCC 2013106^T) as the type strain.     

Loktanella soesokkakensis sp. nov., isolated from the junction between the North Pacific Ocean and a freshwater spring

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated and rod-shaped or ovoid bacterial strain, designated DSSK1-5^T, was isolated from the junction between the North Pacific Ocean and a freshwater spring at Jeju island, South Korea. Strain DSSK1-5^T was found to grow optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0–3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain DSSK1-5^T fell within the clade comprising Loktanella species, clustering consistently with the type strains of Loktanella hongkongensis and Loktanella cinnabarina, with which it exhibited 98.9 and 98.4 % sequence similarity values, respectively. Sequence similarities to the type strains of the other recognized Loktanella species were 94.0–96.2 %. Strain DSSK1-5^T was found to contain Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C_18:1 ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids of strain DSSK1-5^T were identified as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified glycolipid and one unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain DSSK1-5^T was determined to be 67.6 mol% and its mean DNA–DNA relatedness values with L. hongkongensis JCM 12479^T and L. cinnabarina JCM 18161^T were 19 and 23 %, respectively. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain DSSK1-5^T is separated from other Loktanella species. On the basis of the data presented, strain DSSK1-5^T is proposed to represent a novel species of the genus Loktanella, for which the name Loktanella soesokkakensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DSSK1-5^T (= KCTC 32425^T = CECT 8367^T).     

Description of Niveispirillum fermenti gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a fermentor in Taiwan,transfer of Azospirillum irakense (1989) as Niveispirillum irakense comb. nov., and reclassification of Azospirillum amazonense (1983) as Nitrospirillum amazonense gen. nov

A taxonomic study was carried out on a novel aerobic bacterial strain (designated CC-LY736^T) isolated from a fermentor in Taiwan. Cells of strain CC-LY736^T were Gram-stain negative, spiral-shaped and motile by means of a monopolar flagellum. Strain CC-LY736^T shared the greatest degree of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Azospirillum irakense DSM 11586^T (97.2 %), Rhodocista centenaria JCM 21060^T (96.3 %) and Rhodocista pekingensis JCM 11669^T (96.1 %). The major fatty acids were C_16:0, C_16:1 ω5c, C_19:0 cyclo ω8c, C_18:1 ω7c/C_18:1 ω6c, C_16:0 3-OH and C_18:1 2-OH. The predominant polar lipids included phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine and two unidentified glycolipids. The common major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone Q-10 and predominant polyamines were sym-homospermidine and putrescine. The DNA G+C content of strain CC-LY736^T was 67.6 ± 0.1 mol %. During phylogenetic analysis, strain CC-LY736^T formed a unique phyletic lineage associated with Rhodocista species. However, the combination of genetic, chemotaxonomic and physiological data clearly indicated that strain CC-LY736^T was a novel representative of the family Rhodospirillaceae. Based on the polyphasic comparison, the name Niveispirillum fermenti gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain of the type species is CC-LY736^T (= BCRC 80504^T = LMG 27263^T). In addition, the reclassifications of Azospirillum irakense as Niveispirillum irakense comb. nov. (type strain KBC1^T = ATCC 51182^T = BCRC 15764^T = CIP 103311^T), and Azospirillum amazonense as Nitrospirillum amazonense gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain Am14^T = ATCC 35119^T = BCRC 14279^T = DSM 3787^T) are proposed based on the polyphasic taxonomic data obtained in this study.