Excitatoren und paarungsverhalten mitteleuropäischer malachiiden (Coleopt., Malacodermata)

Ohne ZusammenfassungAlphabetisches Verzeichnis der im Text gebranchten Abkürzungen AK Anbieten der Kopfgrube () - AR-seitig außenrandseitig (auf Elytre bezogen) - EO Elytralorgan (EO-Arten = Arten mit Elytralorganen im männlichen Geschlecht) - f Flucht () - F Flucht () - FA, fa frontale Auseinandersetzung (, ) - FS, fs Fühlertrillern bzw. Frontalspiel (, ) - gk Grubenknabbern () - IR-seitig innenrandseitig (auf Elytre bezogen) - K Kopulation - KG Kopfgrube (KG-Arten = Arten mit Kopfgrube im männlichen Geschlecht) - KI Abdomenkitzeln () - KV Kopulationsversuch () - LP-Feld den weiblichen Labialpalpen korreliertes Drüsenporenfeld - MP-Feld den weiblichen Maxillarpalpen korreliertes Drüsenporenfeld - 180 Drehung des um 180° - ob Organbeißen () - ok Organknabbern () - OZ Organzuwendung () - P Prüfung der Kopulationsbereitschaft durch - RB rückwärtige Berührung durch - SLV Seitwärtslauf nach vorn () - SLH Seitwärtslauf nach hinten () - U Umrundung () - vl Vorwärtslauf () - 180 Drehung des um 180° Habilitationsschrift.     

Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2-mum DNA. An analysis of the monomer and its multimers by electron microscopy.

Summary The non-tandem inverted duplication in the 2-m DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a length of 0.19 m and is located asymmetrically along the molecule. The majority of the dumb-bell structures that are formed upon denaturation and selfannealing of the 2-m monomer consists of the renatured inverted duplication sequences as double stranded stem and two single stranded loops of 0.67 m±0.06 m (S-loop) and 0.86 m±0.05 m (L-loop) length. Two additional size classes which comprised 5–10% of the measured molecules had contour lengths of around 1.7 m and 2.1 m. The smaller dumb-bells contained two S-loops and the larger dumb-bells contained two L-loops as was shown by heteroduplex mapping with an HindIII fragment from the L-loop. Two models which assume illegitimate or site specific recombination, are presented to explain the generation of double S-loop and double L-loop molecules. At least part of the 4-m and 6- circular molecules present in the yeast supercoiled DNA fraction are shown to be dimers and trimers of 2-m monomers, but often with inverted loop segments most probably due to intramolecular recombination between sequences of the inverted duplication.2-m DNA is used to indicate the supercoiled DNA fraction although in our measurements the average monomeric length is 1.9 mPart of this work has been presented at the Conference: The Genetics and Biogenesis of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria, Munich, August, 1976     

Male reproductive effect of arsenic in mice

Arsenic, a known human carcinogen, was given to mice via drinking water as sodium arsenite at a dose 53.39, 133.47, 266.95 and 533.90 mol l for 35 days. A decrease in the activity of 17 HSD along with increase in LDH, GT activity were observed at 533.90 mol l. The observed sperm count, motility and morphological abnormalities in sperm were similar to control at lower dose levels. However at 533.90 mol l a significant decrease in sperm count and motility along with increase in abnormal sperm were noticed. Significant accumulation of arsenic in testes and accessory sex organs may be attributed to the arsenic binding to the tissues or greater cellular uptake. No effects were observed on indices studied for reproductive effects at 53.39 mol l arsenic close to which human being are exposed through drinking water under the present set of experimental conditions.     

Zur Feinstruktur der Elektrozeptorepidermis der Mormyridae (Teleostei,Pisces)

Zusammenfassung Die schwachelektrischen Mormyridae haben eine dreischichtige Epidermis, deren innere Schicht aus nur etwa 0,22 m dicken sechseckigen Zellen von ca. 60 m Durchmesser besteht. Die etwa 2 m dicken, linsenförmigen Kerne von 7,6 m Durchmesser liegen am Zellrand. Die Zellen sind zu Säulen aufgeschichtet. Ihr Rand ist ausgezackt und dort, wo er die Säulengrenze erreicht, auf etwa 0,34 m verdickt. In der Nähe der Säulengrenzen sind die Zellen über Desmosomen mit den Nachbarn in der eigenen und in der angrenzenden Säule verbunden. Diese Epidermisschicht ist auf die Körperpartien beschränkt, in denen auch Elektrorezeptoren ausgebildet sind.Die beiden anderen Epidermisschichten haben den üblichen Aufbau einer Fischepidermis, abgesehen vom Fehlen der Becherzellen.

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Ultrastructure of the electroceptor epidermis of the Mormyridae (Teleostei, Pisces)

Summary The weakly electric fish of the family Mormyridae have a three layered epidermis, with a medium layer consisting of hexagonal cells of only 0.22 m in thickness and about 60 m in diameter. The lens-shaped nuclei are about 2 m thick and 7.6 m in diameter and are situated near the border of the cells. The cells are piled up to hexagonal columns. Their margin is serrate and where it reaches the boundary of the column, it has a thickness of about 0.34 m. Close to the boundaries of the columns, the cells are linked to their neighbours within the column and of the adjoining column by desmosomes. This layer of the epidermis is confined to those regions of the body surface which also contain electroreceptors.The other layers of the epidermis have a structure as usual in fish, except for the lack of goblet cells.

     

Histoenzymatic characterization of sub-types of Type I fibres in fast muscles of rats

Summary The histochemical activities of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), myofibrillar Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and alpha glycerophosphate dehydrogenase were studied in serial sections of rat vastus lateralis (red) (RVL), gastrocnemius and diaphragm muscles. Three main fibre-types were distinguished. The Type I fibres of RVL and gastrocnemius muscles fell into two distinct groups: one category-Type IA showed very low ATPase activity. The second category of Type IB fibres displayed moderate ATPase reaction. The Type IA fibres were divisible into two sub-groups when tested for SDH reaction. Type IA₁ fibres possessed a homogenous distribution of diformazan·granules throughout the fibre: Type IA₂ fibres displayed characteristic moth-eaten pattern of diformazan localization. The diaphragm muscle did not show either Type IB or Type IA₂ varieties. The great majority of Type I fibres were sub-type IA₁ in the three fast muscles studied. It is also demonstrated here that an inherent heterogeneity exists between Type I fibres of diaphragm and leg muscles in regard to -GPD localization. This histochemical data emphasizes the fact that subdivision of Type I striated muscle fibres of mammalian animals into two sub-types is only approximate and that a further subcategorization is possible.     

In vitro meristem cloning of Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.

Rapid multiplication of axillary meristems and direct shoot development occurred from nodal explants of mature Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. with 5.3 M NAA, 1.1 M IAA and 4.4 M BA in Murashige-Skoog medium. Repeated subcultures of the second generation shoot cultures into low cytokinin-auxin containing media (0.44–0.88 M BA+0.1 M NAA) yielded axillary microshoots in large numbers. Half-strength MS liquid medium with 4.9 M IBA, 5.5 M IAA and 5.3 M NAA for four days, half-strength semi-solid hormonefree MS medium with charcoal, and MS liquid medium without charcoal and hormones, in sequence, induced rooting of shoots in the dark. This system is suitable for the mass propagation of this difficult-to-root eucalypt.Abbreviations BA 6-benzyladenine - IAA indole-3-acetic acid - IBA -indole-3-butyric acid - 2-iP isopentyl adenine - Kn kinetin - MS Murashige-Skoog - NAA -naphthalene acetic acid - PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone     

Asymmetric diffusion into the postsynaptic neuron: An extremely efficient mechanism for removing excess GABA from synaptic clefts on the Deiters' neurone plasma membrane

Microdissected Deiters' neuron plasma membranes have been used for studying the passage of GABA through the membrane both in the inward and outward direction. Working with 0.2 mM GABA in the compartment simulating the outside of the neurone and with 2.0 mM GABA in the one simulating the inside we found a net transport of GABA towards the inside. This mechanism does not require a Na⁺ ion gradient across the membrane. The nature of the transport process involved was studied by determining the rate of [³H]-GABA inward passage as a function of GABA concentration (1 nM–800 M) on the outward side of the membrane. The results have shown that until 50 M a diffusion process (v=D₁×C, where D₁=3.1×10^–11 1/m²×sec) is the sole mechanism involved. Above 50 M a second diffusion process is activated v=D₂×(C–50×10^–6), where D₂=2.8×10^–11 1/m²×sec. Taking in account both inward and outward directed diffusion, one can calculate 16 M as the equilibrium concentration of GABA on the outward side of the membrane. From a kinetic point of view, these diffusion processes are able to reduce GABA concentration in a synaptic cleft from 3 mM to 20 M within 3 sec. These diffusion systems are discussed as extremely efficient in removing the excess of released GABA in the synaptic cleft.     

6-Methylpurine-induced inhibition of sclerotia morphogenesis in Sclerotium rolfsii and its reversal by adenosine

In liquid synthetic medium inoculated with Sclerotium rolfsii (SR), addition of 6-methylpurine (MP, 50g/ml) immediately after inoculation led to approximately 100% reduction in sclerotia production. Adenosine, and to a lesser extent guanosine, each at final concentration of 100g/ml significantly reduced inhibition of sclerotia formation by SR in presence of 50g/ml MP. Uridine and cytidine each at 100g/ml had no such effect. The inhibition of sclerotia morphogenesis could be prevented by addition of 800g/ml of adenosine together with 50g/ml MP. Reversal by adenosine of MP-induced inhibition of sclerotia development was concentration dependent.     

Three dimensional reconstruction of the X-Y pair during pachytene in the rat (Rattus norvegicus)

The ultrastructure of the X-Y pair from rat spermatocytes has been reconstructed sterically by the study of serial sections. The X-Y pair of the rat at early pachytene contains two dense cores, a long and a short one, which form a synaptonemal complex 1.7 long at their common end. The long core (10.6 ) and the short core (4.5 ) correspond to X and Y, respectively. There is no RNA histochemically detectable in the X-Y pair. Nucleoli are independent of the X-Y pair. A low number of cells show nucleoli very near the X-Y pair but no continuity exists between these structures.     

Aflatoxin influences on seed germination and root elongation by two cultivars of Glycine max and uptake of 65 Zn-ZnCl2 by the cultivars

Maximum inhibition of Glycine max, cv. Essex seed germination occurred at 10 g/ml following 72 hr imbibition in constant light. Seeds imbided 108 hr in constant darkness at this concentration showed a 20% rise in germination over that of the control. Imbibition of G. max, cv. Williams seeds in either light or dark for 96 hr did not suppress germination. Imbibition of Essex seeds in either light or dark at 2.5 through 10 g/ml stimulated root elongation except for 10 g/ml at 96 hr (light). Maximum inhibition of Williams root elongation under constant light was at 48 and 72 hr with 10 g/ml. Statistically significant differences in cotyledon, leaf and stem lengths between non-treated (NT) and treated (T) seedlings were not found except for Williams stem length at 2.5 / ml. Root elongation was stimulated 1.2- and 1.1-folds, respectively, at 5.0 (Essex) and 2.5 (Williams) g/ml. Toxin at 2.5 through 10.0 g/ml did not markedly alter either cotyledon or leaf widths with the exception of Williams leaf width at 2.5 g/ml. Medium supplementation with 2.5 through 10.0 g/ml resulted in cotyledon, leaf and root weight enhancements for Essex seedlings. Stem weight was not markedly affected. An 18% rise in Williams cotyledon weight above that of the control was seen at 2.5 g/ml. Williams leaf weights were increased 1.75- and 1.25-folds, respectively, at 2.5 and 10.0 g/ml. Aflatoxin B₁, at 2.5 g/ml promoted Williams stem and root elongation 1.20- and 1.09-folds, respectively. Most of the radioactivity from ⁶⁵Zn-ZnCl₂ recovered within organs was found within Essex roots for both T and NT seedlings. A higher amount of radioactivity was recovered within roots at each toxin concentration than was without toxin. However, this was not statistically significant. Significant differences in the distribution of radioactivity within roots between NT and T Williams seedlings were not observed. Generally, AFB₁ failed to affect significantly these two varieties of soybeans based on the tests relating to germination, growth and radiolabel uptake.     

Effects of insecticides on cultures of insect cells

Serial dilutions of 20 insecticides were examined for their effects on the growth of insect cells cultivated in vitro. No differences in susceptibility were found for cells derived from the moth Antheraea eucalypti and the mosquito Aedes aegypti.Rotenone was the most effective inhibitor investigated, decreasing the rate of cell division at 0.001 g/ml. Malathion and diazinon first showed effects at 12 g and 112/ml respectively. Toxicants first effective at 10 g/ml included pp-DDT, dieldrin, pyrethrins and sodium arsenate; at 100 g/ml they included lindane and carbaryl; at 1000 g/ml only nicotine sulphate.The majority of insecticides tested (principal exception rotenone) were very much more toxic to last instar A. aegypti larvae than to the insect cells, suggesting that the functions of highly organized tissues are more readily interfered with than those of individual cell types comprising them.

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Zusammenfassung Verdünnungsserien von 20 Insektiziden wurden auf ihren Effekt auf das Wachstum von in vitro kultivierten Insektenzellen untersucht. Die untersuchten Zellen stammten aus Kulturen von Ovariolen von Antheraea eucalypti-Puppen und von Gewebe von Aedes aegypti-Larven. Rotenon erwies sich als das wirksamste Insektizid: es verlangsamte die Zellteilung in einer Konzentration von 0.001 g/ml. Malathion wurde erst in einer Konzentration von 12 g/ml wirksam, Diazinon bei 112 g/ml. Mehrere Insektizide zeigten erste Wirksamkeit bei 10 g/ml; diese waren: pp-DDT, pp-DDD, pp-DDE, Methoxychlor, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Pyrethrine, Allethrin und Natriumarsenat. Insektizide mit einer ersten Wirksamkeit bei 100 g/ml waren Lindan, Isolan, Dimetilan, Carbaryl, DNOC und Piperonylbutoxid. Nikotinsulfat war erst bei 1 mg/ml oder bei höheren Konzentrationen wirksam. Zwischen den Antheraea- und Aedes-Zellen wurde kein Unterschied in der Empfindlichkeit gegen die verschiedenen Insektizide gefunden. Bei niedrigen Konzentrationen zeigten Malathion und Natriumarsenat erst nach dem 4. Tag bedeutendere Effekte. Ein schwacher synergistischer Effekt wurde beim Mischen von Pyrethrinen mit Piperonylbutoxid in niedrigen Konzentrationen beobachtet, nicht aber bei hohen Konzentrationen.Bei der Mehrzahl (17 von 19) der Insektizide waren die Zellen in 10 bis 10.000 mal höheren Insektizid-Konzentrationen zu überleben fähig als A. aegypti-Larven im letzten Stadium. Rotenon war das einzige Insektizid, dessen Toxizität auf Zellen stärker war (10.000 Mal) als auf intakte Larven.

     

Distribution of pectic polysaccharides throughout walls of suspension-cultured carrot cells

Summary A monoclonal antibody (2 F 4) recognizing a conformational epitope of polygalacturonic acid was used for immunogold localization of pectins in walls of suspension-cultured carrot (D. carota L.) cells at the electron microscopic level. In microcolonies of young or mature cells, polygalacturonic acid was essentially located on the middle lamella material expanded at three-way junctions between cells or lining intercellular spaces but was not found in primary walls. Middle lamellae far from junction zones and intercellular spaces were not recognized. Largely esterified pectic polymers, only detected by the 2 F 4 antibodies after on-grid de-esterification treatment by pectin methyl esterases, were present within all primary cell walls. Golgi bodies and associated vesicles were also labeled by the 2 F 4 antibodies only after de-esterification treatment, which indicates that pectic polymers are synthesized and secreted in a highly esterified form. A decrease of pectin esterification, which results probably from an in situ enzymatic de-esterification of the pectic polymers of the primary walls, was observed in senescent cells. These results are discussed in relation to biochemical analyses showing changes of the methyl ester content of pectins during the cell-wall growth.     

Association of β<Subscript>2</Subscript>-microglobulin with the α<Subscript>3</Subscript> domain of H-2D<Superscript>b</Superscript> heavy chain

MHC class I molecules are heterotrimeric complexes composed of heavy chain, ₂-microglobulin (₂m) and short peptide. This trimeric complex is generated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where a peptide loading complex (PLC) facilitates transport from the cytosol and binding of the peptide to the preassembled ER resident heavy chain/₂m dimers. Association of mouse MHC class I heavy chain with ₂m is characterized by allelic differences in the number and/or positions of amino acid interactions. It is unclear, however, whether all alleles follow common binding patterns with minimal contributions by allele-specific contacts, or whether essential contacts with ₂m are different for each allele. While searching for the PLC binding site in the ₃ domain of the mouse MHC class I molecule H-2D^b, we unexpectedly discovered a site critical for binding mouse, but not human, ₂m. Interestingly, amino acids in the corresponding region of another MHC class I heavy chain allele do not make contacts with the mouse ₂m. Thus, there are allelic differences in the modes of binding of ₂m to the heavy chain of MHC class I.     

Nuclear Overhauser effect investigation on GM1 ganglioside containingN-glycolyl-neuraminic acid (II3Neu5GcGgOse4Cer)

The conformational properties of the oligosaccharide chain of GM1 ganglioside containingN-glycolyl-neuraminic acid, -Gal-(1-3)--GalNAc-(1-4)-[-Neu5Gc-(2-3)]--Gal-(1-4)--Glc-(1-1)-Cer, were studied through NMR nuclear Overhauser effect investigations on the monomeric ganglioside in dimethylsulfoxide, and on mixed micelles of ganglioside and dodecylphosphocholine in water. Several interresidual contacts for the trisaccharide core--GalNAc-(1-4)-[-Neu5Gc-(2-3)]--Gal-were found to fix the relative orientitation of the three saccharides, while the glycosidic linkage of the terminal -Gal-was found to be quite mobile as the -Gal-(1-3)--GalNAc-disaccharide exists in different conformations. These results are similar to those found for two GM1 gangliosides containingN-acetyl-neuraminic acid and neuraminic acid [1].Abbreviations Ganglioside nomenclature is in accordance with Svennerholm [23] and the IUPAC-IUB Recommendations [24] GM3(Neu5Ac) II³Neu5AcLacCer, -Neu5Ac-(2-3)--Gal-(1-4)--Glc-(1-1)-Cer - GM3(Neu5Gc) II³Neu5GcLacCer, -Neu5Gc-(2-3)--Gal-(1-4)--Glc-(1-1)-Cer - GM1(Neu5Ac) II³Neu5AcGgOse₄Cer, -Gal-(1-3)--GalNAc-(1-4)-[-Neu5Ac-(2-3)]--Gal-(1-4)--Glc-(1-1)-Cer - GM1(Neu5Gc) II³Neu5GcGgOse₄Cer, -Gal-(1-3)--GalNAc-(1-4)-[-Neu5Gc-(2-3)]--Gal-(1-4)--Glc-(1-1)-Cer - GM1(Neu) II³NeuGgOse₄Cer, -Gal-(1-3)--GalNAc-(1-4)-[-Neu-(2-3)]--Glc-(1-1)-Cer - GD1a IV³Neu5AcII³Neu5AcGgOse₄Cer, -Neu5Ac-(2-3)--Gal-(1-3)--GalNAc-(1-4)-[-Neu5Ac-(2-3)]--Gal-(1-4)--Glc-(1-1)-Cer - GalNAc-GD1a IV⁴GalNAcIV³Neu5AcII³Neu5AcGgOse₄Cer, -GalNAc-(1-4)-[-Neu5Ac-(2-3)]--Gal-(1-3)--GalNAc-(1-4)-[-Neu5Ac-(2-3)]--Gal-(1-4)--Glc-(1-1)-Cer - Neu neuraminic acid - Neu5Ac N-acetyl-neuraminic acid - Neu5Gc N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid - Cer ceramide     

The nutritional status of the apical meristem of Lactuca sativa as affected by NaCl salinization: An electron-probe microanalytic study

A volume of tissue of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plants extending 2 mm basipetally from the apical meristem and including leaf primordia and young expanding leaves was surveyed using electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA) on both frozen-hydrated and freeze-dried samples. This analysis was carried out either 2 or 5 d following NaCl salinization of the medium from the 10 mol · m^–-3 control level up to 80 mol · m^–-3. The objective was the investigation of possible changes in the nutritional status of the apical meristem that might account for some aspects of salt-induced growth inhibition. Sodium and chloride increased significantly in tissues basal to the apical meristem, while both phosphorus and potassium decreased in the same region. These changes were evident in specimens collected just 2 d after the commencement of salinization (20 h after completion of the salinization) and were not exacerbated by an additional 3 d of treatment; they were present in tissue as close as 100 m to the meristem and extending down to 500 m. The apical 10–50 m were relatively protected from both the increase in sodium and chloride and the decrease in phosphorus and potassium that occurred in more basal regions. Young leaves (up to 1.5 mm in length) appear to control their own mineral nutrient levels when challenged by salinization of the medium, presumably because of altered growth. A decrease in the concentration of total Ca as a result of salinization was significant in cells 500 m basal to the meristem, but was evident as a tendency in the data even within the first 50 m. Using an improved automatic method for the analysis of calcium by EPMA, it was found that total Ca was reduced by salinization, especially in basal regions (500 m below the apex) and also in young leaves (1–1.5 mm in length). We suggest that the nutrition of the shoot apical meristem may be disturbed soon after salinization and that the shoot meristem might be the source of a signal to expanding leaves, as well as exerting its own direct influence over leaf emergence.Abbreviation EPMA electron-probe microanalysis This work was supported by U.S. Department of Agriculture grant 87-CRCR-1-2462.     

The level of free amino acids in erythrocytes of different breeds of hen

Summary The content of free amino acids was determined in erythrocytes of adult Leghorn (Lg, White Rock (WR) and Cornish (Cr) hens, bred under identical conditions. The concentration of total amino acids was twice as high in the erythrocytes as in plasma, amounting to 396 m/100 ml, 424 m/100 ml and 475m/100 ml in White Rock, Cornish and Leghorn hens, respectively.Significant differences were found in the ratio of basic amino acids to acidic amino acids. These values were 0.76, 1.75 and 3.19 in White Rick, Leghorn and Cornish hens, respectively; in the plasma of all 3 breeds the ratio was 1. Statistically significant interbreed differences were expressed more distinctly in erythrocyte than in plasma amino acid concentrations. For absolute concentrations the differences were significant in the case of 9 amino acids.     

Somatic embryogenesis in Simarouba glauca

Frequency of somatic embryogenesis from callus cultures derived from immature cotyledon explants of Simarouba glauca Linn. was highest on solid MS medium supplemented with 11.1 M benzyladenine and 13.42 M -naphthaleneacetic acid. On transfer of the somatic embryos into maturation medium containing half-strength MS medium supplemented with 1.89 M abscisic acid (ABA) and 2% (w/v)sucrose, 20–25 % of embryos germinated within 20 days of culture with distinct cotyledon, hypocotyl and radicle.     

Agonistisches Verhalten, Territorialverhalten und Balz der Zwergtrappe (Tetrax tetrax)

Zusammenfassung 1980–1984 wurden in Südfrankreich und Portugal Untersuchungen zum agonistischen Verhalten, Territorialverhalten und zur Balz der ZwergtrappeTetrax tetrax durchgeführt.Während der Fortpflanzungsperiode kommt es zwischen Zwergtrappen- häufig zu agonistischen Auseinandersetzungen. Ausdruck aggressiver Erregung ist enges Anlegen des Halsgefieders, Langstrecken des Halses, und nur beim Aufrichten und dachartiges Falten der Schwanzfedern. Aggressive Verhaltensweisen sind Drohen durch Hinlaufen oder -fliegen zu Reviereindringlingen, seitliches Drohen gleichstarker , und nur, wenn Verhaltensweisen niedrigerer Intensität nicht zur Unterlegenheit eines der Rivalen führen, Schnabelkämpfe.Rufen dient der Markierung eines Reviers. Die Intensität des Rufens wird durch die Anwesenheit von nicht beeinflußt, die Anwesenheit fremder nahe der Reviergrenze führt jedoch zu einem deutlichen Anstieg. Die Rufbewegung macht eine gewisse optische Signalwirkung, vor allem auf kurze Distanz, zusätzlich zur akustischen Wirkung, wahrscheinlich.Fliegende erzeugen mit den Schwingen (besondere Struktur der 7. Handschwinge) ein pfeifendes Geräusch, das während der Fortpflanzungszeit Bedeutung in der innerartlichen Kommunikation hat. Es zeigt sowohl als auch den Anflug eines weiteren an und löst damit territoriale bzw. aggressive Verhaltensweisen oder Flucht aus. Weitere Bedeutung erlangt es als Element des Territorialen Flügelschlagens und der Sprungbalz.Über ihrem Revier fliegen territoriale stets mit leicht hochgebogenem Kopf und verhaltenen, flachen Flügelschlägen. Deutungen dieses Fluges als Imponierflug zur besseren Darstellung des auffällig gefärbten Halsgefieders bzw. als Suchflug zum leichteren Auffinden und Verjagen von Reviereindringlingen werden diskutiert.Territoriales Flügelschlagen beginnt mit Fußtrampeln, das sich beschleunigt und in einen Ruf überleitet. Gleichzeitig schlägt das dreimal sehr schnell und flach mit den Flügeln, hebt jedoch nicht vom Boden ab. Alle Elemente des Verhaltens sind deutlich zu hören. Der Verstärkung der beim Fußtrampeln erzeugten Klopfgeräusche dienen Balzplätze, die entweder auf akustisch besonders geeignetem Boden angelegt oder durch das Fußtrampeln der sekundär verbessert werden.Territoriales Flügelschlagen wird ausschließlich in niedrigen Lichtintensitäten während kurzer Zeit in der Morgen- und Abenddämmerung gezeigt. Die Anwesenheit von hat keinen Einfluß auf seine Intensität. Es ist eine territoriale Verhaltensweise mit akustischem Signal und wird als ritualisiertes Anlaufen gegen einen Reviereindringling bzw. ritualisiertes Auffliegen eines Revier- zum Eindringling hin gedeutet. Optische Komponenten kommen in der deckenden Vegetation kaum zur Geltung. können wegen der relativ geringen Reichweite der Signale nicht angelockt werden.Sprungbalz tritt zeitlich streng getrennt vom Territorialen Flügelschlagen in wesentlich höheren Lichtintensitäten auf; seine Intensität hängt ab von Kontakten zu . Sie ähnelt zwar in der Ausführung dem Territorialen Flügelschlagen, der Vogel hebt sich jedoch während der langsameren Flügelschläge durch einen Sprung vom Boden ab, und das Fußtrampeln ist wesentlich weniger intensiv. Charakteristische Flügelbewegungen während des Balzsprunges exponieren schwarzweiße Gefiederpartien bis in 65 cm Höhe. Sprungbalz erhöht im Vergleich zu Territorialem Flügelschlagen stark die optische Auffälligkeit eines ; die Sprunghöhe garantiert zusammen mit der Lage der Balzplätze bei geringstmöglichem Energieaufwand eine maximale Sichtbarkeit des über der umgebenden Vegetation. Sowohl die zeitliche Korrelation der Sprungbalz mit den Aktivitäten der als auch die Art der Interaktionen mit während Sprungbalzphasen machen deutlich, daß diese Verhaltensweise ins Paarungsrevier zieht.Das Hennenjagen dient der Stimulierung der zur Kopulation. Das läuft in charakteristischer Körperhaltung schnell hinter einem her, hat dabei den Kopf tief in die aufgerichtete Halskrause eingezogen, hält oft ruckartig an und ruft unter Zurseitewerfen des Kopfes. Kopulationen sind sehr kurz. Offensichtlich kann das Hennenjagen die sonst sehr ausgeprägte Abwehr des gegen das unterdrücken und zur Kopulationsbereitschaft führen. Die Kopulation selbst jedoch hebt diesen Effekt wieder auf, so daß nach 1–2 Sekunden das abwehrt oder flieht.

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Agonistic behaviour, territorial behaviour and courtship display of the Little Bustard (Tetrax tetrax)

Summary From 1980 to 1984 studies were made of the agonistic, territorial and courtship behaviour of the Little Bustard in Southern France and Portugal. The behaviour patterns are described in detail, the signals involved are analysed, and factors which could have led to their evolution are discussed.In the reproductive period agonistic encounters between males happen remarkably often. Aggressive excitement is expressed in both sexes by compression of the neck-feathers and stretching of the neck, and in the female by the erection and lateral folding of the tail-feathers. There are several kinds of threat behaviour in territorial encounters: running or flying towards intruders; lateral threat behaviour (if both males are of similar strength); and bill-fighting which only occurs if aggressive behaviour of a lower intensity has not led to the submission of one of the rivals. Calling is a territorial behaviour and serves to mark a territory. The frequency of calls is not affected by the presence of females, but the presence of other males close to the territory borders can result in a marked increase in calling frequency. In addition to the acoustic signal, the call involves a sharp neck-jerk which may act as an optical signal, at least over short distances.In flight males produce a whistling sound by means of the specially adapted 7th primary feather on their wings. This sound has important meaning in intraspecific communication during the reproductive period: it announces a flying male to other males as well as to females, and causes territorial and aggressive behaviour, or fleeing of these birds. The flight sound is also an important element of the behaviour patterns territorial wingbeat display and jumping display. Within their territories males always fly with the neck raised at a slight angle and with suppressed, shallow wing-beats. Two interpretations of this flight are discussed: that it serves to advertise the conspicuously coloured neck-feathers in a display; or that it is a search flight for locating and chasing-off intruders.Territorial wingbeat display begins with an accelerating foot-stamping and leads into a call. During the call the male performs three very fast, whistling wing-beats but remains on the ground. The combined elements, foot-stamping, calling and whistling wings, produce a unique and distinctive acoustic signal. The foot-stamping is only performed at special display sites where the sound is amplified by the substrate structure. At such sites, the soil typically has trapped pockets of air below a compacted surface which may result from the repeated defecating and stamping of the male on the same spot. Territorial wingbeat display behaviour is only performed for short periods in low light intensities at dawn and dusk. The presence of females has no effect on the intensity of the behaviour which serves a territorial function. It is interpreted to be a ritualisation of the aggressive running or flying of a territorial male towards an intruder. Optical elements of this behaviour cannot have much importance because the body and wings of the bird are rarely visible above the vegetation. Territorial wingbeat display behaviour cannot be seen over long distances and from this reason cannot serve to attract females into a males territory.Jumping display is only performed at much higher light intensities than territorial wingbeat display so the two never occur at the same time of day. The intensity of the behaviour increases markedly in the presence of females in sharp contrast to the territorial wingbeat display. The jumping display is performed in a similar way to the territorial wingbeat display except that the foot-stamping is much less intensive, the wing-beats are slower, and the bird jumps off the ground during the wing-beats. During the jumping display the black and white patterns on the body and wings are clearly visible and the behaviour increases the conspicuousness of the male markedly. The jump, advertising the wing-pattern up to a height of 65 cm, together with the specific location of the display site, ensures that maximum visibility of the male above the vegetation is achieved at minimum energetic cost. Activities of the females and their interactions with males during the jumping periods indicate that this behaviour serves to attract females to the males territory.The chasing of females is also a courtship behaviour and serves in stimulating and preparing females for copulation. In a characteristic posture with the head retracted into the neck-collar, the male rapidly runs behind the female, repeatedly stopping abruptly and calling whilst throwing its head and body sideways. Copulations are performed very quickly and only happen after a female has been chased for some time. Under certain preconditions chasing suppresses the aggressive and defence behaviour of the female which normally characterises encounters with males, and thus leads to readiness for copulation. Copulation itself removes this effect and after only one or two seconds aggression leads to the escape of the female.

     

Kinetics of growth and lactic acid production in continuous and batch culture

Summary In a lactic acid fermentation by Streptococcus faecalis, the specific consumption rate of glucose (v) and the specific production rate of lactic acid () were represented by the following simple equations as functions of the specific growth rate (): 1/=(1/) + 1/ = (1/) + By use of data from a batch culture, these two equations were derived from enzyme kinetics of the product inhibition. These equations were successfully applied to the results of batch culture and chemostat culture. In addition, calculation of ATP yield by these equations agreed with the experimental results better than the conventional Leudeking-Piret type equation, which includes two terms associated with growth and not with growth. Correspondence to: H. Ohara