中国雅罗鱼亚科的系统发育

关于雅罗鱼亚科Leuciscinae的系统发育,只有个别作者对其一、二个属稍有讨论。Howes(1978)将(鱼宗)鱼属Luciobrama等从雅罗鱼亚科分出,建立了赤梢鱼群(aspine group);陈湘粦等(1984)将须(鱼岁)属Tinca从雅罗鱼亚科分出,归入钯系,并建立须(鱼岁)亚科Tincinae,这一观点与Regan(1911)“须(鱼岁)与鲃关系较近”的看法相似。 本文全面考察了分布于中国的雅罗鱼亚科鱼类的骨骼学特征,对本亚科的系统发育、起源等进行了探讨。研究标本名录见附录1。     

虎尾草亚科系统发育关系的初步研究

运用广义形态学性状对虎尾草亚科（Chloridoideae）进行系统发育分析。内类群包括虎尾草亚科52属的69种植物,代表虎尾草亚科的主要类群;芦竹亚科（Arundinoideae）扁芒草族（Danthonieae）的Centropodia和Danthonia被选作外类群。分支分析表明,虎尾草亚科是一个单系类群。其严格一致树包括A、B、C、D、E5个分支。两个大族画眉草族（Eragrostideae）和虎尾草族（Chlorideae）代表虎尾草亚科内部类群分化的两个方向,分开处理较合理。细穗草族（Leptureae）放到虎尾草族中较合理。冠芒草族（Pappophoreae）是虎尾草亚科的基部类群,与画眉草族近缘。我们的研究支持虎尾草亚科从旧世界向新世界扩散的地理分布假说,并提供了虎尾草亚科属上类群的系统发育关系的框架。     

鲤咽齿个体发生及其与近缘种间关系的比较研究

鲤具鲤科咽齿个体发生的共同性征,又呈现其种的独特性状.主要特性;(1)主列齿相连3齿胚几乎同时出现、同时脱落,形成3个相连齿种同时置换的特殊模式;(2)主列齿发生中曾出现4枚齿,替换3代后A_4齿退化消失,最终齿式1.1.3-3.1.1,成为迄今3列咽齿的鱼类中齿数最少的种类.鲤与其近缘种间系统关系比较结果;依最近缘属顺次排列为中鲤、原鲤、肥鲤;而最近缘的亚科为肥亚科.       

基于线粒体基因组的白甲鱼属分子系统发育学研究（英文）

从基本形态上分类,白甲鱼属(Onychostoma)隶属鲤形目(Cypriniformes)、鲤科(Cyprinidae)、鲃亚科(Barbinae),其中包含19个种。然而,白甲鱼属内的分子系统发育学关系并不是很清楚。基于整个线粒体基因组序列,以斑马鱼(Danio rerio)和倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus denticulatus)为外类群,分析了8种白甲鱼属的分子系统发育学关系。结果表明,白甲鱼属内的8个物种不是1个单类群,其中包括3个分支:多鳞白甲鱼(Onychostoma macrolepis)、小口白甲鱼(Onychostoma lini)、粗须白甲鱼(Onychostoma barbatum)和台湾白甲鱼(Onychostoma barbatulum)为一个分支,南方白甲鱼(Onychostoma gerlachi)和白甲鱼(Onychostoma simum)一个分支,稀有白甲鱼(Onychostoma rara)和高身白甲鱼(Onychostoma alticorpus)为一个分支。研究结果和传统的形态学分类学结果大致一样,均分为3个分支。研究使用线粒体全基因组进行白甲鱼属系统发育学研究,为白甲鱼属的系统发育学填补相关方面空白。     

基于线粒体基因组的白甲鱼属分子系统发育学研究

从基本形态上分类, 白甲鱼属(Onychostoma)隶属鲤形目(Cypriniformes)、鲤科(Cyprinidae)、鲃亚科(Barbinae), 其中包含19个种。然而, 白甲鱼属内的分子系统发育学关系并不是很清楚。基于整个线粒体基因组序列, 以斑马鱼(Danio rerio)和倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus denticulatus)为外类群, 分析了8种白甲鱼属的分子系统发育学关系。结果表明, 白甲鱼属内的8个物种不是1个单类群, 其中包括3个分支: 多鳞白甲鱼(Onychostoma macrolepis)、小口白甲鱼(Onychostoma lini)、粗须白甲鱼(Onychostoma barbatum)和台湾白甲鱼(Onychostoma barbatulum)为一个分支, 南方白甲鱼(Onychostoma gerlachi)和白甲鱼(Onychostoma simum)一个分支, 稀有白甲鱼(Onychostoma rara)和高身白甲鱼(Onychostoma alticorpus)为一个分支。研究结果和传统的形态学分类学结果大致一样, 均分为3个分支。研究使用线粒体全基因组进行白甲鱼属系统发育学研究, 为白甲鱼属的系统发育学填补相关方面空白。     

基于COⅡ基因序列的斑腿蝗科部分亚科的分子系统学研究

采用PCR产物直接测序法测定了斑腿蝗科10个亚科16属22种的COⅡ基因585 bp的片段, 对序列的碱基组成进行了分析,并评估了数据集的系统发育信号;最后,以癞蝗科的肃南 短鼻蝗作为外群,采用NJ法、MP法、ML法以及贝叶斯推论法构建了系统树,以解决这些物种所代表的亚科之间的系统发育关系。结果表明：22种斑腿蝗科昆虫的COⅡ基因序列碱基组成表现强烈的A+T含量偏向性。对COⅡ基因585 bp序列片段构成的全数据组和根据密码子不同位点划分的密码子第一、第二和第三位点数据组的系统发育信号分析显示,所有数据组都具有一定的系统发育信息。在4种方法得到的合一树中发现： （1）星翅蝗亚科、刺胸蝗亚科、黑背蝗亚科、斑腿蝗亚科的亲缘关系较近;（2）卵翅蝗亚科与稻蝗亚科亲缘关系较近,建议卵翅蝗亚科似乎应归入稻蝗亚科中,板胸蝗亚科与这两个亚科的关系较近;（3）黑蝗亚科和秃蝗亚科似乎应合并为一个亚科;（4）切翅蝗亚科的4个属未聚在一起,表明这些属的区别较大,不是一个单系群;（5）黑蝗亚科和秃蝗亚科关系较近,且与本研究中其他几个亚科的亲缘关系相对较远。研究结果表明COⅡ基因在解决斑腿蝗科的亚科以下属种间的系统发育关系时是一个有效的分子标记。     

锚头鳋科（寄生桡足类）的系统发育

错头鳋科Ｌｅｒｎａｅｉｄａｅ是剑水蚤目Ｃｙｃｌｏｐｏｉｄａ中以第１触短和第１小颚单枝型或退化消失为共同离征的一个自然类群,因此以剑水蚤科Ｃｙｃｌｏｐｉｄａｅ作为外群,把锚头鳋科各属筛选出的性状与剑水蚤科的相应性状比较,以确定其性质,即该性状为祖征,还是离征。经比较,发现２１个性状在锚头鳋科１１个属中呈镶嵌分布。根据性状的镶嵌分布和简约性原则,推导出锚头鳋科的属间系统发育分支图。     

指环虫属的早期辐射及其与宿主鲤科鱼类的协同进化关系

本研究利用28SrDNAC1-D2区序列分析采自鲤科鱼类中6亚科宿主和寄生在花鲈、梅花鲈上的共17种指环虫的系统发育关系。同时,通过比较宿主鲤科鱼类与指环虫的系统发育树,检验指环虫与其宿主是否存在协同进化关系。结果表明:17种指环虫形成5个进化支(Clade),其中寄生在团头鲂(亚科)和鲢、鳙(鲢亚科)上的6种指环虫聚为一支(Clade1),而它们的宿主鱼类在系统发育分析中也表现为近缘关系;寄生在鲮鱼(野鲮亚科)上的D.quanfami(Clade5)位于系统树最基部,鲫鱼和鲤鱼(鲤亚科)的寄生指环虫处在系统树的次基部位置,而鲤亚科与野鲮亚科组成的姐妹群在宿主系统树上同样处在基部位置,寄生虫和宿主在进化上较为原始的地位得到了很好地相互印证。因而,本研究首次利用分子系统学手段分析指环虫属远缘物种间的系统关系,揭示了指环虫属与宿主鱼类之间存在协同进化关系。另外,本研究首次发现,野鲮亚科鱼类也可能是指环虫类的早期宿主,这与先前认为鲤亚科鱼类为指环虫类的祖先宿主的推测有所不同。     

中国黄粉蝶亚科六属间基于COⅡ和EF-1α基因部分序列的系统发育关系（鳞翅目：粉蝶科）

为了探讨中国黄粉蝶亚科属间的系统发育关系,我们对其中6属9种的细胞色素氧化酶Ⅱ（COⅡ）的部分序列和延伸因子基因（EF-1α）部分序列进行了分析。分别采用最大简约法（maximum parsimony, MP）、最大似然法（maximum likelihood, ML）和贝叶斯推论法（bayesian inference, BI）构建黄粉蝶亚科分子系统树。结果表明：在测得的COⅡ基因的648 bp序列和EF-1α基因的504 bp序列中,有261个变异位点,151个简约信息位点,黄粉蝶亚科内各属COⅡ基因A+T含量（77.3%）均明显偏高。系统发育分析显示黄粉蝶属为亚科中较为原始的类群,分化较早,豆粉蝶属和迁粉蝶属亲缘关系较近,但钩粉蝶属与豆粉蝶属、迁粉蝶属之间的亲缘关系还不能确定。本研究结果和传统的基于形态学的黄粉蝶亚科的分类体系有所不同,最显著的分歧是本研究支持内群中分化最早的属应为黄粉蝶属,而不是豆粉蝶属和迁粉蝶属。     

基于12S rRNA和16S rRNA基因序列探讨中国蚤蝇科部分属间的系统发育关系

基于线粒体12S rRNA和16S rRNA基因序列联合分析,采用最大简约法、最大似然法和贝叶斯法分别构建了中国蚤蝇科14属的系统发育树.结果表明:联合分析序列总长度为819 bp,其中可变位点277个,简约信息位点200个;A+T平均含量为77.7%,具A、T偏倚性.系统发育分析显:中国蚤蝇科为单系发生,分为蚤蝇亚科和裂蚤蝇亚科两个单系群.蚤蝇亚科内脉蚤蝇属、锥蚤蝇属和刺蚤蝇属亲缘关系较近,栅蚤蝇属与栓蚤蝇属亲缘关系较近;裂蚤蝇亚科中虼蚤蝇属与裂蚤蝇属互为姐妹群,寡蚤蝇属与伐蚤蝇属互为姐妹群.     

杞麓湖鲤鱼鳞片表面结构的扫描电镜观察

采用扫描电镜技术对鲤科鱼类鳞片表面结构进行观察研究,目前国内尚未见报道。本工作主要以杞麓湖的鲤鱼为研究对象,同时观察了鲤亚科其他属鱼类的鳞片表面结构,发现鳞纹上的齿状粒突可能是从无到有,同时探察此结构有无可能作为分类的一项指标。鉴于杞麓鲤的鳞纹上具齿状粒突,而华南鲤则无,再综合考虑二者骨骼性状的差异,作者认为,这些性状可作为将杞麓鲤由普通鲤的一个亚种提升为一个独立种级地位的证据。从鳞片辐射沟的亚显微结构推测,辐射沟具有两方面的功能,一方面可对鳞片的热胀冷缩起缓冲作用:另一方面可增强鳞片的柔软弯曲性。     

中国鲤亚科鱼类的分类、分布、起源及演化

本文报道中国鲤亚科鱼类5属23种,内有1新种——尖鳍鲤Cyprinus acutidorsalis sp.nov.,该种的主要鉴别特征为:(1)背鳍前部呈三角形突出,后缘具一很深的缺刻;(2)腹鳍起点前于背鳍;(3)尾鳍下叶不呈桔红色。中国鲤亚科鱼类区系,远较其他国家丰富,地方种有乌原鲤Procypris merus、岩原鲤P.rabaudi、尖鳍鲤、龙州鲤Cyprinus longzhouensis、短鳍鲤C.micristius、抚仙鲤C.fuxianensis、异龙鲤C.yilongensis、大眼鲤C.megalophthalmus、厚唇鲤C.crassilabris、杞麓鲤C.chilia、春鲤C.longipectoralis、大头鲤C.pellegrini、洱海鲤C.barbatus、云南鲤C.yunnanensis、大理鲤C.daliensis和翘嘴鲤C.ilishaestomus,共16种。云南高原鲤亚科种类特多,仅见于云南的中国地方种多达12种。在云南各湖泊,鲤属鱼类种的分化十分明显,尤其在洱海,所产6种除杞麓鲤外,均为该湖所特有,同域种如此之多,殊属罕见,大概洱海一带即为鲤亚科鱼类的分布中心。云南高原特有种如此丰富,可能与云南地形地貌几经变迁,并具备着使该亚科鱼类区系得以繁荣和分化的良好生态条件密切有关。本文还对鲤亚科鱼类的起源和演化,进行了初步的讨论。       

Molecular phylogenetics of the family Cyprinidae (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes) as evidenced by sequence variation in the first intron of S7 ribosomal protein-coding gene: further evidence from a nuclear gene of the systematic chaos in the family

The family Cyprinidae is the largest freshwater fish group in the world, including over 200 genera and 2100 species. The phylogenetic relationships of major clades within this family are simply poorly understood, largely because of the overwhelming diversity of the group; however, several investigators have advanced different hypotheses of relationships that pre- and post-date the use of shared-derived characters as advocated through phylogenetic systematics. As expected, most previous investigations used morphological characters. Recently, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences and combined morphological and mtDNA investigations have been used to explore and advance our understanding of species relationships and test monophyletic groupings. Limitations of these studies include limited taxon sampling and a strict reliance upon maternally inherited mtDNA variation. The present study is the first endeavor to recover the phylogenetic relationships of the 12 previously recognized monophyletic subfamilies within the Cyprinidae using newly sequenced nuclear DNA (nDNA) for over 50 species representing members of the different previously hypothesized subfamily and family groupings within the Cyprinidae and from other cypriniform families as outgroup taxa. Hypothesized phylogenetic relationships are constructed using maximum parsimony and Basyesian analyses of 1042 sites, of which 971 sites were variable and 790 were phylogenetically informative. Using other appropriate cypriniform taxa of the families Catostomidae (Myxocyprinus asiaticus), Gyrinocheilidae (Gyrinocheilus aymonieri), and Balitoridae (Nemacheilus sp. and Beaufortia kweichowensis) as outgroups, the Cyprinidae is resolved as a monophyletic group. Within the family the genera Raiamas, Barilius, Danio, and Rasbora, representing many of the tropical cyprinids, represent basal members of the family. All other species can be classified into variably supported and resolved monophyletic lineages, depending upon analysis, that are consistent with or correspond to Barbini and Leuciscini. The Barbini includes taxa traditionally aligned with the subfamily Cyprininae sensu previous morphological revisionary studies by Howes (Barbinae, Labeoninae, Cyprininae and Schizothoracinae). The Leuciscini includes six other subfamilies that are mainly divided into three separate lineages. The relationships among genera and subfamilies are discussed as well as the possible origins of major lineages.     

The complete mitochondrial genomes of two species from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sinocyclocheilus</Emphasis> (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) and a phylogenetic analysis within Cyprininae

We determined the complete mitochondrial DNA sequences for two species of surface- and cave-dwelling-cyprinid fishes, Sinocyclocheilus grahami and S. altishoulderus. Sequence comparison of 13 protein-coding genes shows that the mutation pattern of each single gene is quite similar to those of other vertebrate animal species. Analysis of the ratios of Ka/Ks at these loci between Sinocyclocheilus and two other cyprinid species (Cyprinus carpio and Procypris rabaudi) show that Ka/Ks ratios are differed, consistent with purifying selection and variation in functional constraint among genes. Bayesian analysis and maximum likelihood analysis of the concatenated mitochondrial protein sequences for 14 cyprinid taxa support the monophyly of the family Cyprininae, and further confirm the monophyly of the genus Sinocyclocheilus. The two Sinocyclocheilus species fall within the Cyprinion-Onychostoma lineage, including Cyprinus, Carassius, and Procypris, rather than among the Barbinae, as previously suggested on morphological grounds.     

Molecular phylogeny of congeneric monogenean parasites (Dactylogyrus): a case of intrahost speciation

Dactylogyrus species (Dactylogyridae: Monogenea) are a group of monogenean gill parasites that are highly specific to freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae. Dactylogyrus species were sampled from 19 cyprinids and one percid collected in Europe. Using partial 18S rDNA and ITS1 sequences, a phylogeny of 51 Dactylogyrus species was reconstructed to investigate the patterns of parasite speciation and diversification. Three main Dactylogyrus lineages were recognized from all phylogenetic trees, that is, analysis of 18S rDNA alone and combined 18SrDNA and ITS1. The first lineage associates the Dactylogyrus species of Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus of the Cyprininae; the second associates Dactylogyrus species of the Gobioninae, Pseudorasbora parva of the Rasborinae, and Ctenopharyngodon idella of the Cyprininae; and the third associates Dactylogyrus species of the Leuciscinae and Alburninae and Barbus barbus of the Cyprininae. Our results suggest that the genus Dactylogyrus is of quite recent origin and that these three lineages separated from each other in a very short period of time. Host subfamily mapping onto the parasite tree inferred from analysis of the combined dataset showed that the Cyprininae could be plesiomorphic hosts for Dactylogyrus. Dactylogyrus parasites would have secondarily colonized the Percidae and representatives of the Leuciscinae, Alburninae, Gobioninae, and Rasborinae. Comparison of host and parasite phylogenetic relationships indicated that a very high number of parasite duplications occurred within two of the three Dactylogyrus lineages. Dactylogyrus diversification can be mainly explained by sympatric intrahost speciation events that seem to be correlated to strict host specificity. Moreover, the present study shows that the congeneric parasites speciating within one host tend to occupy niches within hosts differing at least in one niche parameter.     

倒刺鲃属鱼类系统分类的研究（鲤形目：鲤科）

倒刺鲃属（Ｓｐｉｎｉｂａｒｂｕｓ）鱼类分布于我国秦岭以南和元江以东诸水系以及台湾和海南岛。其属级和种级分类,历来意见不一。对采自６个省区的１０４尾标本进行形态性状测量和对骨骼标本进行观察的结果表明,倒刺鲃属鱼类以其最末一枚前躯椎上方无上髓棘、第４椎骨的髓棘发达、背鳍前方具一卧伏于皮下的倒刺等特征与亚科（Ｂａｒｂｉｎａｅ）其余属种明显相区别,进一步肯定了把它们作为亚科的一个属是合适的。该属鱼类共有５个有效种,而且首次提出长身刺鲃（Ｓ．ｅｔｏｎｇａｔｕｓ）是光倒刺鲃（Ｓ．ｈｏｌｌａｎｄｉ）的同物异名。光倒刺鲃和倒刺鲃（Ｓ．ｄｅｎｔｉｃｕｌａｔｕｓ）的种内地理变异呈现出独特的相关性,提示海南岛的倒刺　属鱼类可能是源自珠江水系,而不是源自元江水系。     

中鲤亚属的分支系统学分析

基于外部形态特征和内部骨骼特征对鲤科鲤属中鲤亚属进行了分支系统学分析,内群包括中鲤亚属的全部5种和鲤亚属的2种鱼类,外群采用乌原鲤。在鲤属鱼类和外群间共有48个性状存在变化。系统发育分析采用PAUP^*软件的Parsimony和Bootstrap两种方式的Branch-and-Bound算法,排除不能极化的特征和特有离征之后,还有28个特征可用,由这28个特征可得到唯一的系统树,树长69,一致性系数0.7246,排除无用特征的一致性系数0.6122,保留系数0.6346。由5种中鲤组成的中鲤亚属明显不构成一个单系群。结果表明：中鲤亚属是一个复系群,该类元应该被撤销。     

Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola)

A phylogenetic analysis was performed on the genera and subgenera within the freshwater triclad family Dugesiidae, based on 19 terminal taxa and 17 morphological characters. The phylogenetic tree proposed has length of 27 steps and consistency index of 0.66. This phylogenetic hypothesis implies that the current genus Dugesia is paraphyletic and that its subgenera Girardia, Schmidiea and Dugesia S.S. should be elevated to the rank of genus. The genera Cura, Spathula and Neppia are presumed monophyletic by default because the database was unable to provide autapomorphies for any of these genera. The genera Dugesia S.S. and Neppia share sistergroup relationship. Several characters are discussed which were previously considered to be of phylogenetic importance but were not included in the present analysis. It is emphasized that sensory organs form potentially useful set of phylogenetic characters for the Dugesiidae.     

云南鲤属(Cyprinus)鱼类的分类整理

关于鲤属鱼类的分类,过去已有两次比较系统的研究,但对亚属的划分、种下阶元的判定等仍有争议。原因是分类所循的外形性状变异较大,且多互相重叠。本文试从骨骼比较入手,寻找新的、较为稳定的分类依据。经比较分析,鲤属鱼类的第一脊椎横突、上颌骨、上筛骨、额骨、枕骨突、犁骨、下咽骨和下颌骨等存在明显差异,可作为划分亚属和种的鉴别特征。据此重新分类整理,认为Mesocyprinus亚属仍能成立,首次把产于洱海的厚唇鲤cyprinus crassilabris Chen et Hwang归入杞麓鲤Cyprinus carpio chilia Wu et al.的同物异名;Cyprinus pellegrini pellegrini Tchang,Cyprinus pellegrini barbatus Chen et Hwang,Cyprinns yunnanensis yunnanensis Tchang和Cyprinus yunnanensis daliensis Chen et Hwang在骨骼上有明显分化,由亚种提升为各自独立的种。整理后云南共有鲤属鱼类12个种和亚种,以骨骼特征做出检索表。