Enhanced spectrofluorimetric determination of two novel combination therapies for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia containing tamsulosin hydrochloride

Two novel combination therapies for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia were analyzed using simple and enhanced spectrofluorimetric methods based on derivative and derivative ratio techniques. The two combinations contained tamsulosin hydrochloride (TAM) as a minor component with tolterodine tartrate (TOL) or solifenacin succinate (SOL). The fluorescence of the three drugs under study was measured in methanolic water solution. For the TAM and SOL mixture, successful resolution between both drugs was achieved by derivative manipulation of both ratio and zero‐order emission spectra with good linearity in the ranges of 0.75–3.50 and 2.5–15.0 μg ml^?1 for TAM and SOL, respectively. Extensive emission spectral overlap was observed for the TAM and TOL mixture. Therefore, only derivative application of the ratio emission spectra resolved such overlap and quantitated TAM and TOL simultaneously in the ranges 0.75–3.50 and 2.5–20.0 μg ml^–1 for TAM and TOL, respectively. Optimization of various experimental parameters that affected the fluorescence intensity of the three drugs was performed. Successful application of all proposed methods was achieved for analysis of the two drugs in each combination therapy in their laboratory‐prepared mixtures and dosage forms with good accuracy and precision.     

A novel spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of calcitonin in ampules through derivatization with fluorescamine

In this study, a simple, sensitive and selective spectroflourimetric method has been developed for the determination of salmon calcitonin (sCT) in ampules. The method is based on the reaction between sCT and fluorescamine at pH 8.5 in borate buffer, resulting in a highly fluorescent derivative. Fluorescence of derivatized sCT solutions was measured by setting the excitation and emission monochromators and slit widths to 390, 484 and 10 nm, respectively. Sevaral derivatization parameters were optimized. A calibration graph was constructed using standard solutions of the derivatized calcitonin in the range 0.5–6.0 µg/mL. Limit of detection and limit of quantification values were determined to be 0.124 and 0.372 µg/mL, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of sCT in commercially available ampules. High recovery values (101.0–102.0 %), and a low relative standard deviation (RSD %) value (5.3–5.4) proved the accuracy and precision of the proposed method. An isocratic reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method, as a reference, was also developed for the determination of sCT. A reversed‐phase Nucleosil® C₁₈ column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 10 µm particle size, 120 Å pore size) was used and the detector was set at 210 nm. Statistical comparison of the results of the two methods showed clearly that there was no significant difference between them. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Validated spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of clonazepam in pharmaceutical preparations

A simple, highly sensitive and validated spectrofluorimetric method was applied in the determination of clonazepam (CLZ). The method is based on reduction of the nitro group of clonazepam with zinc/CaCl₂, and the product is then reacted with 2‐cyanoacetamide (2‐CNA) in the presence of ammonia (25%) yielding a highly fluorescent product. The produced fluorophore exhibits strong fluorescence intensity at ?_em = 383 nm after excitation at ?_ex = 333 nm. The method was rectilinear over a concentration range of 0.1–0.5 ng/mL with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.0057 ng/mL and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.017 ng/mL. The method was fully validated and successfully applied to the determination of CLZ in its tablets with a mean percentage recovery of 100.10 ± 0.75%. Method validation according to ICH Guidelines was evaluated. Statistical analysis of the results obtained using the proposed method was successfully compared with those obtained using a reference method, and there was no significance difference between the two methods in terms of accuracy and precision. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simple and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of pregabalin in capsules through derivatization with fluorescamine

A new, simple and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for the determination of pregabalin (PG) in capsules. The method is based on the reaction between pregabalin and fluorescamine in borate buffer solution of pH 10 to give a highly fluorescent derivative that is measured at 487 nm after excitation at 390 nm. The different experimental parameters affecting the development and stability of the reaction product were carefully studied and optimized. The fluorescence intensity concentration plot was rectilinear over the range of 0.01–0.3 µg mL^?1 with a lower detection limit of 0.0017 µg mL^?1 and limit of quantitation of 0.005 µg mL^?1. The developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of the drug in its commercial capsules. The mean percentage recovery of PG in its capsule was 99.93±1.24 (n = 3). Statistical comparison of the results with those of the comparison method revealed good agreement and proved that there was no significant difference in the accuracy and precision of the two methods. A proposed reaction pathway was postulated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Investigating the Use of Fractional Replication and Taguchi Techniques in Cryopreservation: A Case Study Using Orthodox Seeds of a Tropical Rainforest Tree Species

Cryopreservation is increasingly important for conserving endangered species including tropical rain forest germplasm where optimal cryopreservation protocols must be established rapidly sacrificing little germplasm. Currently, full factorial experiments analysed by ANOVA establish optimal conditions. However, these experiments can contain many treatment combinations whilst ANOVA identifies significant effects without guaranteeing to find robust optimal conditions. Taguchi optimization techniques efficiently identify robust conditions through fractional factorial experiments with an appropriate signal to noise ratio (SNR). This paper reports for the first time the use of Taguchi techniques in cryopreservation. An orthodox seed (Cassia siamea Lam.) was used to guarantee sufficient data to compare full and fractionally replicated experiments analysed using both ANOVA and SNR. For sprouting day (smaller is better), identical significant main effects were found for all experimental sizes for ANOVA and SNR. The 1/4 replicate did not allow investigation of interaction terms, but the significant main effects were the same for larger experiments. For shoot to root ratio (nominal is best), a significant main effect was found for all experimental sizes using ANOVA. This was also found using SNR, which identified additional significant main effect and interactions. No significant effects were found for dry weight (larger is better). We show smaller experiments are possible, provided important two level interactions are analysed. Differences determining the optimal treatment combination were found between ANOVA and SNR; with the Taguchi choice provides more robust solutions. Taguchi optimization techniques are recommended when germplasm is scarce and/or the experiment needs to be conducted rapidly.     

Anaerobic treatment of complex chemical wastewater in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor: process optimization and evaluation of factor interactions using the Taguchi dynamic DOE methodology

The Taguchi robust experimental design (DOE) methodology has been applied on a dynamic anaerobic process treating complex wastewater by an anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor (AnSBBR). For optimizing the process as well as to evaluate the influence of different factors on the process, the uncontrollable (noise) factors have been considered. The Taguchi methodology adopting dynamic approach is the first of its kind for studying anaerobic process evaluation and process optimization. The designed experimental methodology consisted of four phases--planning, conducting, analysis, and validation connected sequence-wise to achieve the overall optimization. In the experimental design, five controllable factors, i.e., organic loading rate (OLR), inlet pH, biodegradability (BOD/COD ratio), temperature, and sulfate concentration, along with the two uncontrollable (noise) factors, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and alkalinity at two levels were considered for optimization of the anae robic system. Thirty-two anaerobic experiments were conducted with a different combination of factors and the results obtained in terms of substrate degradation rates were processed in Qualitek-4 software to study the main effect of individual factors, interaction between the individual factors, and signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio analysis. Attempts were also made to achieve optimum conditions. Studies on the influence of individual factors on process performance revealed the intensive effect of OLR. In multiple factor interaction studies, biodegradability with other factors, such as temperature, pH, and sulfate have shown maximum influence over the process performance. The optimum conditions for the efficient performance of the anaerobic system in treating complex wastewater by considering dynamic (noise) factors obtained are higher organic loading rate of 3.5 Kg COD/m3 day, neutral pH with high biodegradability (BOD/COD ratio of 0.5), along with mesophilic temperature range (40 degrees C), and low sulfate concentration (700 mg/L). The optimization resulted in enhanced anaerobic performance (56.7%) from a substrate degradation rate (SDR) of 1.99 to 3.13 Kg COD/m3 day. Considering the obtained optimum factors, further validation experiments were carried out, which showed enhanced process performance (3.04 Kg COD/m3-day from 1.99 Kg COD/m3 day) accounting for 52.13% improvement with the optimized process conditions. The proposed method facilitated a systematic mathematical approach to understand the complex multi-species manifested anaerobic process treating complex chemical wastewater by considering the uncontrollable factors.     

A novel solid‐phase extraction–spectrofluorimetric method for the direct determination of atenolol in human urine

A novel, simple, sensitive and selective solid‐phase extraction (SPE)–spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for the determination of atenolol (ATE) in human urine. Because an extraction procedure is required to isolate ATE or eliminate the interfering molecules present in complex human urine for the direct spectrofluorimetric determination, a pH‐sensitive poly(acrylic acid‐ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) [poly(AA‐EGDMA)] hydrogel was developed and used as a SPE adsorbent. Some factors affecting the ATE extraction efficiency, such as washing solvent type and volume, and the volume of elution solvent were optimized. Eluates from SPE cartridges were analyzed using a spectrofluorimeter (λ_ex = 277 nm and λ_em = 300 nm). The calibration graph was linear over the concentration range 0.15–4.0 µg/mL. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values were found to be 0.03 and 0.10 µg/mL, respectively. Relatively high intraday [2.06%, mean relative standard deviation (RSD)] and interday (2.6%, mean RSD) precisions were achieved. High mean recovery (95.4%) and low RSD values (3.8%) were obtained for spiked ATE in human urine. The spectrofluorimetric method presented here can be easily applied to assay trace amounts of ATE in pharmaceuticals and biological samples. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development of sensitive spectrofluorimetric and spectrophotometric methods for the determination of duloxetine in capsule and spiked human plasma

A new, sensitive and selective spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for the determination of duloxetine (DLX) in capsule and spiked human plasma. DLX, as a secondary amine compound, reacts with 7‐chloro‐4‐nitrobenzofurazon (NBD‐Cl), a highly sensitive fluorogenic and chromogenic reagent used in many investigations. The method is based on the reaction between the drug and NBD‐Cl in borate buffer at pH 8.5 to yield a highly fluorescent derivative that is measured at 523 nm after excitation at 478 nm. The fluorescence intensity was directly proportional to the concentration over the range 50–250 ng/mL. The reaction product was also measured spectrophotometrically. The relation between the absorbance at 478 nm and the concentration is rectilinear over the range 1.0–12.0 µg/mL. The methods were successfully applied for the determination of this drug in pharmaceutical dosage form. The spectrofluorimetric method was also successfully applied to the determination of duloxetine in spiked human plasma. The suggested procedures could be used for the determination of DLX in pure form, capsules and human plasma being sensitive, simple and selective. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the limits of applicability of spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods for the determination of chlorophyll a/b ratio

The concentration limits for spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric determinations of the chlorophyll (Chl) a/b ratio in barley leaves were studied using 80% acetone extracts at room temperature. The optimum sample absorbances (at 663.2 nm – maximum of the Q_Y) band of Chl a) for the Chl a/b determination were determined. For given spectrometers and sample positions, these absorbances ranged between 0.2 and 1.0 and 0.008–0.1 for the absorption and fluorescence methods, respectively. Precision of the measurements and the distorting effects are discussed. The lower limits of both absorption and fluorescence methods depend on sensitivity of the spectrometers for the Chl b detection. The spectrophotometric determination of Chl a/b ratio at higher Chl concentrations can be distorted by the chlorophyll fluorescence signal. The extent of this distortion depends on sample-detector geometry in any given type of the spectrometer. The effect of inner filter of Chl molecules and the detection instrumental function affect the value of the upper limit for the spectrofluorimetric method. Both methods were applied to estimate the Chl a/b ratio in pigment extracts from greening barley leaves, which are characterized by a low Chl concentration and a high Chl a/b ratio at the beginning of greening process.     

A sustainable sensitive spectrofluorimetric approach for the determination of the multipotent protein lactoferrin in different pharmaceuticals and infant milk formula: Compliance with greenness metrics

The current study presents the first spectrofluorimetric approach for the estimation of lactoferrin, depending on the measurement of its native fluorescence at 337 nm after excitation at 230 nm, without the need for any hazardous chemicals or reagents. It was found that the fluorescence intensity versus concentration calibration plot was linear over the concentration range of 0.1–10.0 μg/mL with quantitation and detection limits of 0.082 and 0.027 μg/mL, respectively. The method was accordingly validated according to the ICH recommendations. The developed method was applied for the estimation of lactoferrin in different dosage forms, including capsules and sachets with high percent recoveries (97.84–102.53) and low %RSD values (<1.95). Lactoferrin is one of the key nutrients in milk powder and a significant nutritional fortifier. In order to assess the quality of milk powder, it is essential to rapidly and accurately quantify the lactoferrin content of the product. Therefore, the presented study was successfully applied for the selective estimation of lactoferrin in milk powder with acceptable percent recoveries (96.45–104.92) and %RSD values (≤3.607). Finally, the green profile of the method was estimated using two assessment tools: Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and Analytical GREEnness (AGREE), which demonstrated its excellent greenness.     

Studies on the maximization of recombinant Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein production in Escherichia coli: application of Taguchi robust design and response surface methodology for process optimization

The neutrophil-activating protein of Helicobacter pylori (HP-NAP) is a major antigen responsible for the generation of immune response in an infected individual. The cloning and expression of the gene corresponding to neutrophil-activating protein (NAP) were followed by process development for enhanced production and purification. The production process was developed in two parts. In the first part, some of the cultivation medium components (viz. carbon to nitrogen ratio, concentrations of sodium polyphosphate and magnesium sulphate) were optimized using the Taguchi robust experimental design. The intracellular NAP production level after 24 h of cultivation was considered as the target function or the dependent variable. There was a 76.8% increase in the NAP production level. Using this optimal medium composition obtained in the first part, the temperature of cultivation and the pH of cultivation medium were optimized in the second part. The NAP production level at hour 30 of cultivation was considered as the target function or the dependent variable. The optimal values for these two independent variables were 37.2 °C and 6.3 respectively. At this combination of temperature and pH, the theoretical maximum NAP production level was 1280 mg l^–1. This optimal combination was verified experimentally and the NAP production level was found to be 1261 mg l^–1. The optimization of the cultivation conditions resulted in a 61.5% increase in NAP production level. About a 2.91-fold overall increase in NAP production level at hour 24 of cultivation was achieved through process optimization.     

An intelligent approach to the discovery of luminescent materials using a combinatorial approach combined with Taguchi methodology

A significant advance made in combinatorial approach research was that the emphasis shifted from simple mixing to intelligent screening, so as to improve the efficiency and accuracy of discovering new materials from a larger number of diverse compositions. In this study, the long‐lasting luminescence of SrAl₂O₄, which is co‐doped with Eu²⁺, Ce³⁺, Dy³⁺, Li⁺ and H₃BO₃, was investigated based on a combinatorial approach in conjunction with the Taguchi method. The minimal number of 16 samples to be tested (five dopants and four levels of concentration) were designed using the Taguchi method. The samples to be screened were synthesized using a parallel combinatorial strategy based on ink‐jetting of precursors into an array of micro‐reactor wells. The relative brightness of luminescence of the different phosphors over a particular period was assessed. Ce³⁺ was identified as the constituent that detrimentally affected long‐lasting luminescence. Its concentration was optimized to zero. Li⁺ had a minor effect on long‐lasting luminescence but the main factors that contributed to the objective property (long‐lasting luminescence) were Eu²⁺, Dy³⁺ and H₃BO₃, and the concentrations of these dopants were optimized to 0.020, 0.030 and 0.300, respectively, for co‐doping into SrAl₂O₄. This study demonstrates that the utility of the combinatorial approach for evaluating the effect of components on an objective property (e.g. phosphorescence) and estimating the expected performance under the optimal conditions can be improved by the Taguchi method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimization of non-detergent treatment for enveloped virus inactivation using the Taguchi design of experimental methodology (DOE)

Abstract

In mammalian cell culture technology, viral contamination is one of the main challenges; and, so far, various strategies have been taken to remove or inactivate viruses in the cell-line production process. The suitability and feasibility of each method are determined by different factors including effectiveness in target virus inactivation, maintaining recombinant protein stability, easiness—in terms of the process condition, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness. In this research, Taguchi design-of-experiments (DOE) methodology was used to optimize a non-detergent viral inactivation method via considering four factors of temperature, time, pH, and alcohol concentration in an unbiased (orthogonal) fashion with low influence of nuisance factors. Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV1) and Vero cell-line were used as models for enveloped viruses and cell-line, respectively. Examining the cytopathic effects (CPE) in different dilutions showed that pH (4), alcohol (15%), time (120?min), and temperature (25?°C) were the optimal points for viral inactivation. Evaluating the significance of each parameter in the HSV-1 inactivation using Taguchi and ANOVA analyses, the contributions of pH, alcohol, temperature and time were 56.5%, 19.2%, 12%, and 12%, respectively. Examining the impact of the optimal viral treatment condition on the stability of model recombinant protein-recombinant human erythropoietin, no destabilization was detected.     

Development and validation of a sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of amoxapine in human plasma and urine

A selective and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method was developed and validated for the determination of amoxapine in human plasma and urine. The developed method is based on labeling with 5‐dimethylaminonaphthalene‐1‐sulfonyl chloride (dansyl chloride) and monitoring at 397 nm (excitation)/514 nm (emission). The method was validated for linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, accuracy, recovery and robustness. The calibration curves were linear over a concentration range of 250–2500 and 50–1250 ng/mL for plasma and urine, respectively. The LOD values were calculated to be 13.31 and 13.17 ng/mL for plasma and urine, respectively. The proposed method was applied to study of amoxapine in human plasma and urine. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sensitive spectrofluorimetric determination of the prokinetic drug prucalopride succinate based on supramolecular aggregation approach with evaluation of method greenness: application to content uniformity test

The prokinetic drug, prucalopride (PCP) succinate, was determined using a new spectrofluorimetric approach with a highly sensitive, rapid, and simple procedure. The method exploited the enhancement of the inherent native fluorescence of PCP by micellar aggregation with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as an anionic surfactant. Different factors that could affect the fluorescence intensity were carefully studied in order to achieve the maximal fluorescence signal. Measurement of the enhanced fluorescence was done at 354 nm after the excitation at 276 nm. The fluorescence intensity–concentration plot was rectilinear in the concentration range of 50–600 ng/ml with detection and quantitation limits of 13.9 and 42.1 ng/ml, respectively. The method underwent validation according to the International Council for Harmonisation criteria in order to assess its analytical performance, and promising results were achieved that proved the validity and reliability of the method. Furthermore, the method was employed effectively for the analysis of the cited drug in commercial pharmaceutical tablets.     

Visual threshold is set by linear and nonlinear mechanisms in the retina that mitigate noise: how neural circuits in the retina improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the single-photon response

In sensory biology, a major outstanding question is how sensory receptor cells minimize noise while maximizing signal to set the detection threshold. This optimization could be problematic because the origin of both the signals and the limiting noise in most sensory systems is believed to lie in stimulus transduction. Signal processing in receptor cells can improve the signal-to-noise ratio. However, neural circuits can further optimize the detection threshold by pooling signals from sensory receptor cells and processing them using a combination of linear and nonlinear filtering mechanisms. In the visual system, noise limiting light detection has been assumed to arise from stimulus transduction in rod photoreceptors. In this context, the evolutionary optimization of the signal-to-noise ratio in the retina has proven critical in allowing visual sensitivity to approach the limits set by the quantal nature of light. Here, we discuss how noise in the mammalian retina is mitigated to allow for highly sensitive night vision.     

Highly sensitive and selective spectrofluorimetric approach for the rapid determination of trace benzo[α]pyrene in drinking water and in solutions leached from disposable paper cups

Based on the excellent band narrowing and background suppressing features of second‐derivative constant‐energy synchronous spectrofluorimetry with a Δ value of 1400 cm^?1, the strong fluorescence intensity for benzo[α]pyrene (BaP) obtained in dichloromethane and the use of standard addition method, a highly sensitive and selective approach for the quantitative determination of trace amount of BaP in drinking water has been established in this study. The detection and quantification limits were 0.11 and 0.37 ng L^?1, respectively, and the recoveries obtained from spiked Milli‐Q water, bottled natural spring water, tank‐purified water and tap water at different concentrations, ranged from 86.0 to 104.0%. This method has been applied for the determination of trace BaP in solution leached from disposable paper cups. The experimental results indicated that BaP was leached from paper cups when filled with hot water, but it was not detected when cool (unheated) water was used. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Validated spectrofluorimetric and spectrophotometric methods for the determination of brimonidine tartrate in ophthalmic solutions via derivatization with NBD‐Cl. Application to stability study

Two simple, selective and accurate methods were developed and validated for the determination of brimonidine tartrate (BT) in pure state and pharmaceutical formulations. Both methods are based on the coupling of the drug with 4‐chloro‐7‐nitro‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole in borate buffer (pH 8.5) at 70 °C and measurement of the reaction product spectrophotometrically at 407 nm (method I) or spectrofluorimetrically at 528 nm upon excitation at 460 nm (method II). The calibration graphs were rectilinear over the concentration ranges of 1.0–16.0 and 0.1–4.0 µg/mL with lower detection limits of 0.21 and 0.03, and lower quantification limits of 0.65 and 0.09 µg/mL for methods I and II, respectively. Both methods were successfully applied to the analysis of commercial ophthalmic solution with mean recovery of 99.50 ± 1.00 and 100.13 ± 0.71%, respectively. Statistical analysis of the results obtained by the proposed methods revealed good agreement with those obtained using a comparison method. The proposed spectrofluorimetric method was extended to a stability study of BT under different ICH‐outlined conditions such as alkaline, acidic, oxidative and photolytic degradation. Furthermore, the kinetics of oxidative degradation of the drug was investigated and the apparent first‐order reaction rate constants, half‐life times and Arrhenius equation were estimated. The proposed methods are practical and valuable for routine applications in quality control laboratories for the analysis of BT. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

First derivative emission spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of LCZ696, a newly approved FDA supramolecular complex of valsartan and sacubitril in tablets

LCZ696 (sacubitril/valsartan, Entresto?) is a therapy lately approved by United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) as a heart failure therapy. It is claimed to decrease the mortality rate and hospitalization for patients with chronic heart failure. This study is considered as the first report to investigate the fluorimetric behavior of sacubitril in addition to pursuing all the different conditions that may affect its fluorescence. Various conditions were studied, for example studying the effects of organized media, solvents and pH, which may affect the fluorescence behavior of sacubitril. For the simultaneous determination of the newly approved supramolecular complex of valsartan (VAL) and sacubitril (SAC) in their tablets, a sensitive and simple first derivative spectrofluorimetric method was developed. The method involved the measurement of native fluorescence at 416 nm and 314 nm (λ_ex 249 nm) for VAL and SAC, respectively. The first (D1) derivative technique was applied to the emission data to resolve a partial overlap that appeared in their emission spectra. The proposed method was successfully applied for the assay of the two drugs in their supramolecular complex LCZ696 with no interference from common pharmaceutical additives. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines were followed in order to validate the proposed method.     

De‐noising of photoacoustic sensing and imaging based on combined empirical mode decomposition and independent component analysis

Photoacoustic (PA) imaging breaks the diffusion limit of conventional optical imaging by listening to the PA wave. As a new kind of functional imaging method, it has experienced tremendous growth in research community with wide range of applications. However, it is still an open and fundamental challenge that the conversion efficiency from light to sound based on PA effect is extremely low. The consequence is the poor signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of PA signal especially in scenarios of low laser power and deep penetration. Conventional approach to enhance the SNR of PA signal in these noisy scenarios is data averaging, which is quite time‐consuming. To improve the signal fidelity and imaging speed, an algorithm of using empirical mode decomposition and independent component analysis de‐noising methods in PA imaging is proposed. The simulation and in vivo experimental results show obvious SNR enhancement of the PA signal and image contrast. The proposed method provides the potential to develop real‐time low‐cost PA imaging system with low‐power laser source.